Akshay Vaishnav Palle is seeking a full-time position in electrical engineering starting in May 2016. He has a Master of Science in electrical and computer engineering from Michigan Technological University with a 3.95 GPA. His research focuses on embedded control systems and electro-mechanics. He has internship experience with optical fiber networks and communication products. Palle also has teaching assistant experience and has authored papers on antenna probes and digital hierarchy.
Short Term Electrical Load Forecasting by Artificial Neural NetworkIJERA Editor
This paper presents an application of artificial neural networks for short-term times series electrical load
forecasting. An adaptive learning algorithm is derived from system stability to ensure the convergence of
training process. Historical data of hourly power load as well as hourly wind power generation are sourced from
European Open Power System Platform. The simulation demonstrates that errors steadily decrease in training
with the adaptive learning factor starting at different initial value and errors behave volatile with constant
learning factors with different values
Short Term Electrical Load Forecasting by Artificial Neural NetworkIJERA Editor
This paper presents an application of artificial neural networks for short-term times series electrical load
forecasting. An adaptive learning algorithm is derived from system stability to ensure the convergence of
training process. Historical data of hourly power load as well as hourly wind power generation are sourced from
European Open Power System Platform. The simulation demonstrates that errors steadily decrease in training
with the adaptive learning factor starting at different initial value and errors behave volatile with constant
learning factors with different values
The paper presents a technique called as Mobility-enabled Multi Level Optimization (MeMLO) that addressing the existing problem of clustering in wireless sensor net-work (WSN). The technique enables selection of aggregator node based on multiple optimi-zation attribute which gives better decision capability to the clustering mechanism by choosing the best aggregator node. The outcome of the study shows MeMLO is highly capable of minimizing the halt time of mobile node that significantly lowers the transmit power of aggregator node. The simulation outcome shows negligible computational com-plexity, faster response time, and highly energy efficient for large scale WSN for longer simulation rounds as compared to conventional LEACH algorithm.
This is Janardhan pursued Master of Engineering in Power Electronics. Currently working as a part time project engineer in Maxine Tec Research and Development Institute with having industry experience in Bharat Heavy Plate and Vessels Ltd. Published and Presented an IEEE paper on control of DFIG connected to variable speed wind turbine.
(Actively Seeking for Job Opportunity in Core Domain)
Model-Simulation-and-Measurement-Based Systems Engineering of Power System Sy...Luigi Vanfretti
This talk starts by exploring how electrical power systems are increasingly becoming digitalized, leading to their transformation into a class of cyber-physical systems (a system of systems) where the electrical grid merges with ubiquitous information and communication technologies (ICT).
This type of complex systems present unprecedented challenges in their operation and control, and due to unknown interactions with ICT, require new concepts, methods and tools to facilitate their operational design, manufacturing (of components), and testing/verification/validation of their performance.
Inspired by the tremendous advantages of the model-based system engineering (MBSE) framework developed by the aerospace and military communities, this talk will highlight the challenges to adopt MBSE for electrical power grids. MBSE is not only a framework to deal with all the phases of putting in place complex systems-of-systems, but also provides a foundation for the democratization of technology - both software and hardware.
The talk will illustrate the foundations that have been built by the presenter's research over the last 7 years, placed within the context of MBSE, with focus on areas of power engineering. Some of these foundations and contributions include the OpenIPSL, RaPId, SD3K, BableFish and Khorjin open source software developed and distributed online by the research group, and available at: https://github.com/ALSETLab
According to growth of electricity demand and the increased number of non-linear loads in power grids, providing a high quality electrical power should be considered. In this paper, Enhancement of power quality by using fuzzy based multilevel power flow controller (DPFC) is proposed. The DPFC is a new FACTS device, which its structure is similar to unified power flow controller (UPFC). In spite of UPFC, in DPFC the common dc-link between the shunt and series converters is eliminated and three-phase series converter is divided to several single-phase series distributed converters through the line. This eventually enables the DPFC to fully control all power system parameters. It, also, increases the reliability of the device and reduces its cost simultaneously. In recent years multi level inverters are used high power and high voltage applications .Multilevel inverter output voltage produce a staircase output waveform, this waveform look like a sinusoidal waveform leads to reduction in Harmonics. Fuzzy Logic is used for optimal designing of controller parameters. Application of Fuzzy Multilevel DPFC for reduction of Total Harmonic Distortion was presented. The simulation results show the improvement of power quality using DPFC with Fuzzy logic controller.
Title:
Hands-on-OpenIPSL.org using OpenModelica!
Instructor:
Luigi Vanfretti, PhD - RPI
luigi.vanfretti@gmail.com
Abstract:
The Modelica language, being standardized and equation-based, has proven valuable for the for model exchange, simulation and even for model validation applications in actual power systems. These important features have been now recognized by the European Network of Transmission System Operators, which have adopted the Modelica language for dynamic model exchange in the Common Grid Model Exchange Standard (v2.5, Annex F).
Following previous FP7 project results, within the ITEA 3 openCPS project, the presenters have continued the efforts of using the Modelica language for power system modeling and simulation, by developing and maintaining the OpenIPSL library: http://openipsl.org
This tutorial will follow the seminar introducing OpenIPSL.org and give you hands-on-experience on using the library using the OpenModelica modeling and simulation environment.
It is assumed that you have very little experience with OpenModelica and the Modelica language, so detailed instructions are provided.
You will need to bring your computer with OpenModelica installed, see the following link for a .pdf information on installation: https://goo.gl/oLAFv4
You will be working with three examples. In the first example, you will work setting up a power system from scratch and performing simulations using OpenModelica and the OpenIPSL. The second example consists on performing linear analysis using OMNotebook, and implementing a power system stabilizer for the model of example one. Finally, in the third example, you will perform simulations of a typical IEEE 9-Bus power systems and perform a simple analysis of results.
Bio:
Luigi Vanfretti (SMIEEE’14) obtained the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electric power engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA, in 2007 and 2009, respectively.
He was with KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, as Assistant 2010-2013), and Associate Professor (Tenured) and Docent (2013-2017/August); where he lead the SmarTS Lab and research group. He also worked at Statnett SF, the Norwegian electric power transmission system operator, as consultant (2011 - 2012), and Special Advisor in R&D (2013 - 2016).
He joined Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in August 2017, to continue to develop his research at ALSETLab: http://alsetlab.com
His research interests are in the area of synchrophasor technology applications; and cyber-physical power system modeling, simulation, stability and control.
A cost effective computational design of maximum power point tracking for pho...IJECEIAES
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is one of the essential controller operations of any Photo-Voltaic (PV) cell design. Developing an efficient MPPT system includes a significant challenge as there are various forms of uncertainty factors that results in higher degree of fluctuation in current and voltage in PV cell. After reviewing existing system, it has been found that there is no presence of any benchmarked model to ensure a better form of computational model. Hence, this paper presents a novel and very simple design of MPPT without using any form of complex design mechanism nor including any form of frequently used iterative approach. The proposed model is completely focused on developing an algorithm that takes the input of voltage (open circuit), current (short circuit), and max power in order to obtain the peak power to be extracted from the PV cells. The study outcome shows faster response time and better form of analysis of current-voltage-power for given state of PV cells.
Phasor State Estimation Weighting Coefficients for AC and Hybrid Networks wit...Luigi Vanfretti
Power electronics-based devices (e.g., flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) and voltage source converter (VSC)-based HVDC links) installations continues increasing worldwide. Their real-time performance during dynamic responses that need to be monitored
A large potential to develop suitable SE algorithms and models to monitor their dynamical behavior. However, most of the so-called dynamic SEs or forecasting-aided SEs are computationally demanding
We focus on a pseudo-dynamic PMU-only SE that is capable of addressing system dynamics with low computational demands. And this SE uses WLS algorithm.
WLS SEs use weights to take into account inaccuracies in measurements and modeling
This work focuses on how to quantify measurement weights for PMU-only SEs, mainly for the AC network measurements
The paper presents a technique called as Mobility-enabled Multi Level Optimization (MeMLO) that addressing the existing problem of clustering in wireless sensor net-work (WSN). The technique enables selection of aggregator node based on multiple optimi-zation attribute which gives better decision capability to the clustering mechanism by choosing the best aggregator node. The outcome of the study shows MeMLO is highly capable of minimizing the halt time of mobile node that significantly lowers the transmit power of aggregator node. The simulation outcome shows negligible computational com-plexity, faster response time, and highly energy efficient for large scale WSN for longer simulation rounds as compared to conventional LEACH algorithm.
This is Janardhan pursued Master of Engineering in Power Electronics. Currently working as a part time project engineer in Maxine Tec Research and Development Institute with having industry experience in Bharat Heavy Plate and Vessels Ltd. Published and Presented an IEEE paper on control of DFIG connected to variable speed wind turbine.
(Actively Seeking for Job Opportunity in Core Domain)
Model-Simulation-and-Measurement-Based Systems Engineering of Power System Sy...Luigi Vanfretti
This talk starts by exploring how electrical power systems are increasingly becoming digitalized, leading to their transformation into a class of cyber-physical systems (a system of systems) where the electrical grid merges with ubiquitous information and communication technologies (ICT).
This type of complex systems present unprecedented challenges in their operation and control, and due to unknown interactions with ICT, require new concepts, methods and tools to facilitate their operational design, manufacturing (of components), and testing/verification/validation of their performance.
Inspired by the tremendous advantages of the model-based system engineering (MBSE) framework developed by the aerospace and military communities, this talk will highlight the challenges to adopt MBSE for electrical power grids. MBSE is not only a framework to deal with all the phases of putting in place complex systems-of-systems, but also provides a foundation for the democratization of technology - both software and hardware.
The talk will illustrate the foundations that have been built by the presenter's research over the last 7 years, placed within the context of MBSE, with focus on areas of power engineering. Some of these foundations and contributions include the OpenIPSL, RaPId, SD3K, BableFish and Khorjin open source software developed and distributed online by the research group, and available at: https://github.com/ALSETLab
According to growth of electricity demand and the increased number of non-linear loads in power grids, providing a high quality electrical power should be considered. In this paper, Enhancement of power quality by using fuzzy based multilevel power flow controller (DPFC) is proposed. The DPFC is a new FACTS device, which its structure is similar to unified power flow controller (UPFC). In spite of UPFC, in DPFC the common dc-link between the shunt and series converters is eliminated and three-phase series converter is divided to several single-phase series distributed converters through the line. This eventually enables the DPFC to fully control all power system parameters. It, also, increases the reliability of the device and reduces its cost simultaneously. In recent years multi level inverters are used high power and high voltage applications .Multilevel inverter output voltage produce a staircase output waveform, this waveform look like a sinusoidal waveform leads to reduction in Harmonics. Fuzzy Logic is used for optimal designing of controller parameters. Application of Fuzzy Multilevel DPFC for reduction of Total Harmonic Distortion was presented. The simulation results show the improvement of power quality using DPFC with Fuzzy logic controller.
Title:
Hands-on-OpenIPSL.org using OpenModelica!
Instructor:
Luigi Vanfretti, PhD - RPI
luigi.vanfretti@gmail.com
Abstract:
The Modelica language, being standardized and equation-based, has proven valuable for the for model exchange, simulation and even for model validation applications in actual power systems. These important features have been now recognized by the European Network of Transmission System Operators, which have adopted the Modelica language for dynamic model exchange in the Common Grid Model Exchange Standard (v2.5, Annex F).
Following previous FP7 project results, within the ITEA 3 openCPS project, the presenters have continued the efforts of using the Modelica language for power system modeling and simulation, by developing and maintaining the OpenIPSL library: http://openipsl.org
This tutorial will follow the seminar introducing OpenIPSL.org and give you hands-on-experience on using the library using the OpenModelica modeling and simulation environment.
It is assumed that you have very little experience with OpenModelica and the Modelica language, so detailed instructions are provided.
You will need to bring your computer with OpenModelica installed, see the following link for a .pdf information on installation: https://goo.gl/oLAFv4
You will be working with three examples. In the first example, you will work setting up a power system from scratch and performing simulations using OpenModelica and the OpenIPSL. The second example consists on performing linear analysis using OMNotebook, and implementing a power system stabilizer for the model of example one. Finally, in the third example, you will perform simulations of a typical IEEE 9-Bus power systems and perform a simple analysis of results.
Bio:
Luigi Vanfretti (SMIEEE’14) obtained the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electric power engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA, in 2007 and 2009, respectively.
He was with KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, as Assistant 2010-2013), and Associate Professor (Tenured) and Docent (2013-2017/August); where he lead the SmarTS Lab and research group. He also worked at Statnett SF, the Norwegian electric power transmission system operator, as consultant (2011 - 2012), and Special Advisor in R&D (2013 - 2016).
He joined Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in August 2017, to continue to develop his research at ALSETLab: http://alsetlab.com
His research interests are in the area of synchrophasor technology applications; and cyber-physical power system modeling, simulation, stability and control.
A cost effective computational design of maximum power point tracking for pho...IJECEIAES
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is one of the essential controller operations of any Photo-Voltaic (PV) cell design. Developing an efficient MPPT system includes a significant challenge as there are various forms of uncertainty factors that results in higher degree of fluctuation in current and voltage in PV cell. After reviewing existing system, it has been found that there is no presence of any benchmarked model to ensure a better form of computational model. Hence, this paper presents a novel and very simple design of MPPT without using any form of complex design mechanism nor including any form of frequently used iterative approach. The proposed model is completely focused on developing an algorithm that takes the input of voltage (open circuit), current (short circuit), and max power in order to obtain the peak power to be extracted from the PV cells. The study outcome shows faster response time and better form of analysis of current-voltage-power for given state of PV cells.
Phasor State Estimation Weighting Coefficients for AC and Hybrid Networks wit...Luigi Vanfretti
Power electronics-based devices (e.g., flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) and voltage source converter (VSC)-based HVDC links) installations continues increasing worldwide. Their real-time performance during dynamic responses that need to be monitored
A large potential to develop suitable SE algorithms and models to monitor their dynamical behavior. However, most of the so-called dynamic SEs or forecasting-aided SEs are computationally demanding
We focus on a pseudo-dynamic PMU-only SE that is capable of addressing system dynamics with low computational demands. And this SE uses WLS algorithm.
WLS SEs use weights to take into account inaccuracies in measurements and modeling
This work focuses on how to quantify measurement weights for PMU-only SEs, mainly for the AC network measurements
Final year project ideas for electrical engineering eepowerschool.comMuhammad Sarwar
Final year project is the ultimate achievement of an electrical engineering graduate. The idea
of a final year project is to practically implement the technical and professional skills learned.
Graduates work on different final year project ideas. The title of an FYP should be novel and
the project must have a positive impact on the society. Many students choose their FYP topic
in a haste, and at the end of completion, it’s no good for them. So, choose your final year
project wisely and give a lot of thinking while choosing final year project ideas for your
electrical engineering degree.
This post gives a complete list of final year project ideas for electrical engineering students. A
short summary (or synopsis) of the project has also been given to get the complete
understanding of the project. The summary contains a short introduction, methodology and
project outcomes.
Undergraduate students of BSEE are encouraged to pick a topic that would implement a novel
research idea. Though, only simulations can also be used instead of a design project. Various
simulation softwares are available to implement the FYP e.g, Matlab/Simulink, Power World
Simulator, ETAP, Digsilent PowerFactory, PSCAD etc.
I have spent 7+ years pursuing a career as Sr. Electrical designer. Along with sr. designer, I am departmental representative of ISO 9001:2015 to management representative; I provide technical support to service and sales team.
My specialties:
+ Electrical Design
- Electrical Schematics, Single line Diagram, BOQ Preparation
- Selection of various Electrical component Switchgear, Drive, Motor, PLC, HMI, Comm. Protocol
(Profibus, Profinet, CANbus, CANopen, Ethernet, EtherCAT, ModBUS, Devicenet)
- Selection of various automation sensors
- Selection of power electronic component I.G.B.T, Diode, Thyristor (SCR).
- Transformer Sizing, HT-LT Cable sizing and Estimation
- Voltage Drop calculation, Short circuit Analysis - MELSHORT2
- IEC, UL, NEMA, IEEE Standards understanding
- Electrical Panel CE | Ul Certification Expert
- Prepare or maintain design, testing, or operational records and documentation.
- PLC-ladder logic preparation, SAP-ERP bill of material preparation.
- Preparing Troubleshooting and Maintenance Manual.
- Excellent Understanding of Hydraulic and Pneumatic circuit for Electrical |Automation controlling view
- Tech support to sales and service team
- Costing and Estimation
- Cross functional Co-ordination
- Panel Schedules
+ IOT (Internet of things)
+ Process Improvement
1. 2101 Apt F, Woodmar Drive, AKSHAY VAISHNAV PALLE +1 (906)-370-7713
Houghton, MI-49931, USA. https://www.linkedin.com/in/akshaypalle apalle@mtu.edu
OBJECTIVE
Graduate Research student seeking a fulltime opportunity in the field of Electrical Engineering starting May 2016 with an objective
to utilize gained skills and research experience for the same. Looking forward to join a challenging environment, utilizing my ability
to work and manage multiple projects simultaneously ultimately, adding value to the company.
EDUCATION
Master of Science (MS) in Electrical and Computer Engineering - GPA: 3.95/4 Expected: May
2016
Michigan Technological University Houghton, MI
• Currently Research Student in the field of Electro-physics working on Embedded Control Systems and Electro-Mechanics.
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering - CGPA: 8.2/10 Aug 2010 - June 2014
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad,
India
INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
Field Engineer Intern – National Optic Fiber Network (NOFN). Fall - 2013
Railtel Corporation of India Ltd- (Ministry of Railways) Hyderabad, India
• Gained Field Experience working on this NOFN project which mainly aims at providing broadband connectivity to Gram
Panchayats (Villages) and remote areas using Optical fibres.
• Worked on GPON where point to multi point scheme is being used enabling single optical fibre to serve multiple premises
with the help of Passive optical Splicers.
• Studied the protocol SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) where multiple digital bits were transferred synchronously over
optical fibres using Lasers and LED.
Research Intern (Dept. of Science and technology). Fall - 2012
Clear Communication System Ltd. (formerly Opti-wave Photonics Ltd) Hyderabad, India
• Designed and Tested Optical Communication related products.
• Gained Hands on experience with working on Optical Amplifiers, and Attenuators, RF signal Transmitter.
• Effectively communicated with many research Scientist, domestically and internationally.
Teaching Assistant at Michigan Technological University Summer 15 - Current
• Teaching Undergraduate Lab courses and help students to learn to work in a team, think logically and to solve the problems.
• Teaching Assistant for the graduate courses Electronic Materials, Solid State Devices, and Physical Electronics.
RESEARCH AND ACADEMIC PROJECTS:
Title: To design a Closed Loop (BOSCH DV-E5) Electronic Throttle Control (ETC) using PID Control. Spring - 2016
• Designing a Feedback Position Control System for the Electronic Throttle Body using MotoHawk and MotoTune design
and calibration software.
• Designed and Tuned PID Controller to minimize the Steady State Errors.
• Implemented a Linear Interface Model to Relate PPS and TPS signals with Throttle actuation.
• Working on Integration Algorithms to improve the Performance of the Control Systems with various controller Design.
Title: Designing of Fuel Injection Control for a single Cylinder 4 Stroke Diesel Engine Spring - 2016
• Developed an Injection Control Model to actuate the Fuel Injector based on the engine data using MotoHawk Software.
• Designed a Temperature Detecting model for a G232C NTC Thermistor.
• Validated and Calibrated the Fuel Injection Control Using MotoTron Rapid Prototyping System using ECU 565-128.
• Built a Temperature Compensation and Protection model to have a better Fuel Inject Control.
Title: Development of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain Controller. Spring - 2016
• Developed a Powertrain Controller for series - parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle using Stateflow software in Matlab.
• Designed the Control Logic for the 4 major Transition states used in the powertrain controller.
• Validated the output signals based on the designed test signals.
• Modified the controller logic to improve the efficiency and performance of the controller.
2. Title: Optimal Control of the Altitude of a Surveillance Drone. Fall - 2015
• Designed a System for Controlling the Altitude of the unmanned Surveillance Drone in Simulink and Matlab.
• Achieved to Design a Control System to minimize the cost of the system.
• Evaluated the performance of the time varying control system using Linear Quadratic Regulator.
Title: Modelling of KALMAN Filter for State estimations of DC Motor. Fall - 2015
• Designed a Kalman Filter using the methodology of Linear Quadratic for DC motor using the Simulink software. .
• Estimated the States of DC Motor, the Shaft Angle and Angular Velocity from the given noisy data using the above Filter.
Title: Develop an Autopilot Design control for a Cruise using Feedback Methodology. Fall - 2015
• Designed an autopilot control system for a ship using Simulink and Matlab.
• Simulated and validated the Controller for generated State Feedback and Observer.
• Generated a Ruddder angle command for steering of the ship using Observer Feedback.
Title: Development of Temperature Control system for Industrial Plant Furnace based on SCADA module. Summer - 2015
• Supervisory Controlling and Data Acquisition system is very important and regularly used in industrial plant control room to
monitor and control the process that are distributed among various sites.
• Used AT8051 microcontroller to develop this module along with temperature sensors.
• RS232 was used as the Serial Communication Interface to standardize the communication with the microcontroller .The
Software for C programming was KIEL software and the design and simulation was done on Express PCB and SCH tools.
Title: Unconventional Antenna Probes for Ultra-High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NSF Funded) Spring 2015 - 16
• Designed and simulated a miniaturized Antenna using (CST) to increase Image resolution by a factor of 10 and to replace RF
coils in 14T MRI systems.
• Achieved to make near magnetic fields more uniform at a specify frequency of 600MHz.
• Identified and analysed the method to make the field Uniform using dielectric plugs.
Title: Construction and Optimization of a single wafer solar cell array in the microfabrication lab. Spring - 2015
• Used a silicon wafer of 5 µm thick and an oxide layer of 1µm and a transparent conductive polymer.
• Fabricated a Solar cell to be used in daily life which was cost efficient and achieved a fill factor of 46%.
Title: Design of CMOS Full Adders for Energy Efficient Applications (Senior Design Project). Spring - 2014
• Designed a two high-speed and low-power full-adder cells in DSCH using 0.18 micrometer CMOS technology, and were
tested using a comprehensive test bench in Micro wind software.
• Used an alternative internal logic structure and pass-transistor logic styles that lead to have a reduced power-delay product
(PDP).
• Post-layout simulations showed that our proposed full-adders outperform its counterpart’s exhibiting an average PDP
advantage of 80%, with only 40% of relative area.
Title: Study of MAXDNA Distributed Control System used in Power Industry. Fall- 2013
• Surveyed and Studied on the Distributed Control system used in heavy Power Generation Industry for controlling of the
boiler parameter's which uses the technology of MAXDNA having a Human Machine interface and DPU which in itself is a
microprocessor.
TRAINING ON INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS
• Learned the instrumental analysis skills for interdisciplinary research in the fields of Control Systems, Electromagnetics and
Microfabrication such as instruments including ECU-565-128, Network analyzer, UV Mask Aligner (EV-620), Trion RIE
Etch systems, Spectroscopic Ellipsometer, Waveguides, and Antennas.
TECHNICAL SKILLS:
Design and Simulation: MotoHawk & MotoTune, Simulink, CST Studio, COMSOL, HFSS, Micro Wind and DSCH, Xilinx
Languages : C Language, Matlab, Verilog, Java Basics, PLC
Tools : Express PCB and SCH tools, CAN, CANalyzer, Microsoft Office, Adobe PDF, and Kiel software.
ACHIEVEMENTS:
• Co-Authored a paper in ACES Journal - 20150905 titled “Field Simulation Based Engineering of RF Antenna Probes with
non-uniform substrates for High field MRI systems”. (Applied Computational Electromagnetic Society)
• Published a Paper in IJSRD(International Journal for Scientific Research and Developments) titled Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy -Volume I Issue 7
• Obtained diploma in Communication Skills And Personality Development from Dept. of English, University College of
Engineering (A), Osmania University Hyderabad, INDIA
• Hosted a National level Technical Fest “INNOEVENT ‘12&’13 in my under-graduation..