This document summarizes an improved technique for under voltage load shedding using a hybrid genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization (GAPSO). The key objectives are to develop multiple contingency scenarios using various loading factors, establish criteria to identify weak buses for load shedding, and optimize the amount of load shed using an improved GAPSO approach. The improved GAPSO approach integrates a fast voltage stability index to select weak buses and adds voltage stability as a constraint. This technique aims to optimally stabilize system voltages following contingencies while minimizing load shed amounts.
IRJET- Fitness Function as Trust Value using to Efficient Multipath Routi...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes an energy efficient multipath routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. The protocol considers transmission power and remaining energy of nodes as energy metrics to select energy efficient paths and extend network lifetime. It is implemented using the NS-2 simulator. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol increases network lifetime and performance compared to the conventional AOMDV routing protocol by reducing energy consumption of mobile nodes. Key contributions are using transmission power control and residual energy calculation to select paths, and modifying the AOMDV route discovery process to include these energy metrics in route selection.
Time-domain harmonic extraction algorithms for three-level inverter-based sh...IJECEIAES
Power quality is a major consideration in all office equipment, manufacturies and residential home appliances. Harmonic distortion is one of the crucial power quality issues. In order to mitigate the harmonic distortion, the performance of shunt active power filter (SAPF) is judged in terms of the accuracy and response time of its designed controller. In this context, the controller consists of three parts: harmonic extraction, switching control, and DC-link capacitor. The harmonic extraction technique serves the major role of deriving the required reference current to ensure successful mitigation of current harmonics by SAPF. Among the existing techniques, harmonic extraction algorithms based on time-domain approaches are most widely applied as they offer simple implementation features with increased speed and reduced computational burden. This paper presents detailed investigation and analysis regarding the performance of two famous time-domain harmonic extraction techniques namely, synchronous reference frame (SRF) and instantaneous power (PQ) theory. Extensive simulation work is conducted in MATLAB-Simulink platform under two conditions, which are, steady-state conditions and dynamic-state conditions, considering various highly nonlinear loads. For evaluation purposes, each control algorithm is incorporated into the controller of a three-phase SAPF, developed using a three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter. Comprehensive results are provided to confirm mitigation performance of the SAPF utilizing each harmonic extraction algorithm.
The document provides a summary of the applicant's work experience from 2009 to 2015, including roles at various electric utilities and engineering firms. Some of the key responsibilities included performing grid studies, transmission planning projects, NERC compliance studies, wind and solar integration assessments, and distributed energy impact analyses using tools like PowerWorld, PSS/E, and Python. The applicant has extensive experience modeling electric systems, performing technical analyses, and managing engineering projects for utilities and clients.
Experimental Evaluation of Torque Performance of Voltage and Current Models u...IJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, two kinds of observers are proposed to investigate torque estimation. The first one is based on a voltage model represented with a low- pass filter (LPF); which is normally used as a replacement for a pure integrator to avoid integration drift problem due to dc offset or measurement error. The second estimator used is an extended Kalman filter (EKF) as a current model, which puts into account all noise problems. Both estimation algorithms are investigated during the steady and transient states, tested under light load, and then compared with the measured mechanical torque. In all conditions, it will be shown that the torque estimation error for EKF has remained within narrower error band and yielded minimum torque ripples when compared to LPF estimation. This motivates the use of EKF observer in high performance control drives of induction machines for achieving improved torque response.
This document describes optimization algorithms used to coordinate transmission line transfer capabilities in a large power grid. Specifically, it discusses the BFGS (Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno) method, a quasi-Newton optimization algorithm that approximates the Hessian matrix to quickly solve nonlinear problems. The BFGS method is used to formulate the coordination problem and iteratively find optimal solutions while satisfying constraints related to power flows, system resources, voltage requirements, and stability. Test results applying these algorithms to Western Interconnection grid models are also presented.
The gravitational search algorithm for incorporating TCSC devices into the sy...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a gravitational search algorithm (GSA) to allocate the thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC) incorporation with the issue of reactive power management. The aim of using TCSC units in this study is to minimize active and reactive power losses. Reserve beyond the thermal border, enhance the voltage profile and increase transmission-lines flow while continuing the whole generation cost of the system a little increase compared with its single goal base case. The optimal power flow (OPF) described is a consideration for finding the best size and location of the TCSCs devices seeing techno-economic subjects for minimizing fuel cost of generation units and the costs of installing TCSCs devices. The GSA algorithm's high ability in solving the proposed multi-objective problem is tested on two 9 and 30 bus test systems. For each test system, four case studies are considered to represent both normal and emergency operating conditions. The proposed GSA method's simulation results show that GSA offers a practical and robust highquality solution for the problem and improves system performance.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm to design Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) damping controllers. The goal is to damp low frequency oscillations in power systems. The paper models a single-machine infinite-bus power system installed with a UPFC. It linearizes the system equations and formulates the controller design as an optimization problem to minimize oscillations. Simulation results comparing the proposed RCGA approach to conventional tuning are presented to demonstrate its effectiveness and robustness in damping power system oscillations.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineeri...ijceronline
The document discusses power management techniques for at-speed scan-based testing of system-on-chips (SOCs). It proposes an X-filling technique that can reduce both shift power and capture power during testing. The technique first fills X-bits to keep capture power below a threshold, then uses remaining X-bits to reduce shift power. It models the impact of X-bits on shift and capture power to guide the filling process. Adding dynamic voltage scaling can further reduce power consumption when combined with X-filling.
IRJET- Fitness Function as Trust Value using to Efficient Multipath Routi...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes an energy efficient multipath routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. The protocol considers transmission power and remaining energy of nodes as energy metrics to select energy efficient paths and extend network lifetime. It is implemented using the NS-2 simulator. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol increases network lifetime and performance compared to the conventional AOMDV routing protocol by reducing energy consumption of mobile nodes. Key contributions are using transmission power control and residual energy calculation to select paths, and modifying the AOMDV route discovery process to include these energy metrics in route selection.
Time-domain harmonic extraction algorithms for three-level inverter-based sh...IJECEIAES
Power quality is a major consideration in all office equipment, manufacturies and residential home appliances. Harmonic distortion is one of the crucial power quality issues. In order to mitigate the harmonic distortion, the performance of shunt active power filter (SAPF) is judged in terms of the accuracy and response time of its designed controller. In this context, the controller consists of three parts: harmonic extraction, switching control, and DC-link capacitor. The harmonic extraction technique serves the major role of deriving the required reference current to ensure successful mitigation of current harmonics by SAPF. Among the existing techniques, harmonic extraction algorithms based on time-domain approaches are most widely applied as they offer simple implementation features with increased speed and reduced computational burden. This paper presents detailed investigation and analysis regarding the performance of two famous time-domain harmonic extraction techniques namely, synchronous reference frame (SRF) and instantaneous power (PQ) theory. Extensive simulation work is conducted in MATLAB-Simulink platform under two conditions, which are, steady-state conditions and dynamic-state conditions, considering various highly nonlinear loads. For evaluation purposes, each control algorithm is incorporated into the controller of a three-phase SAPF, developed using a three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter. Comprehensive results are provided to confirm mitigation performance of the SAPF utilizing each harmonic extraction algorithm.
The document provides a summary of the applicant's work experience from 2009 to 2015, including roles at various electric utilities and engineering firms. Some of the key responsibilities included performing grid studies, transmission planning projects, NERC compliance studies, wind and solar integration assessments, and distributed energy impact analyses using tools like PowerWorld, PSS/E, and Python. The applicant has extensive experience modeling electric systems, performing technical analyses, and managing engineering projects for utilities and clients.
Experimental Evaluation of Torque Performance of Voltage and Current Models u...IJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, two kinds of observers are proposed to investigate torque estimation. The first one is based on a voltage model represented with a low- pass filter (LPF); which is normally used as a replacement for a pure integrator to avoid integration drift problem due to dc offset or measurement error. The second estimator used is an extended Kalman filter (EKF) as a current model, which puts into account all noise problems. Both estimation algorithms are investigated during the steady and transient states, tested under light load, and then compared with the measured mechanical torque. In all conditions, it will be shown that the torque estimation error for EKF has remained within narrower error band and yielded minimum torque ripples when compared to LPF estimation. This motivates the use of EKF observer in high performance control drives of induction machines for achieving improved torque response.
This document describes optimization algorithms used to coordinate transmission line transfer capabilities in a large power grid. Specifically, it discusses the BFGS (Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno) method, a quasi-Newton optimization algorithm that approximates the Hessian matrix to quickly solve nonlinear problems. The BFGS method is used to formulate the coordination problem and iteratively find optimal solutions while satisfying constraints related to power flows, system resources, voltage requirements, and stability. Test results applying these algorithms to Western Interconnection grid models are also presented.
The gravitational search algorithm for incorporating TCSC devices into the sy...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a gravitational search algorithm (GSA) to allocate the thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC) incorporation with the issue of reactive power management. The aim of using TCSC units in this study is to minimize active and reactive power losses. Reserve beyond the thermal border, enhance the voltage profile and increase transmission-lines flow while continuing the whole generation cost of the system a little increase compared with its single goal base case. The optimal power flow (OPF) described is a consideration for finding the best size and location of the TCSCs devices seeing techno-economic subjects for minimizing fuel cost of generation units and the costs of installing TCSCs devices. The GSA algorithm's high ability in solving the proposed multi-objective problem is tested on two 9 and 30 bus test systems. For each test system, four case studies are considered to represent both normal and emergency operating conditions. The proposed GSA method's simulation results show that GSA offers a practical and robust highquality solution for the problem and improves system performance.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm to design Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) damping controllers. The goal is to damp low frequency oscillations in power systems. The paper models a single-machine infinite-bus power system installed with a UPFC. It linearizes the system equations and formulates the controller design as an optimization problem to minimize oscillations. Simulation results comparing the proposed RCGA approach to conventional tuning are presented to demonstrate its effectiveness and robustness in damping power system oscillations.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineeri...ijceronline
The document discusses power management techniques for at-speed scan-based testing of system-on-chips (SOCs). It proposes an X-filling technique that can reduce both shift power and capture power during testing. The technique first fills X-bits to keep capture power below a threshold, then uses remaining X-bits to reduce shift power. It models the impact of X-bits on shift and capture power to guide the filling process. Adding dynamic voltage scaling can further reduce power consumption when combined with X-filling.
IRJET- Review on Energy Optimization and Cluster based Routing Protocol in WSNIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses energy optimization and cluster-based routing protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It focuses on analyzing the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol.
2) LEACH is a clustering-based routing protocol that aims to lower energy consumption in WSNs. It operates in rounds that are divided into setup and steady phases. In the setup phase, cluster heads are selected randomly and advertise their status.
3) In the steady phase, non-cluster head nodes transmit data to the cluster heads, and the cluster heads aggregate and transmit data to the base station. LEACH helps optimize energy usage by randomly selecting cluster heads and rotating this role among the sensors.
A steepest descent algorithm for the optimal control of a cascaded hydropowe...IJECEIAES
Optimal power generation along the cascaded Kainji-Jebba hydroelectric power system had been very difficult to achieve. The reservoirs operating heads are being affected by possible variation in impoundments upstream, stochastic factors that are weather-related, availability of the turbo-alternators and power generated at any time. Proposed in this paper, is an algorithm for solving the optimal release of water on the cascaded hydropower system based on steepest descent method. The uniqueness of this work is the conversion of the infinite dimensional control problem to a finite one, the introduction of clever techniques for choosing the steepest descent step size in each iteration and the nonlinear penalty embedded in the procedure. The control algorithm was implemented in an Excel VBA® environment to solve the formulated Lagrange problem within an accuracy of 0.03%. It is recommended for use in system studies and control design for the optimal power generation in the cascaded hydropower system.
AN IMPROVED ROUTING PROTOCOL SCHEME IN ADHOC NETWORKSIAEME Publication
Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology and the ever-increasing demand in every field, wireless sensor networks are emerging as a necessary scientific achievement to meet the demand of human in modern society. The wireless sensor network (WSN) is designed to help us not lose too much energy, workforce, avoid danger and they bring high efficiency to work. Various routing protocols are being used to increase the energy efficiency of the network, with two distinct types of protocols, homogenous and heterogeneous. In these two protocols, the SEP (Stable Election Protocol) is one of the most effective heterogeneous protocols which increase the stability of the network. In this paper, we propose an approaching the εFCM algorithm in clustering the SEP protocol which makes the WSN network more energy efficient. The simulation results showed that the SEP-εFCM proposed protocol performed better than the conventional SEP protocol
The document provides an overview of electrical distribution system planning and reliability. It discusses the planning process, criteria, standards, economics, mapping, and load characteristics. The planning process involves defining problems, finding alternatives, evaluating options, and selecting the best plan. Criteria and standards are used to evaluate alternatives and ensure compatible equipment. Economics analyses determine the lowest cost plan, while mapping creates a geographic database of distribution assets. Load characteristics such as demand, load factor, and plant factor are also defined.
A Review on Optimal Location and Parameter Settings of FACTS Devices in Power...IJMTST Journal
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices have been proposed as an effective
solution for controlling power flow and regulating bus voltages in electrical power systems, resulting low
system losses, and improved stability. Placement of these devices in suitable location can lead to control in
line flow and maintain bus voltages in desired level. The FACTS devices placement problem is commonly
solved using heuristic optimization techniques which are diverse and have been the subject of ongoing
enhancements. This paper presents a survey of the literature from the last decade that has focused on the
various techniques applied to determine optimal location of FACTS devices.
Several models and methods have been suggested for the optimal location and parameter setting of
FACTS devices. This paper presents an overview of the state of the art models and methods applied to the
power system problems, analyzing and classifying current trends in this field.
A systematic approach to evaluating the influence of demand side management r...journalBEEI
Available transfer capability is an index to measure the security and economic viability of an interconnected system. However, to accurately determine this index, other associated parameters need to be accurately evaluated. One of these parameters is the capacity benefit margin (CBM). For efficient power generation reliability and sustainability, a certain amount of supply capacity is commonly reserved by utilities, which in most cases remain unused, to reduce the effect of generation outage. To minimize this unused reserve, utilities usually reserve a predetermined amount of tie-line capacity between interconnected areas to have access to external supply. This tie-line reserved for this purpose is termed as capacity benefit margin (CBM). In this paper a technique for computing CBM is used, the sensitivity of CBM support from other areas to the increase in load in one of the areas is investigated, and conclusively, demand side management is proposed to improve the quantification of CBM. The contribution of this work is the assessment of the CBMs support from other areas during a critical condition, using the flexibility of DSM technique. The modified 24-bus IEEE reliability test system is employed for the verification of the approach.
Akshay Vaishnav Palle is seeking a full-time position in electrical engineering starting in May 2016. He has a Master of Science in electrical and computer engineering from Michigan Technological University with a 3.95 GPA. His research focuses on embedded control systems and electro-mechanics. He has internship experience with optical fiber networks and communication products. Palle also has teaching assistant experience and has authored papers on antenna probes and digital hierarchy.
A Critical Review on Employed Techniques for Short Term Load ForecastingIRJET Journal
This document discusses techniques for short term load forecasting. It begins by defining the importance of load forecasting for electric utilities in planning energy purchasing and generation. It then reviews various short term load forecasting methods including artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, and time series approaches. Finally, it provides details on artificial neural networks and their benefits for load forecasting applications. In summary, the document provides an overview of short term load forecasting and a critical review of techniques such as artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms.
IRJET- Feed-Forward Neural Network Based Transient Stability Assessment o...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using a feed-forward neural network to assess transient stability and determine critical clearing times in a 132kV power system network in Nigeria. It first models the Afam to Port Harcourt network in ETAP software to simulate faults. MATLAB is then used to solve swing equations from the simulations. Selected data is fed into a feed-forward neural network to map out critical clearing times required by circuit breakers. The results show neural networks can complement conventional methods to evaluate critical clearing times and rotor angles for transient stability assessment of power networks.
This document discusses power quality disturbances and their analysis using wavelet transforms. It provides definitions of power quality from IEEE and IEC standards. Power quality disturbances are classified and various techniques for their detection are discussed, including Fourier transforms, wavelet transforms, and S-transforms. Wavelet transforms are well-suited for analyzing transient waveforms in power quality. The document focuses on using multi-resolution analysis and energy difference multi-resolution analysis to extract features of power quality disturbances and classify them using pattern recognition techniques.
Convergence Parameter Analysis for Different Metaheuristic Methods Control Co...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper is an extension of our previous work, which discussed the
difficulty in implementing different methods of resistance emulation
techniques on the hardware due to its control constant estimation delay. In
order to get rid of the delay this paper attempts to include the meta-heuristic
methods for the control constants of the controller. To achieve the minimum
Total Harmonic Disturbance (THD) in the AC side of the converter modern
meta-heuristic methods are compared with the traditional methods. The
convergence parameters, which are primary for the earlier estimation of the
control constants, are compared with the measured parameters, tabulated and
tradeoff inference is done among the methods. This kind of implementation
does not need the mathematical model of the system under study for finding
the control constants. The parameters considered for estimation are
population size, maximum number of epochs, and global best solution of the
control constants, best THD value and execution time. MatlabTM /Simulink
based simulation is optimized with the M-file based optimization techniques
like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Cuckoo
Search Algorithm, Gravity Search Algorithm, Harmony Search Algorithm
and Bat Algorithm.
Electrical Studies Group is an engineering consulting firm focused on power system studies and field services. It has over 50 engineers divided across three technical units: power system studies, field services, and R&D. The power system studies unit performs simulations and analyses to solve client issues. The field services unit conducts on-site testing of power plants and their control systems. Both units work to develop accurate mathematical models of power systems and components to validate simulation studies. Electrical Studies has extensive experience providing these services internationally for various project types over 15+ years.
Reliability Indices Evaluation of a Real Time Rural Radial Distribution FeederIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that evaluates reliability indices for a real-time rural radial distribution feeder in India. The study calculates reliability before and after adding protective devices (isolators) to the feeder. It first inserts capacitors at weak voltage nodes to improve voltage profiles and reduce losses. Reliability indices are then determined for the existing feeder and after isolators are placed. Load diversity factor is used to analyze real-time load data. The methodology develops matrices to model relationships between bus currents, branch currents, and voltages to solve the load flow using a particle swarm optimization technique. Results are presented for an 11kV rural feeder case study in India.
This document summarizes an internship report submitted by two interns at the Electrical and Mechanical Department of Power Transmission and Distribution IC of Larsen & Toubro Limited. It provides details of their internship, which involved reviewing specifications for the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited project. It describes the scope of work for electrification of metro rail stations, including earthing philosophy, load details, cable sizing, and distribution transformer sizing. It also discusses metro rail terminology and traction systems used in various Indian metro projects.
Introduction, Factors affecting system planning, present planning techniques, planning models, Sub-transmission and substation design. Sub-transmission networks configurations, Substation bus schemes, Distribution substations ratings, Service areas calculations, and Substation application curves, future trends in planning, systems approach, and Distribution automation.
This project aims to develop a wireless electric vehicle charging system with over 85% efficiency, 6.6 kW power transfer, and large positioning tolerance within EMI regulations. The system design is 10% complete. Milestones include prototype testing and integrating the system into an electric vehicle by 2014. The collaborators expect to address barriers to wireless charging and demonstrate a commercially viable design.
Artificial Intelligence Technique based Reactive Power Planning Incorporating...IDES Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using artificial intelligence techniques and FACTS controllers for reactive power planning in real-time power transmission systems. The paper formulates the reactive power planning problem and incorporates flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices like static VAR compensators (SVC), thyristor controlled series capacitors (TCSC), and unified power flow controllers (UPFC). Evolutionary algorithms like evolutionary programming (EP) and differential evolution (DE) are applied to find the optimal locations and settings of the FACTS controllers to minimize losses and costs. Simulation results on IEEE 30-bus and 72-bus Indian test systems show that UPFC performs best in reducing losses compared to SVC and TCSC.
IRJET- Improved Electrical Power Supply to Trans-Amadi Industrial Layout, Por...IRJET Journal
This document presents an analysis of improving the electrical power supply to the Trans-Amadi Industrial Layout in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The analysis models and simulates the existing 33kV network using ETAP software. It finds that some transformers are overloaded while others are underloaded. It is concluded that the system needs improvements. Recommendations include adding transformers to overloaded feeders, upgrading some transformers to higher capacities, replacing some transformers with lower capacities, and installing capacitor banks to improve the power factor.
Guidelines and best practices for the commissioning and operation of controll...Power System Operation
Abstract
Transients produced during circuit breaker operations
have undesirable consequences to the equipment
itself and to the network as a whole. So to reduce or
eliminate the transients, mitigation techniques should
be used, analysed and optimized. One of them has
emerged about 30 years ago and has proven since
then to be more effective and reliable in most of the
cases: Controlled Switching (CS) of circuit-breaker
(CB).
A part of the CS knowledge which was relatively new
at that time was gathered and published more than
14 years ago by CIGRE WG A3.07 in Electra papers
and in three Technical Brochures. This WG A3.07
also performed a worldwide survey of applications
of controlled switching by reviewing the number of
controllers supplied by major manufacturers.
Distribution Automation: Control functions– Communication system –Consumer Information Service– Geographical Information Systems. SCADA –block diagram –functions. Energy Management: Supply Side Management–Demand Side Management–Technologies Implementation, Dispersed Generation
IRJET- Voltage Stability, Loadability and Contingency Analysis with Optimal I...IRJET Journal
This document discusses contingency analysis and optimal placement of renewable distributed generators (RDGs) using continuation power flow analysis to improve voltage stability and loadability. It presents a methodology to determine the optimal location and mix of different RDG technologies (solar, wind, fuel cells) on the IEEE 9-bus test system using the Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT). Reactive power performance indices are calculated for different line contingencies to identify critical buses. The results show that optimally placing RDGs can enhance voltage stability and increase the maximum loadability point compared to the base case without RDGs.
Ga based optimal facts controller for maximizing loadability with stability c...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper presented at the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Management. The paper proposes using a genetic algorithm to determine the optimal location and settings of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices, specifically STATCOMs, to maximize the loadability of a power system while maintaining stability constraints. The objective function aims to maximize loadability with constraints for voltage stability, generation limits, line limits, and load-generation balance. The methodology is tested on the IEEE 14-bus test system in MATLAB. In conclusion, optimally placing and setting FACTS devices using genetic algorithms can enhance power system loadability while maintaining stability.
IRJET- Review on Energy Optimization and Cluster based Routing Protocol in WSNIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses energy optimization and cluster-based routing protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It focuses on analyzing the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol.
2) LEACH is a clustering-based routing protocol that aims to lower energy consumption in WSNs. It operates in rounds that are divided into setup and steady phases. In the setup phase, cluster heads are selected randomly and advertise their status.
3) In the steady phase, non-cluster head nodes transmit data to the cluster heads, and the cluster heads aggregate and transmit data to the base station. LEACH helps optimize energy usage by randomly selecting cluster heads and rotating this role among the sensors.
A steepest descent algorithm for the optimal control of a cascaded hydropowe...IJECEIAES
Optimal power generation along the cascaded Kainji-Jebba hydroelectric power system had been very difficult to achieve. The reservoirs operating heads are being affected by possible variation in impoundments upstream, stochastic factors that are weather-related, availability of the turbo-alternators and power generated at any time. Proposed in this paper, is an algorithm for solving the optimal release of water on the cascaded hydropower system based on steepest descent method. The uniqueness of this work is the conversion of the infinite dimensional control problem to a finite one, the introduction of clever techniques for choosing the steepest descent step size in each iteration and the nonlinear penalty embedded in the procedure. The control algorithm was implemented in an Excel VBA® environment to solve the formulated Lagrange problem within an accuracy of 0.03%. It is recommended for use in system studies and control design for the optimal power generation in the cascaded hydropower system.
AN IMPROVED ROUTING PROTOCOL SCHEME IN ADHOC NETWORKSIAEME Publication
Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology and the ever-increasing demand in every field, wireless sensor networks are emerging as a necessary scientific achievement to meet the demand of human in modern society. The wireless sensor network (WSN) is designed to help us not lose too much energy, workforce, avoid danger and they bring high efficiency to work. Various routing protocols are being used to increase the energy efficiency of the network, with two distinct types of protocols, homogenous and heterogeneous. In these two protocols, the SEP (Stable Election Protocol) is one of the most effective heterogeneous protocols which increase the stability of the network. In this paper, we propose an approaching the εFCM algorithm in clustering the SEP protocol which makes the WSN network more energy efficient. The simulation results showed that the SEP-εFCM proposed protocol performed better than the conventional SEP protocol
The document provides an overview of electrical distribution system planning and reliability. It discusses the planning process, criteria, standards, economics, mapping, and load characteristics. The planning process involves defining problems, finding alternatives, evaluating options, and selecting the best plan. Criteria and standards are used to evaluate alternatives and ensure compatible equipment. Economics analyses determine the lowest cost plan, while mapping creates a geographic database of distribution assets. Load characteristics such as demand, load factor, and plant factor are also defined.
A Review on Optimal Location and Parameter Settings of FACTS Devices in Power...IJMTST Journal
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices have been proposed as an effective
solution for controlling power flow and regulating bus voltages in electrical power systems, resulting low
system losses, and improved stability. Placement of these devices in suitable location can lead to control in
line flow and maintain bus voltages in desired level. The FACTS devices placement problem is commonly
solved using heuristic optimization techniques which are diverse and have been the subject of ongoing
enhancements. This paper presents a survey of the literature from the last decade that has focused on the
various techniques applied to determine optimal location of FACTS devices.
Several models and methods have been suggested for the optimal location and parameter setting of
FACTS devices. This paper presents an overview of the state of the art models and methods applied to the
power system problems, analyzing and classifying current trends in this field.
A systematic approach to evaluating the influence of demand side management r...journalBEEI
Available transfer capability is an index to measure the security and economic viability of an interconnected system. However, to accurately determine this index, other associated parameters need to be accurately evaluated. One of these parameters is the capacity benefit margin (CBM). For efficient power generation reliability and sustainability, a certain amount of supply capacity is commonly reserved by utilities, which in most cases remain unused, to reduce the effect of generation outage. To minimize this unused reserve, utilities usually reserve a predetermined amount of tie-line capacity between interconnected areas to have access to external supply. This tie-line reserved for this purpose is termed as capacity benefit margin (CBM). In this paper a technique for computing CBM is used, the sensitivity of CBM support from other areas to the increase in load in one of the areas is investigated, and conclusively, demand side management is proposed to improve the quantification of CBM. The contribution of this work is the assessment of the CBMs support from other areas during a critical condition, using the flexibility of DSM technique. The modified 24-bus IEEE reliability test system is employed for the verification of the approach.
Akshay Vaishnav Palle is seeking a full-time position in electrical engineering starting in May 2016. He has a Master of Science in electrical and computer engineering from Michigan Technological University with a 3.95 GPA. His research focuses on embedded control systems and electro-mechanics. He has internship experience with optical fiber networks and communication products. Palle also has teaching assistant experience and has authored papers on antenna probes and digital hierarchy.
A Critical Review on Employed Techniques for Short Term Load ForecastingIRJET Journal
This document discusses techniques for short term load forecasting. It begins by defining the importance of load forecasting for electric utilities in planning energy purchasing and generation. It then reviews various short term load forecasting methods including artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, and time series approaches. Finally, it provides details on artificial neural networks and their benefits for load forecasting applications. In summary, the document provides an overview of short term load forecasting and a critical review of techniques such as artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms.
IRJET- Feed-Forward Neural Network Based Transient Stability Assessment o...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using a feed-forward neural network to assess transient stability and determine critical clearing times in a 132kV power system network in Nigeria. It first models the Afam to Port Harcourt network in ETAP software to simulate faults. MATLAB is then used to solve swing equations from the simulations. Selected data is fed into a feed-forward neural network to map out critical clearing times required by circuit breakers. The results show neural networks can complement conventional methods to evaluate critical clearing times and rotor angles for transient stability assessment of power networks.
This document discusses power quality disturbances and their analysis using wavelet transforms. It provides definitions of power quality from IEEE and IEC standards. Power quality disturbances are classified and various techniques for their detection are discussed, including Fourier transforms, wavelet transforms, and S-transforms. Wavelet transforms are well-suited for analyzing transient waveforms in power quality. The document focuses on using multi-resolution analysis and energy difference multi-resolution analysis to extract features of power quality disturbances and classify them using pattern recognition techniques.
Convergence Parameter Analysis for Different Metaheuristic Methods Control Co...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper is an extension of our previous work, which discussed the
difficulty in implementing different methods of resistance emulation
techniques on the hardware due to its control constant estimation delay. In
order to get rid of the delay this paper attempts to include the meta-heuristic
methods for the control constants of the controller. To achieve the minimum
Total Harmonic Disturbance (THD) in the AC side of the converter modern
meta-heuristic methods are compared with the traditional methods. The
convergence parameters, which are primary for the earlier estimation of the
control constants, are compared with the measured parameters, tabulated and
tradeoff inference is done among the methods. This kind of implementation
does not need the mathematical model of the system under study for finding
the control constants. The parameters considered for estimation are
population size, maximum number of epochs, and global best solution of the
control constants, best THD value and execution time. MatlabTM /Simulink
based simulation is optimized with the M-file based optimization techniques
like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Cuckoo
Search Algorithm, Gravity Search Algorithm, Harmony Search Algorithm
and Bat Algorithm.
Electrical Studies Group is an engineering consulting firm focused on power system studies and field services. It has over 50 engineers divided across three technical units: power system studies, field services, and R&D. The power system studies unit performs simulations and analyses to solve client issues. The field services unit conducts on-site testing of power plants and their control systems. Both units work to develop accurate mathematical models of power systems and components to validate simulation studies. Electrical Studies has extensive experience providing these services internationally for various project types over 15+ years.
Reliability Indices Evaluation of a Real Time Rural Radial Distribution FeederIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that evaluates reliability indices for a real-time rural radial distribution feeder in India. The study calculates reliability before and after adding protective devices (isolators) to the feeder. It first inserts capacitors at weak voltage nodes to improve voltage profiles and reduce losses. Reliability indices are then determined for the existing feeder and after isolators are placed. Load diversity factor is used to analyze real-time load data. The methodology develops matrices to model relationships between bus currents, branch currents, and voltages to solve the load flow using a particle swarm optimization technique. Results are presented for an 11kV rural feeder case study in India.
This document summarizes an internship report submitted by two interns at the Electrical and Mechanical Department of Power Transmission and Distribution IC of Larsen & Toubro Limited. It provides details of their internship, which involved reviewing specifications for the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited project. It describes the scope of work for electrification of metro rail stations, including earthing philosophy, load details, cable sizing, and distribution transformer sizing. It also discusses metro rail terminology and traction systems used in various Indian metro projects.
Introduction, Factors affecting system planning, present planning techniques, planning models, Sub-transmission and substation design. Sub-transmission networks configurations, Substation bus schemes, Distribution substations ratings, Service areas calculations, and Substation application curves, future trends in planning, systems approach, and Distribution automation.
This project aims to develop a wireless electric vehicle charging system with over 85% efficiency, 6.6 kW power transfer, and large positioning tolerance within EMI regulations. The system design is 10% complete. Milestones include prototype testing and integrating the system into an electric vehicle by 2014. The collaborators expect to address barriers to wireless charging and demonstrate a commercially viable design.
Artificial Intelligence Technique based Reactive Power Planning Incorporating...IDES Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using artificial intelligence techniques and FACTS controllers for reactive power planning in real-time power transmission systems. The paper formulates the reactive power planning problem and incorporates flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices like static VAR compensators (SVC), thyristor controlled series capacitors (TCSC), and unified power flow controllers (UPFC). Evolutionary algorithms like evolutionary programming (EP) and differential evolution (DE) are applied to find the optimal locations and settings of the FACTS controllers to minimize losses and costs. Simulation results on IEEE 30-bus and 72-bus Indian test systems show that UPFC performs best in reducing losses compared to SVC and TCSC.
IRJET- Improved Electrical Power Supply to Trans-Amadi Industrial Layout, Por...IRJET Journal
This document presents an analysis of improving the electrical power supply to the Trans-Amadi Industrial Layout in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The analysis models and simulates the existing 33kV network using ETAP software. It finds that some transformers are overloaded while others are underloaded. It is concluded that the system needs improvements. Recommendations include adding transformers to overloaded feeders, upgrading some transformers to higher capacities, replacing some transformers with lower capacities, and installing capacitor banks to improve the power factor.
Guidelines and best practices for the commissioning and operation of controll...Power System Operation
Abstract
Transients produced during circuit breaker operations
have undesirable consequences to the equipment
itself and to the network as a whole. So to reduce or
eliminate the transients, mitigation techniques should
be used, analysed and optimized. One of them has
emerged about 30 years ago and has proven since
then to be more effective and reliable in most of the
cases: Controlled Switching (CS) of circuit-breaker
(CB).
A part of the CS knowledge which was relatively new
at that time was gathered and published more than
14 years ago by CIGRE WG A3.07 in Electra papers
and in three Technical Brochures. This WG A3.07
also performed a worldwide survey of applications
of controlled switching by reviewing the number of
controllers supplied by major manufacturers.
Distribution Automation: Control functions– Communication system –Consumer Information Service– Geographical Information Systems. SCADA –block diagram –functions. Energy Management: Supply Side Management–Demand Side Management–Technologies Implementation, Dispersed Generation
IRJET- Voltage Stability, Loadability and Contingency Analysis with Optimal I...IRJET Journal
This document discusses contingency analysis and optimal placement of renewable distributed generators (RDGs) using continuation power flow analysis to improve voltage stability and loadability. It presents a methodology to determine the optimal location and mix of different RDG technologies (solar, wind, fuel cells) on the IEEE 9-bus test system using the Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT). Reactive power performance indices are calculated for different line contingencies to identify critical buses. The results show that optimally placing RDGs can enhance voltage stability and increase the maximum loadability point compared to the base case without RDGs.
Ga based optimal facts controller for maximizing loadability with stability c...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper presented at the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Management. The paper proposes using a genetic algorithm to determine the optimal location and settings of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices, specifically STATCOMs, to maximize the loadability of a power system while maintaining stability constraints. The objective function aims to maximize loadability with constraints for voltage stability, generation limits, line limits, and load-generation balance. The methodology is tested on the IEEE 14-bus test system in MATLAB. In conclusion, optimally placing and setting FACTS devices using genetic algorithms can enhance power system loadability while maintaining stability.
A Comprehensive review on Optimization Algorithms for Best Location of FACTS ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews 59 studies on optimization algorithms for determining the optimal placement of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) controllers. It categorizes the algorithms into analytical optimization techniques using sensitivity analysis, metaheuristic optimization techniques including evolutionary algorithms like genetic algorithm and differential evolution, and swarm-based algorithms like particle swarm optimization. It summarizes several studies applying these various techniques to test cases like IEEE 5, 14, 30 bus systems to optimally place FACTS controllers like thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), static VAR compensator (SVC), unified power flow controller (UPFC) with objectives of minimizing losses, improving voltage profile, enhancing security and loadability.
IRJET- Power Flow Analysis of 30 Bus System using Different MethodsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on power flow analysis of a 30 bus system using different methods. It analyzes the 30 bus system using Newton-Raphson, Gauss-Siedel, and Fast Decouple load flow methods. It finds that Gauss-Siedel has the lowest computational time but Newton-Raphson converges fastest and is most accurate. The study also analyzes how generator reactive power limits affect voltage stability and system loadability.
IRJET-Identification of Weak Bus using Load VariationIRJET Journal
This document discusses identifying weak buses in a power system through load variation analysis. It uses the WSCC 3-Machine 9-Bus test system in PSAT, a MATLAB toolbox, to analyze the system under increasing load levels from 5% to 45%. By comparing the results to the original power flow, the aim is to determine the most sensitive bus that is most affected by load changes. It explains that identifying weak buses can help with optimal reactive power planning by determining where new reactive power sources are most needed to prevent voltage instability and collapse.
This document describes a special project on using an artificial neural network (ANN) for load flow studies of the MSU-IIT electrical system. The objectives are to model the power system as a 5-bus system, evaluate bus voltages using a power flow program under different loads, train an ANN using the power flow results, and validate the ANN's accuracy by comparing its results to the power flow program. The document reviews literature on load flow studies, numerical methods, ANNs, and discusses how ANNs could provide faster and more accurate solutions to complex load flow problems compared to numerical methods.
Open-Switch Fault-Tolerant Control of a Grid-Side Converter in a Wind Power G...IJPEDS-IAES
A fault-tolerant technique of a grid-side converter (GSC) is a very important
task because the unbalanced grid power endangers the overall system. Since
the GSC is very sensitive to grid disturbance, the complete system needs to
be stopped suddenly once an open-switch fault occurs. To improve the
reliability of system, the continuous operation should be guaranteed. In this
paper, a redundant topology based fault-tolerant algorithm is proposed for a
GSC in a wind power generation system. The proposed scheme consists of
the fault detection and fault-tolerant algorithms. The fault detection
algorithm employs the durations of positive and negaitive cycles of threephase
grid currents as well as normalized root mean square (RMS) currents.
Once a fault is detected, the corresponding faulty phase is identified and
isolated to enable the fault-tolerant operation. The faulty phase is replaced by
redundant one rapidly to recover the original shape of the grid currents,
which ensures the continuity in operation. In contrast with the conventional
methods, the proposed fault detection and fault-tolerant algorithms work
effectively even in the presence of the open faults in multiple switches in the
GSC. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed fault
diagnosis and fault-tolerant control algorithms.
Swakshar Ray has over 15 years of experience in electrical engineering. He currently works as a scientist at ABB focusing on HVDC and FACTS systems. Previously he held research positions at GE and ABB researching topics like wide area control, power system modeling, and energy storage. He holds a PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Missouri with a focus on intelligent wide area control.
Commissioning Testing And Maintenance (M'sia) - ArifinMd Arifin
This 3-day workshop provides comprehensive guidelines for commissioning, testing, and maintenance of electrical systems. It covers topics such as the commissioning process, safety considerations, testing procedures for various electrical equipment including cables, motors, transformers, switchgear, and protective relays. Standards and real-world case studies are also discussed. The workshop is aimed at electrical professionals and aims to help participants gain expertise in ensuring electrical systems are properly tested and maintained to operate as intended.
A Multilevel Inverter with MPPT Control for Drifting Analysis and Improved Po...IRJET Journal
This document presents a voltage sensor-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control algorithm for a multilevel inverter photovoltaic system. The MPPT algorithm uses only the output voltage measurement to track the maximum power point and regulates the battery charge. Simulation results show that the algorithm achieves fast tracking of changes in solar irradiance and load variations. The paper also analyzes the steady-state behavior and drift phenomenon of the MPPT algorithm to evaluate tracking efficiency. A 15-level asymmetric cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter topology is proposed to reduce output voltage harmonics and improve the voltage range from the PV array.
IRJET- Monitoring Against Voltage Instabilities using Line Voltage Stability ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes methods for monitoring voltage stability in power systems using line voltage stability indices. It analyzes the IEEE 14 bus and IEEE 30 bus test systems to identify weak lines using four indices: line stability index (LMN), fast voltage stability index (FVSI), line stability factor (LQP), and voltage collapse point indicators (VCPI). The results are used to determine which lines are most prone to voltage instability under heavy loading conditions in order to rectify issues by implementing FACTS devices on those lines.
IRJET- Different Techniques for Reducing Swag & Swell in Distribution Transfo...IRJET Journal
1) The document reviews different techniques for reducing swag and swell in distribution transformers, including series voltage regulators.
2) Several approaches are discussed for mitigating voltage sags and swells, including on-load tap changers, static series regulators, dynamic sag correctors, and dynamic voltage restorers.
3) The review evaluates control algorithms for series voltage regulators to provide reliable voltage regulation and compensation for disturbances like sags and swells.
IRJET- An Optimal Algorithm for Data Centres to Minimize the Power SupplyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on developing an optimal algorithm for data centers to minimize power supply. It discusses using data centers to provide ancillary services like voltage stability and optimal power flow calculations to power systems in exchange for compensation. The document reviews several related works on using genetic algorithms and geographic load balancing to optimize data center power management. It proposes a mutually beneficial ancillary services model and service level agreement between data centers and power systems to maximize profits for both while ensuring reliable power system operation.
IMPROVED MPPT METHOD TO INCREASE ACCURACY & SPEED IN PHOTOVOLTAIC UNDER VARIA...Naimesh Rama
Here are the key points of the existing systems and techniques:
- Existing MPPT methods can be classified as direct, indirect and artificial intelligence based methods. Indirect methods like open circuit voltage and short circuit current require extensive PV panel characteristics data.
- Direct methods like Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance (IncCond) are commonly used but have drawbacks.
- P&O suffers from oscillations and can be inadequate in changing weather. IncCond considers the PV power curve but still has accuracy and speed issues.
- Literature has proposed techniques to improve these methods like modified algorithms, fuzzy logic control, and optimization algorithms like particle swarm optimization.
- The goal is to
Reliability Constrained Unit Commitment Considering the Effect of DG and DR P...IJECEIAES
Due to increase in energy prices at peak periods and increase in fuel cost, involving Distributed Generation (DG) and consumption management by Demand Response (DR) will be unavoidable options for optimal system operations. Also, with high penetration of DGs and DR programs into power system operation, the reliability criterion is taken into account as one of the most important concerns of system operators in management of power system. In this paper, a Reliability Constrained Unit Commitment (RCUC) at presence of time-based DR program and DGs integrated with conventional units is proposed and executed to reach a reliable and economic operation. Designated cost function has been minimized considering reliability constraint in prevailing UC formulation. The UC scheduling is accomplished in short-term so that the reliability is maintained in acceptable level. Because of complex nature of RCUC problem and full AC load flow constraints, the hybrid algorithm included Simulated Annealing (SA) and Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) has been proposed to optimize the problem. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and considerable efficacy of the time-based DR program in reducing operational costs by implementing it on IEEE-RTS79.
About This Training Course
The two day course is designed for electrical engineers and operational staff involved in power generation. The content
is relevant for all types of generation involving synchronous machines; from traditional coal, oil, gas and hydro, to
offshore and nuclear. The course will give delegates a firm understanding in the operation of excitation control systems
along with an appreciation of the different types available and the numerous systems offered by the major manufacturers.
Learning Outcomes
Delegates will learn about:
Fundamentals of the synchronous machine
The generator capability diagram
Excitation system components
Excitation system control theory
Parallel operation of generators
Brushless / Rotating excitation systems
Static excitation systems
Power System Stabilisers
Transmission company compliance
IEEE Excitation Standards
Who Should Attend
•Electrical engineers involved in power generation both onshore and offshore
•Power plant operational staff
Under voltage load shedding for contingency analysis to optimize power loss ...elelijjournal
Power system contingency is a condition of operation which may be caused due to line outage in a system
and could lead to entire system voltage instability. This may further result in voltage collapse leading to total blackout of the system. Therefore, voltage collapse prediction and estimating voltage stability margin
is an important task in power system operation and planning. In this paper Line Stability Index Lij utilizing
the concept of power flow in a single line is adopted to determine the condition of voltage instability. The
purpose of Lij is to determine the point of voltage instability, the weakest bus in the system and the critical
line referred to a bus. Analytical approach based technique for load shedding has been developed as a solution for secured operation of power system under various contingency conditions to optimize the power
flow in order to minimize the system losses within acceptable limit. To validate the effectiveness of the
proposed method simulation has been carried out on IEEE 14 bus system.
SVC device optimal location for voltage stability enhancement based on a comb...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The increased power system loading combined with the worldwide power industry deregulation requires more reliable and efficient control of the power flow and network stability. Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices give new opportunities for controlling power and enhancing the usable capacity of the existing transmission lines. This paper presents a combined application of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the continuation power flow (CPF) technique to determine the optimal placement of static var compensator (SVC) in order to achieve the static voltage stability margin. The PSO objective function to be maximized is the loading factor to modify the load powers. In this scope, two SVC constraints are considered: the reference voltage in the first case and the total reactance and SVC reactive power in the second case. To test the performance of the proposed method, several simulations were performed on IEEE 30-Bus test systems. The results obtained show the effectiveness of the proposed method to find the optimal placement of the static var compensator and the improvement of the voltage stability.
Collecting Economic Data in Power Quality SurveyLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Presents an approach to facilitate economic data collection.
* Defines Power Quality (PQ) as the extent to which the electrical energy available at the point of use is compatible with the needs of the load equipment connected.
* Lack of compatibility may lead to end user equipment ceasing, operating erratically or incorrectly, or at reduced efficiency.
* Discusses the many parameters necessary for compatibility.
* Presents a checklist for checking the completeness of the methodology.
RT15 Berkeley | Optimized Power Flow Control in Microgrids - Sandia LaboratoryOPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
The document summarizes research on designing nonlinear controllers for microgrid systems with stochastic sources and loads. Key points include:
1) A secure scalable microgrid testbed was developed to experimentally test Hamiltonian surface shaping power flow controllers (HSSPFC).
2) Models of single and multiple DC microgrids were formulated to develop optimal operating points using a dynamic optimizer.
3) An HSSPFC nonlinear distributed controller was designed and experimentally validated on a single DC microgrid testbed with variable sources and loads, demonstrating stable voltage regulation.
Similar to Improved technique for under voltage load shedding using Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization (20)
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It discusses the purpose and importance of literature reviews, including outlining research trends, assessing existing research strengths and weaknesses, and identifying potential gaps in knowledge. The document provides tips for searching existing literature, collecting information, and structuring the review. It emphasizes organizing the review from general to specific and covering all viewpoints without bias. The relationship between the literature review and the reader's own study should also be discussed.
A Buchholz relay is a safety device used in large oil-immersed transformers to protect against internal faults. When a fault occurs, excess heat is produced which decomposes the insulating oil and generates gas bubbles. These bubbles rise and collect in the Buchholz relay located on the pipe connecting the transformer tank and conservator. For minor faults, the collected gas activates an alarm circuit by closing an upper mercury switch. For major faults producing large amounts of gas, the lower float closes a lower mercury switch that trips the transformer offline, isolating it from the supply. The Buchholz relay thus indicates and helps avoid internal faults without dismantling the transformer.
Stranded conductors are composed of multiple uninsulated wires twisted together, providing increased flexibility over a single solid wire. They can be manufactured in various configurations, with the most common being concentric stranding, where wires are arranged in concentric layers around a central wire. Bunched stranding gathers wires randomly, while unilay concentric arranges wires in concentric layers with the same lay direction and length. Aluminum conductor steel-reinforced cable (ACSR) uses aluminum for its outer strands for conductivity and weight, and a steel core for additional strength.
Fixed costs are expenses that do not change with production levels and must be paid regardless of output. Variable costs change depending on production volume. Electricity tariffs are the methods used to charge consumers for power and vary based on factors like generation costs, subsidies, infrastructure, and customer type. Tariffs can be fixed rates per kWh, tiered increasing rates, time-of-use rates that vary by time of day, or demand rates based on peak usage. The type of load, maximum demand, time of use, power factor, and amount of energy consumed all impact the tariff a customer pays.
The selection of the number of cable cores depends on whether the system is perfectly balanced or has some degree of unbalance. Parameters like cable installation conditions, load carried, current rating, voltage drop, and earth fault loop impedance are considered. Single core cables have one conductor and are used for applications where space is limited, while multicore cables have multiple conductors grouped together and are used for power transmission, industrial applications, and in the entertainment sector. 3.5-core, 4-core, 5-core and 6-core cables are used for systems with increasing levels of unbalance and fault currents.
The document discusses power factor and the importance of power factor improvement. It defines power factor as the ratio of active power to apparent power. Power factor is represented by the cosine of the angle between voltage and current. Reactive power causes low power factors by creating an angle between voltage and current. Lower power factors require larger equipment sizes, higher conductor sizes, and cause greater power losses. Common causes of low power factors are induction motors and lighting loads. Power factor improvement provides benefits like reduced costs, equipment sizes, and power losses. The economics of power factor improvement depends on balancing the costs of supply against correction equipment. An example calculation determines the most economical power factor for a factory.
Static capacitors are a method of power factor improvement that has several advantages: they have low losses, no moving parts so require low maintenance, can operate in normal atmospheric conditions, and do not require a foundation. However, their lifespan is relatively short at 8-10 years and switching surges can occur when turning them on/off to match changing loads. Once capacitors fail, repairing them is also costly.
There are two main ways to transmit electrical power: overhead cables or underground cables. Underground cables have several advantages over overhead cables such as being safer, requiring lower maintenance, and having higher reliability. Underground cables come in various types depending on factors like the number of conductors, voltage rating, and insulating material used. Proper installation methods are also important, with options including direct burial, using troughs or tunnels. Cables have several components including conductors, insulation, sheathing, bedding, serving, and armoring. The choice of materials for each component depends on considerations like conductivity, insulation strength, and resistance to heat and chemicals.
Underground cables are more expensive to construct and install than overhead cables due to additional insulation, protection, and complicated installation requiring trench digging. However, underground cables have benefits like increased public safety, reduced environmental impacts, and allowing better land use. The document provides a comparison of underground and overhead transmission cables discussing their construction, installation, heat dissipation, conductor size, voltage capacity, fault detection, public safety, lightning effects, interference, voltage drop, environmental impacts, land use, and life expectancy.
This document discusses factors to consider when selecting cable size, including current carrying capacity, voltage drop, and short circuit rating. Current carrying capacity depends on cable heating and thermal dissipation, which is affected by ambient temperature, proximity of cables, soil thermal resistivity, and cable laying method. The document provides an example calculation for selecting cable size for an electrical load based on current, voltage drop, cable rating, and soil conditions. Safety considerations around voltage regulation and short circuits are also highlighted.
A transformer works on the principle of mutual induction to convert alternating current from one voltage to another. It consists of two coils - a primary coil and secondary coil - wound around an iron core. As current flows through the primary coil, it produces a changing magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary coil through electromagnetic induction. This allows electrical energy to be transferred between the coils without a direct connection. Transformers can step voltages up or down and are used widely in power transmission and distribution systems.
Fleming's right hand rule describes how to determine the direction of induced current in a conductor moving through a magnetic field. It involves positioning the fingers and thumb of the right hand perpendicular to each other, with the thumb pointing in the direction of motion, forefinger pointing in the direction of the magnetic field, and middle finger then pointing in the direction of induced current. Fleming's left hand rule operates similarly but relates the thumb, forefinger and middle finger to the direction of force, magnetic field, and current respectively. A rotating magnetic field is produced when a three-phase winding is energized, with the field poles shifting positions continuously around the stator rather than remaining fixed.
The document contains 17 lecture notes sections by Dr. R.M. Larik covering various electrical engineering topics related to phasors, waveforms, transformer connections, power calculations, and phasor diagrams. The topics include phasor concepts, sine and cosine waves, resistor, inductor and capacitor behavior, power triangles, active and reactive power, delta and wye connections, and current and voltage phasor diagrams for different transformer configurations.
This document contains lecture notes for a Circuit Analysis course taught by Dr. Raja Masood Larik. It includes information about the instructor's educational background and research interests. The notes cover topics like polyphase circuits, three-phase generation and different three-phase connections including wye-wye, delta-delta, wye-delta and delta-wye. Diagrams are provided to illustrate balanced and unbalanced systems as well as how voltage and current values differ between line and phase quantities depending on the type of connection.
This document contains lecture notes on 3-phase electrical connections from Dr. R.M. Larik. It discusses balanced 3-phase loads and voltages, different 3-phase connections including wye, delta, and wye-delta. Diagrams are provided showing balanced wye-wye and delta-delta connections, with explanations of line and phase voltages and currents in each configuration.
Tappings are provided on transformer windings to allow the voltage ratio and output voltage to be varied. This is done through a tap changer mechanism, which can be automatic or manual. Tap points are usually located on the high voltage winding due to the lower current, and to allow for finer voltage regulation. On-load tap changers must switch between taps without interrupting the load current, which is achieved through a make-before-break transition involving temporary resistances to limit short-circuit currents. Off-load tap changers can be simpler since the transformer is disconnected during operation. Tappings and tap changers thus provide a means of stepped voltage regulation on transformers.
The document discusses the working principle and construction of a DC generator. It describes how a DC generator works by cutting magnetic flux with a conductor to induce an EMF. It explains the key components of a generator including the magnetic field, conductor/armature, and motion of the armature with respect to the magnetic field. The document also provides details on the construction of DC generators, including the field system, armature core, armature winding, commutator, and brushes. It discusses how the commutator and brushes are used to produce a steady DC voltage from the pulsating voltage induced in the armature coils.
This document discusses direct current (DC) motors, including:
1) It introduces DC motors and explains their advantages over AC motors for certain applications.
2) It describes the basic working principle of DC motors, which involves a current-carrying conductor experiencing a force when placed in a magnetic field.
3) It discusses the different types of DC motors - shunt-wound, series-wound, and compound-wound - and explains their characteristics.
4) It provides equations for the voltage and power of DC motors and uses examples to demonstrate how to solve problems related to back EMF, speed, power input/output, and other motor parameters.
This document discusses speed control methods for DC motors. It begins by explaining that DC motors can achieve fine speed control through simple methods, which is their main advantage over AC motors. It then describes the three main speed control methods for DC motors as varying the flux, armature resistance, or applied voltage. Subsequent sections provide more details on speed control for shunt motors and series motors, including flux control, armature control, voltage control, and numerical examples. The document is intended to teach speed control of DC motors through lecture notes.
The document discusses inrush current in transformers. It defines inrush current as the maximum, instantaneous input current drawn by an electrical device when first turned on. When a transformer is energized, inrush current occurs as both a source-free response and a forced response to the applied AC voltage. The magnitude of inrush current depends on factors like the residual flux in the transformer core and the phase of the AC voltage wave when the switch is closed. Inrush current can be several times the normal full-load current and decays within 5-10 cycles but may exceed 25 times the full-load rating initially.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
2. Introduction
ACADEMICS
B.E (Electrical Engineering), NED University of Engineering& Technology
Karachi, Sindh-Pakistan. 1998.
M.Engg (Electrical Engineering, CGPA 3.45/4.00), NED University of
Engineering& Technology Karachi, Sindh-Pakistan. 2006
Doctor of Philosophy (Electrical Engineering) from Universiti Teknology
Malaysia (UTM) Johor Bharu Skudai. 81310. 2019.
JOB PROFILE
Assistant Plant Manager at Manipur Sewerage Treatment Plant from China
Petroleum Engineering Construction Corporation (CPECC) 1998-2000
Laboratory Engineer at NED University of Engineering& Technology Karachi,
Sindh-Pakistan 2000-2003
Assistant Executive Engineer at K-Electric 2003-2005
Lecturer at SSUET (Electronic Engineering), Karachi. 2005-2006
Assistant Professor at NED University of Engineering& Technology Karachi.
2
Engr. Dr. Raja Masood Larik
3. Research Activities
He has total of 20 Publications as Main and Co Author
He was Ex-President of Post Graduate Student Society (School of Electrical
Engineering) UTM Johor Bharu Malaysia. 2016-2017
He served IEEE society as Active Senior Member since November 2018
He is Active Life time Member Pakistan Engineering Council since 1998
He served as Potential Reviewer for many ISI journals which includes
• Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review (RSER) (ISSN No 1364-0321) IF =9.05
• IET Journal Generation Transmission and Distribution (ISSN 1751-8687) IF= 2.213
• IEEE Systems Journal (ISJ) (ISSN# 1932-8184) IF =4.337
He has total 73 no's of citations having h index 4 and i-10 index 1
He served an Active Program Coordinator for different National Events at UTM JB
Malaysia with International Students Society Pakistan since 2014-2019.
3
4. Presenter
Engr. Dr. Raja Masood Larik
Senior Member IEEE
Faculty of Engineering
School of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
An Improved Technique based on Genetic
Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization for
Under Voltage Load Shedding Scheme
Supervisor
Prof. Ir. Dr. Mohd Wazir bin Mustafa
2019®
6. ➢ Modern power systems operates near to their stability boundaries due to
strict economic limitations. Due to rapid increased loading the chance of
voltage collapse is certain. The driving force for voltage instability is
usually the loads.
➢ Disconnect some load from power system under heavy stress condition is
known as load shedding. A small amount of load shed can make the
system from collapse to survival
Introduction
Demand
Generation
6
7. Introduction.. Cont’d
➢ Voltage collapse in power system is the main concern for the system
operators which is complex and confined in nature. It is typically
associated with reactive power demand of load not being met due to
shortage of reactive power and transmission system limitation.
➢ Load shedding scheme requires coordination between protection
engineers and system planners, who together can determine the amount
of load and time delay required for the shedding
7
12. Problem statement
This Research
Focused on
Conventional
Load Shedding
Under Voltage
Load Shedding
Under
Frequency
Load Shedding
Frequency
drops pre set
threshold
value
Voltage
drops pre set
threshold
value
12
15. 1. Load shedding scheme should be designed in coordination with protective
devices and control schemes for momentary voltage dips, sustained faults, low
voltages caused by stalled air conditioners, etc.
2. Time delay to initiate load dropping should be in seconds, not in cycles. A
typical time delay varies between 3 to 10 seconds.
3. UVLS relays must be on PTs that are connected above the automatic LTCs.
4. Voltage pick-up points for the tripping signals should be set reasonably
higher than the “nose point” of the critical P-V or Q-V curve.
5. Voltage pick-up points and the time delays of the local neighboring systems
should be checked and coordinated.
6. Redundancy and enough intelligence should be built into the scheme to
ensure reliable operation and to prevent false tripping.
7. Enough loads should be shed to bring voltages to minimum operating
voltage levels or higher while Maintaining VAR margins according to WSCC’s
Voltage Stability Criteria.
Design criteria for UVLS
North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)Planning standards
Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) Reliability Criteria
24. Problem statement…Cont’d
Limitations of
GAPSO
Slow due to
crossover
operator of GA
No criteria for
weak bus
selection
Voltage Stability
not considered
as constraint
Sub optimal
load shed
1.The pervious research considers
only one loading factor.
2.No criteria being set for weak
bus selection
3.Suboptimal load shed
24
25. 1
• To develop a disaster circumstances by contingency
through various loading factors.
2
• To develop a ranking base load shedding scheme for
weak bus identification by using customized FVSI index.
3
• To develop an improved algorithm based on hybrid of
GA and PSO for optimal amount of load shed.
Objectives
25
26. ➢ The data used is standard IEEE Bus System.
➢ Transmission network is considered (IEEE 30 and 57 Bus Test System)
➢ Distributed generations are not considered.
➢ The disturbance is created by increasing the power demand in this
study i.e. large contingency such as major generator outages or
important power transmission line outages.
➢ Minimization of losses due to increased demand are not considered
➢ Frequency decay due to increased demand ignored while consider
the voltage decay only.
➢ Composite load demand is considered.
Scope
26
27. ➢ The improved algorithm is simple and could be easily integrated into
practical existing test systems.
➢ The developed technique is useful where generation and transmission
facilities are limited.
➢ The system planners and operators have deep insight the condition of power
failure with the help of developed technique.
➢ The developed technique is fast enough which is suitable for real time
applications.
➢ The developed technique has the ability to bring back the power system
from collapse to restoration.
Significance of Research
27
28. Literature review
S.NO Reference Technique/Test
System
Other
Techniques for
comparison
Achievements Limitations
1 Luan, Irving
[113]
2002
GA /
Practical UK system
None A technique for supply restoration in
distribution networks
optimal load shedding
Applicable to the particular
distribution system only.
2 Al-Hasawi and
El Naggar [114]
2002
GA /
IEEE 14 Bus test
system and IEEE 30
Bus test system
The load flow
equations
Optimal load shed for abnormal
conditions
Long Convergence time.
3 Amraee,
Mozafari and
Ranjbar [110]
2006
PSO /
IEEE 14 Bus test
system and IEEE 118
Bus test system
GA Identification of collapse point
Minimum service interruption cost
Consideration of technical and
economic aspects of each static load
Dynamics nature loads were
not considered.
4 Rad and Abedi
[112]
2008
GA and PSO /
IEEE 30 Bus test
system
PSO Minimizes the amount of load shed
using GA
Faster convergence time achieved
through PSO
Not scalable to large and
complex power systems.
Voltage stability not
achieved.
5 Sadati, Amraee
and Ranjbar
[108] 2009
HPSO-SA /
IEEE 14 bus test
system and IEEE 118
bus test system
PSO based
Simulated
Annealing
(PSO-SA)
Optimal load shed using PSO-SA
Static voltage stability margin and its
sensitivity at maximum loading point
Not suitable for transient
conditions due to slow
convergence rate.
28
29. Literature review.. Cont’d
S.NO Reference Technique/Test
System
Other
Techniques for
comparison
Achievements Limitations
6 Jalilzadeh, hadi
Hosseini [55]
2010
Hybrid Modal Analysis
and PSO /
Gharb and Bakhtar
areas of Iranian
transmission network
PSO and Modal
Analysis
Achieves best transformer tap
setting and voltage stability
margin
Optimal amount of load shed at
best location
Designed for a particular
transmission network and
unable to identify critical areas
or maximum loading point
7 Hagh and
Galvani [24]
2011
HPSO-LP
Linear Programming/
IEEE 14 bus test system
LP and PSO Fast convergence
Elimination of transmission line
overloading
Unable to solve non-linear and
large power systems.
8 Guichon, Melo
[16]
2012
GA /
500kV power system
Uruguay
None Achieve optimal load shed
through an automatic process
Limited to DC load flow only.
9 Hosseini-Bioki,
Rashidinejad
[30]
2013
PSO /
3-Bus and modified IEEE
30Bus test system
Locational
marginal price
(LMP)
Greater voltage stability margin
achieved through social welfare
Technique is unable to apply on
large and complex power
systems.
10 Ahmadi and
Alinejad-
Beromi [7]
Hybrid Discrete
PSO/IEEE 14 and 30 Bus
test systems
PSO A new method for voltage
stability using integer-value
modelling
Sub-optimal load shed
29
30. Literature review.. Cont’d
S.NO Reference Technique/Test System Other
Techniques
for
comparison
Achievements Limitations
11 M.Ojaghi
[35]
2014
HGAPSO/IEEE 57 Bus test
system
PSO Minimum customer interruption
cost
Minimum active power loss
Elimination of Transmission line
under over loading
Unable to shed optimum load.
Voltage stability not achieved
12 Sonar and Mehta
[56]
2015
Firefly Algorithm and
PSO/ IEEE 30 bus test
system
Fire fly and
PSO
Firefly converged faster than PSO Sub optimal load shed.
13 Estebsari, Pons [34]
2015
Techno-economic
impacts/European
transmission systems
Manual and
Automatic
UVLS
Comparison of automatic and
manual UVLS schemes showed
that automatic UVLS is superior
Short term voltage stability ignored
while has slow convergence.
Designed and tested on a
particular Austrian grid.
14 Kaffashan and
Amraee [33]
2015
Probabilistic UVLS point
estimate method/IEEE 14
and 118 Bus test system
Monte carlo
simulations
An accurate UVLS scheme using
the point estimate method with
less computational complexity
Long convergence time, not
suitable for real time applications.
15 Tamilselvan and
Jayabarathi [57]
2016
Hybrid GA and Neural
Network/
IEEE 6 bus test system
and IEEE 14 bus test
system
GA and NN Minimum load shed with less
deviations in voltage
Slow convergence rate. Unsuitable
for large power systems
30
31. Summary Literature Review
Reference Minimum load shed Stabilized voltage Profile Fast convergence Scalable to large and
complex power
systems
Ref.15 use GA
Ref.29
Used individual GA
and PSO
Ref.23 Hybrid PSO
and SA
Ref.24 Hybrid PSO
and LP
Ref.35 Hybrid PSO
and GA
Ref.56 Hybrid FA
and PSO
Ref.57 Hybrid GA
and NN
Proposed Technique
Improved GAPSO
31
32. Features
Features GAPSO IGAPSO
Voltage stability as constraint NO YES
Consideration of FVSI NO YES
Weak bus selection criteria NO YES
Faster Speed NO YES
Multiple loading factors NO YES
32
33. Research Methodology
Stability Indices
➢Line Stability Index (LSI)
➢Line Stability Factor (LSF)
➢Line Voltage Stability Index (LVSI)
➢Stability Index (SI)
➢Power Transfer Stability Index (PTSI)
➢New Voltage Stability Index (NVSI)
➢Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI)
Focused on
33
35. Research Methodology.. Cont’d
GAPSO
Main frame
work PSO
Utilization of
GA Global
search ability
Absence of FVSI
inside
Algorithm
Voltage Stability
not considered
as Constraint
Limitations
1. No criteria for weak bus
selection
2.Slower speed
2.Suboptimal load shed
3.Unable to stabilize the voltage
magnitude
35
36. Start
Inputs
Initialize
Iterations
Selection
Population
P1 crossover with
P2
Mutate C1 and C2
Populati
on
Assign global best
Update current
position
Returned best
solution
C1 + C2 =Children
Replace with new
population
Random moment
Update velocity and
position
Evaluate Fitness
Cost
Function
personn
el
Assign personnel
best
Cost
Function
global
Returned
optimal solution
GA
Research Methodology.. Cont’d
37. Start
Inputs
Initialize
Iterations
Assign pop
Random moment
Population
Update velocity and
position
Evaluate Fitness
Cost
Function
personnel
Assign personnel
best
Cost
Function
global
Assign global best
Update current
position
Returned
optimal solution
VoltageStability
Constraint
PSO
Research Methodology.. Cont’d
38. Parents Selected by
PSO
Parents
belongs to
P1 and P2
P1 crossover with P2
C1 + C2 =Children
Replace with new
population
Returned Best
solution
Mutate C1 and C2
FVSI Threshold
values
Research Methodology.. Cont’d
39. Research Methodology.. Cont’d
Improved GAPSO
Main frame
work GA
Utilization of
PSO Global
search ability
Integrate FVSI
inside
Algorithm
Voltage Stability
as Constraint
Objective Functions
1.FLS
2.FVD
OF = min 1 2( )f OF OF+
0.7 ( ) 0.3 ( )
sel bus
b a b a
i i i i
i B i N
Q Q V V
− + −
𝑄𝑖
𝑏 Reactive power demand at bus i before load shed
(post-contingency)
𝑄𝑖
𝑎
Reactive power demand at bus i after load shed (pre-
contingency)
𝑉𝑖
𝑏 Voltage magnitude at bus i before load shed (post-
contingency)
𝑉𝑖
𝑎 Voltage magnitude at bus i after load shed (pre-
contingency)
𝑁𝑏𝑢𝑠
Set of all buses
𝐵𝑠𝑒𝑙
Set of selected weak buses for load shedding
b
iQa
iQb
iVa
iV busNselB
39
40. Research Methodology.. Cont’d
( cos sin ),
bus
i i j ij ij ij ij bus
j N
P V V G B i N
= +
( sin cos ),
bus
i i j ij ij ij ij bus
j N
Q V V G B i N
= −
( , ) cos( )
bus
i i j ij i j ij
j N
P V V V Y
= − −
( , ) sin( )
bus
i i j ij i j ij
j N
Q V V V Y
= − −
Equality Constraints
𝑃𝑖 Active power at bus i
𝑄𝑖 Reactive power at bus i
𝑉𝑖 Voltage magnitude at bus i
𝑉𝑗 Voltage magnitude at bus j
𝐺𝑖𝑗 Conductance of (ij) th element in the bus
admittance matrix
𝜃𝑖𝑗 Admittance angle of line (ij)th
𝐵𝑖𝑗 Susceptance of (ij)th element in the bus
admittance matrix
𝑌𝑖𝑗 Line Admittance of (ij)th (1/Ω)
𝛿𝑖 Voltage angle ith at bus
𝛿𝑗 Voltage angle at jth bus
40
41. Research Methodology.. Cont’d
Inequality Constraints
min max
,i i i GenP P P i B
min max
,i i i GenQ Q Q i B
min max
,i i i busesV V V i N
𝑃𝑖
min Minimum active power limit at bus i
𝑃𝑖
max
Maximum active power limit at bus i
𝐵 𝐺𝑒𝑛 Set of generation buses
𝑄𝑖
min Minimum reactive power limit at bus i
𝑄𝑖
max
Maximum reactive power limit at bus i
𝑉𝑖
min Minimum voltage magnitude at bus I
𝑉𝑖
max
Maximum voltage magnitude at bus I
𝑁𝑏𝑢𝑠 Set of all buses
41
67. Results…Cont’d
Figure 24
PSO
13 iterations
5.25 seconds
GA
34 iterations
64.90 seconds
IGAPSO
15 iterations
22.63 seconds
GAPSO
22 iterations
34.44 seconds
IGAPSO is 36% Faster
than GAPSO
67
Convergence Time
68. Conclusion
The developed algorithm IGAPSO is better than hybrid GAPSO in terms of
68
Optimal Load Shed
Voltage Stability
Fast Convergence
69. Contributions
➢ Devised a new improved algorithm based on hybrid of GA and
PSO termed as IGAPSO for optimal load shed.
➢ Design a new criteria for weak bus selection criteria by
introducing a threshold value on FVSI index.
➢ A new constraint handling of voltage stability is developed
inside IGAPSO algorithm.
➢ The IGAPSO is fast enough to recover the power system from
collapse to restoration.
69
70. Future Recommendations
➢ Frequency decay may also be considered due to overloading.
➢ Minimization of losses may be considered due to increased
overloading.
➢ The developed technique can be implemented on some
practical system.
➢ The developed technique may be useful for islanded power
systems.
70
71. Publications
• R. M. Larik, M. W. Mustafa, M. N. Aman, "An Improved Algorithm for Optimal Load
Shedding in Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 1-16, 2018. (ISI Indexed,
IF 2.76)
• R. M. Larik, M. W. Mustafa, M. N. Aman, “A Critical Review of The State-of-Art Schemes
For Under Voltage Load Shedding,” International Transactions on Electrical Energy
Systems (ITEES) Willey (ISI Indexed, IF 1.69)
• R. M. Larik, M. W. Mustafa "A New Technique of Load Shedding to Stabilize Voltage
Magnitude and Fast Voltage Stability Index by using Hybrid Optimization," 2006. ARPN
Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 13.8.April 2018 p.p 2734-2745. (Scopus
Indexed)
• R. M. Larik, M. W. Mustafa "Optimal Load Shedding Under Contingency Conditions Using
Voltage Stability Index For Real-Time Applications In Power Systems," 2006. ARPN
Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 13.22.November 2018 p.p 8693-8704.
(Scopus Indexed)
• R. M. Larik and M. W. Mustafa, "Smart Grid Technologies in Power Systems: An
overview," 2015. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 11.6.
Oct.25, (2015) pp 633-638. ISSN: 2040-7459 Maxwell Scientific Organization. (Scopus
Indexed)
71
Published Journals
72. Publications
• R. M. Larik and M. W. Mustafa, "Technologies used in Smart Grid to Implement
Power Distribution System," TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal of Electrical
Engineering, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 232-237, 2015. (Scopus Indexed)
• R. M. Larik and M. W. Mustafa “A Statistical Jacobian Application for Power System
Optimization of Voltage Stability” in Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science, (IJEECS) vol.13 No.1 January 2019. pp 331-338 (Scopus Indexed)
• R. M. Larik, M. W. Mustafa S. H. Qazi, 179. “Under Voltage Load Shedding Scheme to
Provide Voltage Stability," 2016. Fourth International Conference on Energy,
Environment and Sustainable Development 2016 (EESD 2016) November 1-3 2016.
• R. M. Larik and M. W. Mustafa, "Meta-heuristic optimization Methods for Under
Voltage Load Shedding Scheme” (IEEC 2016). First International Electrical
Engineering Congress (IEEC 2016) May. 13-14, 2016 in IEP Centre, Karachi, Pakistan.
72
Published Journals
Published Conferences
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