The document discusses emerging technologies and their potential impacts. It covers topics like abundant bandwidth enabled by optical networking, large disk storage capacities, and increased computing power. The author notes these technological advances will likely reshape distributed systems and how services are deployed. However, there are still many open questions around how these technologies will ultimately change our lives and applications.
This document discusses fiber optic communication systems. It begins by introducing fiber optics as a major component of telecommunication infrastructure due to its high bandwidth capabilities and low signal attenuation. It then covers the basic building blocks of a fiber optic system including light sources, detectors, couplers and multiplexers. The document discusses the advantages of fiber optic systems such as long signal transmission distances, large bandwidth and small cable size. It also covers transmission windows, loss calculations and provides examples. In summary, the document provides an overview of the key concepts and components of fiber optic communication systems.
This document provides an introduction and overview of fiber optic communication systems. It discusses how fiber optic technology has evolved from merely transmitting light to now being used worldwide to transmit voice, video, and data signals over thin glass or plastic fibers. It notes the advantages of fiber optic systems over traditional copper cable, such as greater bandwidth, immunity to interference, smaller size, electrical isolation, and security. The document then provides more details on the basic components and operation of a fiber optic communication system. It concludes by listing some common applications of fiber optic technology for voice, video, data transmission, and sensing.
This document discusses optic fiber networks. It begins by explaining what optic fiber is, how it works, and its advantages over traditional metal cables. Next, it discusses the history of optic fiber technology and its development over time. It then explains why fiber networks are useful and lists some of their applications. Finally, it outlines the key stages involved in executing and implementing a fiber network project, including planning, construction, installation, and commissioning.
On-chip Optical Communication Using GrapheneIJERA Editor
Advancement in technology is increasing day by day. Accordance to Moore‟s Law, the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year. In this way, Graphene research so far has focused on electronics and photonic applications, in spite of its impressive optical properties, graphene can be used as optical communication devices which are more efficient than any other materials. It has as unique photonic and electronic extraordinary properties. This leads to remarkable high bandwidth, zero source-drain bias, better modulation of light, and good internal quantum efficiency.
Fiber optic technology allows for high-speed data transmission over long distances. It works by transmitting data as pulses of light through thin glass fibers. There are three main components:
1. An optical transmitter converts electrical signals to light pulses. Lasers and LEDs are commonly used light sources.
2. Glass fiber optic cables act as waveguides to transmit the light pulses. Total internal reflection keeps light contained in the core.
3. An optical receiver converts the light pulses back to electrical signals at the destination. Photodiodes are typically used for detection.
Fiber optic systems have advantages over copper wire like higher bandwidth, immunity to interference, smaller size, and ability to carry more data
The document describes the implementation of a fiber optic communication system using a developed computer program. It discusses the key components of a fiber optic system including the transmitter, fiber optic cable, and receiver. The transmitter converts an electrical input signal into an optical signal by modulating the output of a light source, such as a laser or LED. The fiber optic cable then carries this optical signal to the receiver. The computer program allows for modeling each of these components, including analyzing different transmitter circuit designs and light sources. It provides input and output forms to design an optical transmitter and model its performance parameters like rise time and data rate.
Optical Fiber link Design Complete guide by Aamir SaleemAamir Saleem
The document is a project report submitted by Aamir Saleem for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronic Engineering. It discusses the design of a fiber optic communication link between Khayaban-e-Sir Syed in Rawalpindi and Capital University of Science and Technology in Islamabad over a distance of 22.6 km. The report outlines the requirements, components selection, and design of the optical fiber link. It analyzes the power budget and rise time budget to validate the link design and select suitable optical fiber, transmitter, and receiver components.
The aim of this paper is to determine the viability of Indoor Optical Wireless Communication System. This paper introduces Visible Light Communication along with its merits, demerits and applications. Then the main characteristics of VLC system are described, around which the project is designed. Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) technique is used in the project in order to enhance the data rate of transmission. Instead of using a system of only one LED and one APD, which transmits only one bit at a time, a system of 4 LEDs and 4 APDs is introduced, which increases the data rates by 300% from the previous case. We observe the signal, noise, SNR, BER etc. across the room dimension. Finally, in the last chapter we summarize our results on the basis of MATLAB simulations and propose some modifications to this model that can be implemented in future.
This document discusses fiber optic communication systems. It begins by introducing fiber optics as a major component of telecommunication infrastructure due to its high bandwidth capabilities and low signal attenuation. It then covers the basic building blocks of a fiber optic system including light sources, detectors, couplers and multiplexers. The document discusses the advantages of fiber optic systems such as long signal transmission distances, large bandwidth and small cable size. It also covers transmission windows, loss calculations and provides examples. In summary, the document provides an overview of the key concepts and components of fiber optic communication systems.
This document provides an introduction and overview of fiber optic communication systems. It discusses how fiber optic technology has evolved from merely transmitting light to now being used worldwide to transmit voice, video, and data signals over thin glass or plastic fibers. It notes the advantages of fiber optic systems over traditional copper cable, such as greater bandwidth, immunity to interference, smaller size, electrical isolation, and security. The document then provides more details on the basic components and operation of a fiber optic communication system. It concludes by listing some common applications of fiber optic technology for voice, video, data transmission, and sensing.
This document discusses optic fiber networks. It begins by explaining what optic fiber is, how it works, and its advantages over traditional metal cables. Next, it discusses the history of optic fiber technology and its development over time. It then explains why fiber networks are useful and lists some of their applications. Finally, it outlines the key stages involved in executing and implementing a fiber network project, including planning, construction, installation, and commissioning.
On-chip Optical Communication Using GrapheneIJERA Editor
Advancement in technology is increasing day by day. Accordance to Moore‟s Law, the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year. In this way, Graphene research so far has focused on electronics and photonic applications, in spite of its impressive optical properties, graphene can be used as optical communication devices which are more efficient than any other materials. It has as unique photonic and electronic extraordinary properties. This leads to remarkable high bandwidth, zero source-drain bias, better modulation of light, and good internal quantum efficiency.
Fiber optic technology allows for high-speed data transmission over long distances. It works by transmitting data as pulses of light through thin glass fibers. There are three main components:
1. An optical transmitter converts electrical signals to light pulses. Lasers and LEDs are commonly used light sources.
2. Glass fiber optic cables act as waveguides to transmit the light pulses. Total internal reflection keeps light contained in the core.
3. An optical receiver converts the light pulses back to electrical signals at the destination. Photodiodes are typically used for detection.
Fiber optic systems have advantages over copper wire like higher bandwidth, immunity to interference, smaller size, and ability to carry more data
The document describes the implementation of a fiber optic communication system using a developed computer program. It discusses the key components of a fiber optic system including the transmitter, fiber optic cable, and receiver. The transmitter converts an electrical input signal into an optical signal by modulating the output of a light source, such as a laser or LED. The fiber optic cable then carries this optical signal to the receiver. The computer program allows for modeling each of these components, including analyzing different transmitter circuit designs and light sources. It provides input and output forms to design an optical transmitter and model its performance parameters like rise time and data rate.
Optical Fiber link Design Complete guide by Aamir SaleemAamir Saleem
The document is a project report submitted by Aamir Saleem for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronic Engineering. It discusses the design of a fiber optic communication link between Khayaban-e-Sir Syed in Rawalpindi and Capital University of Science and Technology in Islamabad over a distance of 22.6 km. The report outlines the requirements, components selection, and design of the optical fiber link. It analyzes the power budget and rise time budget to validate the link design and select suitable optical fiber, transmitter, and receiver components.
The aim of this paper is to determine the viability of Indoor Optical Wireless Communication System. This paper introduces Visible Light Communication along with its merits, demerits and applications. Then the main characteristics of VLC system are described, around which the project is designed. Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) technique is used in the project in order to enhance the data rate of transmission. Instead of using a system of only one LED and one APD, which transmits only one bit at a time, a system of 4 LEDs and 4 APDs is introduced, which increases the data rates by 300% from the previous case. We observe the signal, noise, SNR, BER etc. across the room dimension. Finally, in the last chapter we summarize our results on the basis of MATLAB simulations and propose some modifications to this model that can be implemented in future.
Exploration and Supremacy of Li-Fi over Wi-FiEditor IJCATR
To accomplish the work, the need of internet either through wired or wireless network is increasing
nowadays. While using wireless network i.e. Wi-Fi, many issues are arising related to speed due to which the
speed of transmitting data goes relatively slow as many devices gets connected. To remedy this, Harald Hass
invented technology named Li-Fi which he terms as- Data through Illumination, where the data is transferred
through an LED bulb which is 1000 times faster than Wi-Fi. This technology has now become the part of VLC as
this technology is performed by using white LED light bulbs.
A tech startup called UNEMEA is pushing two technologies to lower the costs of deploying broadband via fibre and wireless networks in Kenya: micro-trenching and Ruckus Wireless. Micro-trenching involves making narrow trenches only 20cm deep to lay flexible fibre optic conduits, cutting deployment costs by up to 25% and speeds up installation by 15 times compared to traditional trenching. Ruckus Wireless uses beamforming to extend wireless internet ranges to 15km with bandwidth of up to 300Mbps, providing wireless connectivity for applications like internet access, TV and digital signage at lower implementation costs than alternatives like WiFi or WiMax. UNEMEA argues these technologies can deliver affordable broadband connectivity in both
Seminar on vlc / visible light communicationSAMBIT SWAIN
The document discusses visible light communication (VLC) using sustainable LED lights. VLC uses LED lights to transmit data through subtle and fast variations in light intensity. This takes advantage of LED lights' high efficiency and long lifespan. Examples of VLC applications discussed include indoor location services, use in industrial settings where radio waves are restricted, and onboard aircraft where it would not interfere with radio communications. VLC provides a cleaner, greener and safer alternative to wireless data transmission when compared to traditional radio-based WiFi.
Applying The LED System instead Of The RFID System In Transportations TollEng_Ahmad
The document proposes replacing RFID technology with an LED-based optoelectronic system for toll collection. It describes the basic principles of LEDs, how they can function as both light emitters and sensors. Calculations are shown to determine system parameters like wavelength and beam divergence over the 5m distance between vehicles and road sensors. The proposed system would use a programmed LED on each vehicle to transmit a unique code to multiple photo-receivers at the toll point. This would allow toll collection without vehicles stopping. The system aims to reduce radiation risks compared to RFID and could integrate with vehicle systems to provide additional transportation data. In conclusion, the LED system design aims to successfully implement non-stop tolling using similar principles as remote
1) Coherent optical receivers can meet the high bandwidth requirements of next generation optical fiber networks in an efficient hardware manner by digitally processing both the amplitude and phase of received optical signals.
2) Coherent receivers offer advantages over direct detection, including advanced digital signal processing capabilities to compensate for distortions and flexibility to support different modulation formats through software changes alone.
3) Coherent receiver technologies are necessary for next generation 100Gb/s optical transmission systems to meet future bandwidth demands and are being adopted by telecommunications providers like Sri Lanka Telecom to upgrade their transport networks.
This document provides an introduction to optical transmission in communications networks. It begins with definitions of transmission and an overview of how transmission fits within a telecommunications network. It then discusses the history and benefits of optical transmission over metal transmission. Key topics covered include transmission signal parameters, different types of transmission networks for metro and long-haul environments, an overview of multiplexing techniques like TDM and WDM, and different types of network elements like fixed point-to-point links versus flexible networks using cross-connects.
The Missing Link: Dedicated End-to-End 10Gbps Optical Lightpaths for Clusters...Larry Smarr
11.05.24
Invited Keynote Presentation
11th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud, and Grid Computing
Title: The Missing Link: Dedicated End-to-End 10Gbps Optical Lightpaths for Clusters, Grids, and Clouds
Newport Beach, CA
Final thesis paper Digital Optical fiber link designMd. Nadimul Islam
This document summarizes the literature on digital fiber optic link design. It discusses the history of fiber optics, including the development of early generation systems from the 1970s to 1980s. It also reviews key components of fiber optic links such as transmitters, receivers, fibers, amplifiers, and multiplexing techniques. Dispersion, attenuation, bending loss, and other fiber effects are described. The overview of optical link design covers topics like optical sources, fiber splicing, connectors, and the advantages of fiber optic communication. It introduces the concepts of link power budget and rise time budget used for designing fiber optic systems.
Fiber optic cables transmit data using pulses of light sent through glass cores within the cables. Total internal reflection keeps the light pulses contained within the cores as they travel at high speeds, carrying binary data. At their destination, optical network terminals convert the light pulses back into electrical signals and Ethernet for use in connecting devices to the internet. Fiber optic cables provide greater bandwidth and higher security than alternatives like copper wires or satellite connections for data transmission.
Mitigating effect of flickering and dimming in visible light communication us...Ramesh Patriotic
This paper proposes using MIMO techniques in visible light communication (VLC) systems to achieve high data transmission rates. It simulates various VLC system configurations (SISO, MISO, MIMO) using overlapping pulse position modulation. The results show that a MIMO system using an array of LEDs at the transmitter and receiver achieves much lower bit error rates than SISO or MISO systems as SNR increases. Specifically, at high SNR the MIMO system can provide bit error rates several orders of magnitude smaller than SISO. This confirms that MIMO is well-suited for VLC and can enable data rates of several hundred Mbps or even Gbps. The paper also evaluates modulation techniques for mitigating flickering and
This document summarizes optical wireless communication (OWC), including visible light communication (VLC) and free space optical communication (FSO). It discusses the history and development of OWC, current applications, and future directions. Key advantages are high data capacity and bandwidth without licensing, while disadvantages include signal attenuation over distance. Future areas of focus include improving laser and optical network technologies to enable multi-terabit transmission and all-optical networks.
Free-Space Optical Networking Using the Spectrum of Visible LightIJTET Journal
Radio frequency technology suffers from limited bandwidth and electromagnetic interference. The recent
developments in solid-state Light Emitting Diode (LED) materials and devices are driving resurgence into the use of Free-Space Optical (FSO) wireless communication. LED-based network transceivers have a variety of competitive advantages over RF
including high bandwidth density, security, energy consumption, and aesthetics. They also use a highly reusable unregulated part of the spectrum (visible light). Many opportunities exist to exploit low-cost nature of LEDs and lighting units for widespread deployment of optical communication. The prime focus is to reducing cost, and for that, we have to make appropriate selection
of system’s components, e.g. modulation, coding, filtering. The objective is to describe the viability of an optical free-space visible light transceiver as a basis for indoor wireless networking and to achieve acceptable bit error rate (BER) performance for indoor use, with a low cost system.
Home automation is a growing industry that allows homeowners to control and automate various systems in their home through centralized control systems. There are several options for accomplishing home automation through structured wiring and wireless technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and radio frequency. While home automation provides convenience and can save money and energy, there are also potential disadvantages like cost, dependence on electric power, and risk of system crashes if the interconnection is damaged. Major companies in the home automation industry include Crestron, Control 4, AMX, and Savant.
This document provides an overview of visible light communications (VLC) using white LED lights. It discusses applications of VLC including indoor networking and discusses advantages like health safety, security, and lack of interference. It describes the VLC channel model and challenges like connectivity during movement, multi-user support, dimming control, and shadowing. Solutions to these challenges include handover techniques for mobility, time/code division multiple access for multi-user, and pulse width modulation or modified pulse position modulation for dimming control. Indoor VLC configurations and signal distribution methods are also summarized.
Telecommunication Systems: How is Technology Change Creating New Opportunitie...Jeffrey Funk
These slides discuss how improvements in the data rates of wireline and wireless systems have and continue to occur. For wireline systems, these improvements are driven by the use of better glass fiber, lasers, amplifiers, and wavelength division multiplexing and there appears to be few limits to these improvements. For wireless systems, these improvements are primarily driven by the use of better ICs. As long as these improvements in ICs continue to occur, improvements in data rates along with improvements in the use of the frequency spectrum continue to be possible. Improvements in both wireless and wireline systems will also make new forms of Internet content possible. Furthermore, these improvements in ICs along with the improvements in MEMS that are discussed in a related set of slides are gradually making cognitive radio economically feasible. All of these improvements are creating various kinds of entrepreneurial opportunities. These slides are based on a forthcoming book entitled “Technology Change and the Rise of New Industries and they are the sixth session in a course entitled “Analyzing Hi-Tech Opportunities.”
Wireless routing (mesh) networks provide robust wireless coverage through their unique architecture. Every device serves as both an access point and part of the network infrastructure, automatically forwarding traffic for other devices. This allows the network to:
1. Self-configure into a microcellular structure, dramatically decreasing needed link distances and increasing scalability.
2. Automatically select the best RF links and multihop routes based on current propagation conditions, taking advantage of the best paths rather than needing to overcome the worst cases.
As more devices are added to a wireless routing network, the probability that a new subscriber will have coverage increases exponentially. This ensures full and continuous coverage at lower overall cost compared to traditional point-to-multipoint networks.
Abundant Bandwidth
Optical core bandwidth is growing in an order of magnitude every 2 years, 4 orders of magnitude in 9 years
1992 – 100Mbs (100FX, OC-3)
2001 – 1.6Tbs (160 DWDM of OC-192)
OC-768 (40Gbs) on single is commercial (80Gbs in lab)
2-3 orders of magnitude bandwidth growth in many dimensions
Core – Optical bandwidth - (155mb/s 1Tb/s)
Core Metro – DWDM optical aggregation – (2.4Gb/s N*10Gb/s)
Metro – Access for businesses (T1 OC3, 100FX, 1-Gb/s)
Access – Cable, DSL, 3G – (28kb/s10mb/s, 1.5mb/s, 384kb/s)
LAN – (10mbp/s 10Gbp/s)
Bandwidth is Becoming Commodity :
Price per bit went down by 99% in the last 5 years on the optical side
This is one of the problems of the current telecom market
Optical Metro – cheap high bandwidth access
$1000 a month for 100FX (in major cities)
This is less than the cost of T1 several years ago
Optical Long-Haul and Metro access - change of the price point
Reasonable price drive more users (non residential)
Technology & Society – More Questions Than AnswersTal Lavian Ph.D.
Specific current technologies and their impact on society:
Big-Bandwidth Pipes:
Video conferencing
Virtual Presence (Holograms)
Last Mile - Optical Network availability
Big Disk availability
Video files, storage capacity
Huge Computation Power
Silicon and Consumer Electronics
New applications
This document discusses next-generation optical access networks and moving toward providing 10 Gbps connectivity everywhere. It outlines several key points:
1) It discusses the business and architectural issues with current networks and the need for a paradigm shift toward more flexible, dynamically reconfigurable networks.
2) It proposes an ultimate optical network architecture using a common infrastructure for access, metro, and backbone networks to gain statistical multiplexing benefits across different traffic patterns and usage.
3) It introduces a quantitative analysis framework using an extended equivalent circuit rate (ECR) metric to define and measure a requirement of "10 Gbps everywhere" in a quantifiable way for different network architectures.
Trends and evolution of optical networks and technologiesMd.Bellal Hossain
The document discusses trends and research in optical networks and technologies. Key points include:
- Optical networks are becoming more important due to increasing bandwidth demands from services like the internet. Research aims to increase network capacity and intelligence while lowering costs.
- 40Gbit/s transmission systems are being developed to provide multi-terabit capacities over long distances. All-optical networking components like optical cross-connects and regenerators are also a focus.
- Optical networks are evolving from simple transmission to include wavelength routing, network protection at the optical layer, and potentially full IP-over-optics implementation.
- Components research focuses on higher performance devices for functions like switching, modulation, and amplification,
Handle increase in IP traffic
Moore’s law doesn’t apply here
1984: 50Mbps, 2001: 6.4Tbps
Reduce cost of transmitting a bit
Cost/bit down by 99% in last 5 years
Enable new applications and services by pushing optics towards the edges
Exploration and Supremacy of Li-Fi over Wi-FiEditor IJCATR
To accomplish the work, the need of internet either through wired or wireless network is increasing
nowadays. While using wireless network i.e. Wi-Fi, many issues are arising related to speed due to which the
speed of transmitting data goes relatively slow as many devices gets connected. To remedy this, Harald Hass
invented technology named Li-Fi which he terms as- Data through Illumination, where the data is transferred
through an LED bulb which is 1000 times faster than Wi-Fi. This technology has now become the part of VLC as
this technology is performed by using white LED light bulbs.
A tech startup called UNEMEA is pushing two technologies to lower the costs of deploying broadband via fibre and wireless networks in Kenya: micro-trenching and Ruckus Wireless. Micro-trenching involves making narrow trenches only 20cm deep to lay flexible fibre optic conduits, cutting deployment costs by up to 25% and speeds up installation by 15 times compared to traditional trenching. Ruckus Wireless uses beamforming to extend wireless internet ranges to 15km with bandwidth of up to 300Mbps, providing wireless connectivity for applications like internet access, TV and digital signage at lower implementation costs than alternatives like WiFi or WiMax. UNEMEA argues these technologies can deliver affordable broadband connectivity in both
Seminar on vlc / visible light communicationSAMBIT SWAIN
The document discusses visible light communication (VLC) using sustainable LED lights. VLC uses LED lights to transmit data through subtle and fast variations in light intensity. This takes advantage of LED lights' high efficiency and long lifespan. Examples of VLC applications discussed include indoor location services, use in industrial settings where radio waves are restricted, and onboard aircraft where it would not interfere with radio communications. VLC provides a cleaner, greener and safer alternative to wireless data transmission when compared to traditional radio-based WiFi.
Applying The LED System instead Of The RFID System In Transportations TollEng_Ahmad
The document proposes replacing RFID technology with an LED-based optoelectronic system for toll collection. It describes the basic principles of LEDs, how they can function as both light emitters and sensors. Calculations are shown to determine system parameters like wavelength and beam divergence over the 5m distance between vehicles and road sensors. The proposed system would use a programmed LED on each vehicle to transmit a unique code to multiple photo-receivers at the toll point. This would allow toll collection without vehicles stopping. The system aims to reduce radiation risks compared to RFID and could integrate with vehicle systems to provide additional transportation data. In conclusion, the LED system design aims to successfully implement non-stop tolling using similar principles as remote
1) Coherent optical receivers can meet the high bandwidth requirements of next generation optical fiber networks in an efficient hardware manner by digitally processing both the amplitude and phase of received optical signals.
2) Coherent receivers offer advantages over direct detection, including advanced digital signal processing capabilities to compensate for distortions and flexibility to support different modulation formats through software changes alone.
3) Coherent receiver technologies are necessary for next generation 100Gb/s optical transmission systems to meet future bandwidth demands and are being adopted by telecommunications providers like Sri Lanka Telecom to upgrade their transport networks.
This document provides an introduction to optical transmission in communications networks. It begins with definitions of transmission and an overview of how transmission fits within a telecommunications network. It then discusses the history and benefits of optical transmission over metal transmission. Key topics covered include transmission signal parameters, different types of transmission networks for metro and long-haul environments, an overview of multiplexing techniques like TDM and WDM, and different types of network elements like fixed point-to-point links versus flexible networks using cross-connects.
The Missing Link: Dedicated End-to-End 10Gbps Optical Lightpaths for Clusters...Larry Smarr
11.05.24
Invited Keynote Presentation
11th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud, and Grid Computing
Title: The Missing Link: Dedicated End-to-End 10Gbps Optical Lightpaths for Clusters, Grids, and Clouds
Newport Beach, CA
Final thesis paper Digital Optical fiber link designMd. Nadimul Islam
This document summarizes the literature on digital fiber optic link design. It discusses the history of fiber optics, including the development of early generation systems from the 1970s to 1980s. It also reviews key components of fiber optic links such as transmitters, receivers, fibers, amplifiers, and multiplexing techniques. Dispersion, attenuation, bending loss, and other fiber effects are described. The overview of optical link design covers topics like optical sources, fiber splicing, connectors, and the advantages of fiber optic communication. It introduces the concepts of link power budget and rise time budget used for designing fiber optic systems.
Fiber optic cables transmit data using pulses of light sent through glass cores within the cables. Total internal reflection keeps the light pulses contained within the cores as they travel at high speeds, carrying binary data. At their destination, optical network terminals convert the light pulses back into electrical signals and Ethernet for use in connecting devices to the internet. Fiber optic cables provide greater bandwidth and higher security than alternatives like copper wires or satellite connections for data transmission.
Mitigating effect of flickering and dimming in visible light communication us...Ramesh Patriotic
This paper proposes using MIMO techniques in visible light communication (VLC) systems to achieve high data transmission rates. It simulates various VLC system configurations (SISO, MISO, MIMO) using overlapping pulse position modulation. The results show that a MIMO system using an array of LEDs at the transmitter and receiver achieves much lower bit error rates than SISO or MISO systems as SNR increases. Specifically, at high SNR the MIMO system can provide bit error rates several orders of magnitude smaller than SISO. This confirms that MIMO is well-suited for VLC and can enable data rates of several hundred Mbps or even Gbps. The paper also evaluates modulation techniques for mitigating flickering and
This document summarizes optical wireless communication (OWC), including visible light communication (VLC) and free space optical communication (FSO). It discusses the history and development of OWC, current applications, and future directions. Key advantages are high data capacity and bandwidth without licensing, while disadvantages include signal attenuation over distance. Future areas of focus include improving laser and optical network technologies to enable multi-terabit transmission and all-optical networks.
Free-Space Optical Networking Using the Spectrum of Visible LightIJTET Journal
Radio frequency technology suffers from limited bandwidth and electromagnetic interference. The recent
developments in solid-state Light Emitting Diode (LED) materials and devices are driving resurgence into the use of Free-Space Optical (FSO) wireless communication. LED-based network transceivers have a variety of competitive advantages over RF
including high bandwidth density, security, energy consumption, and aesthetics. They also use a highly reusable unregulated part of the spectrum (visible light). Many opportunities exist to exploit low-cost nature of LEDs and lighting units for widespread deployment of optical communication. The prime focus is to reducing cost, and for that, we have to make appropriate selection
of system’s components, e.g. modulation, coding, filtering. The objective is to describe the viability of an optical free-space visible light transceiver as a basis for indoor wireless networking and to achieve acceptable bit error rate (BER) performance for indoor use, with a low cost system.
Home automation is a growing industry that allows homeowners to control and automate various systems in their home through centralized control systems. There are several options for accomplishing home automation through structured wiring and wireless technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and radio frequency. While home automation provides convenience and can save money and energy, there are also potential disadvantages like cost, dependence on electric power, and risk of system crashes if the interconnection is damaged. Major companies in the home automation industry include Crestron, Control 4, AMX, and Savant.
This document provides an overview of visible light communications (VLC) using white LED lights. It discusses applications of VLC including indoor networking and discusses advantages like health safety, security, and lack of interference. It describes the VLC channel model and challenges like connectivity during movement, multi-user support, dimming control, and shadowing. Solutions to these challenges include handover techniques for mobility, time/code division multiple access for multi-user, and pulse width modulation or modified pulse position modulation for dimming control. Indoor VLC configurations and signal distribution methods are also summarized.
Telecommunication Systems: How is Technology Change Creating New Opportunitie...Jeffrey Funk
These slides discuss how improvements in the data rates of wireline and wireless systems have and continue to occur. For wireline systems, these improvements are driven by the use of better glass fiber, lasers, amplifiers, and wavelength division multiplexing and there appears to be few limits to these improvements. For wireless systems, these improvements are primarily driven by the use of better ICs. As long as these improvements in ICs continue to occur, improvements in data rates along with improvements in the use of the frequency spectrum continue to be possible. Improvements in both wireless and wireline systems will also make new forms of Internet content possible. Furthermore, these improvements in ICs along with the improvements in MEMS that are discussed in a related set of slides are gradually making cognitive radio economically feasible. All of these improvements are creating various kinds of entrepreneurial opportunities. These slides are based on a forthcoming book entitled “Technology Change and the Rise of New Industries and they are the sixth session in a course entitled “Analyzing Hi-Tech Opportunities.”
Wireless routing (mesh) networks provide robust wireless coverage through their unique architecture. Every device serves as both an access point and part of the network infrastructure, automatically forwarding traffic for other devices. This allows the network to:
1. Self-configure into a microcellular structure, dramatically decreasing needed link distances and increasing scalability.
2. Automatically select the best RF links and multihop routes based on current propagation conditions, taking advantage of the best paths rather than needing to overcome the worst cases.
As more devices are added to a wireless routing network, the probability that a new subscriber will have coverage increases exponentially. This ensures full and continuous coverage at lower overall cost compared to traditional point-to-multipoint networks.
Abundant Bandwidth
Optical core bandwidth is growing in an order of magnitude every 2 years, 4 orders of magnitude in 9 years
1992 – 100Mbs (100FX, OC-3)
2001 – 1.6Tbs (160 DWDM of OC-192)
OC-768 (40Gbs) on single is commercial (80Gbs in lab)
2-3 orders of magnitude bandwidth growth in many dimensions
Core – Optical bandwidth - (155mb/s 1Tb/s)
Core Metro – DWDM optical aggregation – (2.4Gb/s N*10Gb/s)
Metro – Access for businesses (T1 OC3, 100FX, 1-Gb/s)
Access – Cable, DSL, 3G – (28kb/s10mb/s, 1.5mb/s, 384kb/s)
LAN – (10mbp/s 10Gbp/s)
Bandwidth is Becoming Commodity :
Price per bit went down by 99% in the last 5 years on the optical side
This is one of the problems of the current telecom market
Optical Metro – cheap high bandwidth access
$1000 a month for 100FX (in major cities)
This is less than the cost of T1 several years ago
Optical Long-Haul and Metro access - change of the price point
Reasonable price drive more users (non residential)
Technology & Society – More Questions Than AnswersTal Lavian Ph.D.
Specific current technologies and their impact on society:
Big-Bandwidth Pipes:
Video conferencing
Virtual Presence (Holograms)
Last Mile - Optical Network availability
Big Disk availability
Video files, storage capacity
Huge Computation Power
Silicon and Consumer Electronics
New applications
This document discusses next-generation optical access networks and moving toward providing 10 Gbps connectivity everywhere. It outlines several key points:
1) It discusses the business and architectural issues with current networks and the need for a paradigm shift toward more flexible, dynamically reconfigurable networks.
2) It proposes an ultimate optical network architecture using a common infrastructure for access, metro, and backbone networks to gain statistical multiplexing benefits across different traffic patterns and usage.
3) It introduces a quantitative analysis framework using an extended equivalent circuit rate (ECR) metric to define and measure a requirement of "10 Gbps everywhere" in a quantifiable way for different network architectures.
Trends and evolution of optical networks and technologiesMd.Bellal Hossain
The document discusses trends and research in optical networks and technologies. Key points include:
- Optical networks are becoming more important due to increasing bandwidth demands from services like the internet. Research aims to increase network capacity and intelligence while lowering costs.
- 40Gbit/s transmission systems are being developed to provide multi-terabit capacities over long distances. All-optical networking components like optical cross-connects and regenerators are also a focus.
- Optical networks are evolving from simple transmission to include wavelength routing, network protection at the optical layer, and potentially full IP-over-optics implementation.
- Components research focuses on higher performance devices for functions like switching, modulation, and amplification,
Handle increase in IP traffic
Moore’s law doesn’t apply here
1984: 50Mbps, 2001: 6.4Tbps
Reduce cost of transmitting a bit
Cost/bit down by 99% in last 5 years
Enable new applications and services by pushing optics towards the edges
Handle increase in IP traffic
Moore’s law doesn’t apply here
1984: 50Mbps, 2001: 6.4Tbps
Reduce cost of transmitting a bit
Cost/bit down by 99% in last 5 years
Enable new applications and services by pushing optics towards the edges
Fiber capabilities/WDM
Wavelengths can be time-division multiplexed into a series of aggregated connections
Sets of wavelengths can be spaced into wavebands
Switching can be done by wavebands or wavelengths
1 Cable can do multi terabits/sec
Handle increase in IP traffic
Moore’s law doesn’t apply here
1984: 50Mbps, 2001: 6.4Tbps
Reduce cost of transmitting a bit
Cost/bit down by 99% in last 5 years
Enable new applications and services by pushing optics towards the edges
This document provides an overview of Intel's Light Peak technology, which uses fiber optic cables to transmit data at speeds up to 10Gbps over distances of up to 100 meters. It describes the key components of Light Peak, including the optical fiber, light sources, light detectors, and packaging. Light Peak aims to replace existing connection standards like USB and PCIe with a single universal optical connection. It allows for thinner, more flexible cables while providing higher bandwidth than copper-based standards. The document discusses how Light Peak addresses challenges with existing technologies and compares it favorably to USB 3.0 in terms of speed and cable length.
Optical Network Infrastructure for Grid, Draft-ggf-ghpn-opticalnets-1Tal Lavian Ph.D.
During the past years it has become evident to the technical community that
computational resources cannot keep up with the demands generated by some
applications. As an example, particle physics experiments [1,2] produce more data than
can be realistically processed and stored in one location (i.e. several Petabytes/year). In
such situations where intensive computation analysis of shared large scale data is needed,
one can try to use accessible computing resources distributed in different locations
(combined data and computing Grid).
This document provides an overview of high speed backbone network design and routing. It discusses key elements of backbone networks including fiber optics, layer 2 and 3 switches, dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), quality of service measures, and resilience. Fiber optic cables provide benefits like high bandwidth, low loss, and security. Layer 2 switches operate at the data link layer, while layer 3 switches perform both layer 2 and layer 3 functions for improved performance. DWDM combines multiple light wavelengths on a single fiber to increase bandwidth. Quality of service and resilience features ensure high throughput and network stability.
The document discusses several applications and emerging technologies using fiber optics. It describes how fiber optics are used for telephone communications, military signaling, transportation automation, and drone communications due to benefits like high bandwidth, long transmission distances, and low costs. New technologies mentioned include the first microprocessor to use photonics for communication and techniques to increase fiber bandwidth capacity by sending data along distinct fiber optic modes or paths. The document concludes by noting the world's largest fiber network installation at Sandia National Laboratories and advantages of optical fibers like reduced network equipment and electricity usage.
Light Peak is Intel's proposed high-speed optical cable technology that can transmit data at 10Gb/s using plastic optical fibers and has the potential to scale to 100Gb/s. It uses vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) in the optical module to convert electrical signals to light and vice versa. The technology aims to provide a universal interconnect solution to address the speed and distance limitations of electrical interfaces and reduce the number of different cables and connectors between devices.
Fibre optics is an important technology for audio visual and IT convergence. It allows transmission of large amounts of data, video and audio over long distances using thin strands of glass or plastic. Fibre uses total internal reflection to transmit light signals encoding digital data through the core. As bandwidth needs increase with high definition formats and IP, fibre optic infrastructure is expanding with developments in multiplexing and higher speed networks.
With worldwide mobile backhaul connections increasing from 5 to 10 Mbps in 2009 to 50 Mbps by 2012, mobile operators, network equipment vendors and others must implement new strategies to cope with the influx. Fiber, copper, microwave, millimeter wave—each backhaul medium has its own advantages and limitations in terms of availability, cost to deploy, operational cost, speed/distance and regulatory considerations. What is the right strategy for today’s 3G and emerging 4G ecosystem, and is there any hope of leveraging today's backhaul assets for three (let alone five) years?
In this webinar, Jennifer Pigg, Yankee Group research VP, examines the mobile backhaul solutions operators are deploying today and the emerging strategies for tomorrow.
IRJET- GMPLS based Multilayer Service Network ArchitectureIRJET Journal
1) GMPLS is an advanced protocol that automates provisioning of connections in multilayer networks including optical networks to improve efficiency.
2) GMPLS extends MPLS to support not just packet switching but also time-division multiplexing, fiber switching, and wavelength switching in optical networks.
3) The paper discusses applications of GMPLS technology for traffic engineering and provisioning connections to balance loads in multilayer networks including WDM optical networks.
DWDM is a fiber optic transmission technique that uses different wavelengths of light to transmit multiple data signals simultaneously over the same fiber. This allows network capacity to be dramatically increased to meet rapidly growing bandwidth demands. DWDM provides a flexible solution to fiber exhaust and allows different data formats like IP, ATM, and SONET to be transported over a single optical network. By assigning each signal a unique wavelength, DWDM can multiply the capacity of existing fiber infrastructure.
Recent growth in broadband demand is driven by video streaming, social networking, and online gaming. This is putting pressure on network capacity and requiring network upgrades to support exponentially growing traffic. Optical access networks are adopting technologies like GPON, EPON, and 10GEPON to provide higher bandwidth to homes and businesses. In core transport networks, technologies like 100GbE, ROADMs, photonic integrated circuits, and Ethernet over WDM are enabling capacity to scale to terabits while reducing costs. Open research challenges include cross-layer optimization, network planning, and scheduling for grid computing applications over optical burst switching networks.
Services and applications’ infrastructure for agile optical networksTal Lavian Ph.D.
Huge advancements in optical devices, components and networking.
The underline of the Internet is optical – How can we take advantage of this?
How can the applications take advantage of this?
Agile Optical Network is starting to appear. What services and interfaces we’ll need between the optical control and the applications?
What are the applications?
The Internet architecture was built on some 15-20 years old assumptions. Are some modifications needed?
Is packet switching good for all? In some cases, is circuit switching better? (move TeraBytes of SAN date, P2P, Streaming)
End-to-End Argument – Is is valid for all cases?
What cases not? What instead?
The current Internet architecture is based on L3. What is needed in order to offer services in L1-L2?
Computation vs. Bandwidth 10X in 5 years
Similar to Impact on Society – the Light at the end of the Tunnel (20)
This document describes an ultra low phase noise frequency synthesizer system for wireless communication applications. The system uses a combination of a fractional-N phase locked loop (PLL), sampling reference PLL, and direct digital synthesizer (DDS). It aims to reduce phase noise and enable higher order modulation schemes for increased data rates. The system comprises a front end module, display, and system on chip with the frequency synthesizer. It provides very low phase deviation of 0.04 degrees through a dual loop design, sampling PLL reference, and high frequency digital components.
A system for providing ultra low phase noise frequency synthesizers using Fractional-N PLL (Phase Lock Loop), Sampling Reference PLL and DDS (Direct Digital Synthesizer). Modern day advanced communication systems comprise frequency synthesizers that provide a frequency output signal to other parts of the transmitter and receiver so as to enable the system to operate at the set frequency band. The performance of the frequency synthesizer determines the performance of the communication link. Current days advanced communication systems comprises single loop Frequency synthesizers which are not completely able to provide lower phase deviations for errors (For 256 QAM the practical phase deviation for no errors is 0.4-0.5°) which would enable users to receive high data rate. This proposed system overcomes deficiencies of current generation state of the art communication systems by providing much lower level of phase deviation error which would result in much higher modulation schemes and high data rate.
Embodiments of the present invention present a method and apparatus for photonic line sharing for high-speed routers. Photonic switches receive high-speed optical data streams and produce the data streams to a router operating according to routing logic and produce optical data streams according to destination addresses stored in the data packets. Each photonic switch can be configured as one of a 1:N multiplexer or an M:N cross-connect switch. In one embodiment, optical data is converted to electrical data prior to routing, while an alternate embodiment routes only optical data. Another embodiment transfers large volumes of high-speed data through an optical bypass line in a circuit switched network to bypass the switch fabric thereby routing the data packets directly to the destination. An edge device selects one of the packet switched network or the circuit switched network. The bypass resources are released when the large volume of high-speed data is transferred.
Systems and methods to support sharing and exchanging in a networkTal Lavian Ph.D.
Embodiments of the invention provide for providing support for sharing and exchanging in a network. The system includes a memory coupled to a processor. The memory includes a database comprising information corresponding to first users and the second users. Each of the first users and the second users are facilitated for sharing or exchanging activity, service or product, based on one or more conditions corresponding thereto. Further, the memory includes one or more instructions executable by the processor to match each of the first users to at least one of the second users. Furthermore, the instructions may inform each of the first users about the match with the at least one of the second users when all the conditions are met by the at least one second user based on the information corresponding to each of the second users.
Systems and methods for visual presentation and selection of IVR menuTal Lavian Ph.D.
Embodiments of the invention provide a system for generating an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) database, the system comprising a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. The memory comprising a list of telephone numbers associated with one or more destinations implementing IVR menus, wherein the one or more destinations are grouped based on a plurality of categories of the IVR menus. Further the memory includes instructions executable by said processor for automatically communicating with the one of more destinations, and receiving at least one customization record from said at least one destination to store in the IVR database.
Various embodiments allow Grid applications to access resources shared in communication network domains. Grid Proxy Architecture for Network Resources (GPAN) bridges Grid services serving user applications and network services controlling network devices through proxy functions. At times, GPAN employs distributed network service peers (NSP) in network domains to discover, negotiate and allocate network resources for Grid applications. An elected master NSP is the unique Grid node that runs GPAN and represents the whole network to share network resources to Grids without Grid involvement of network devices. GPAN provides the Grid Proxy service (GPS) to interface with Grid services and applications, and the Grid Delegation service (GDS) to interface with network services to utilize network resources. In some cases, resource-based XML messaging can be employed for the GPAN proxy communication.
A system for providing ultra low phase noise frequency synthesizers using Fractional-N PLL (Phase Lock Loop), Sampling Reference PLL and DDS (Direct Digital Synthesizer). Modern day advanced communication systems comprise frequency synthesizers that provide a frequency output signal to other parts of the transmitter and receiver so as to enable the system to operate at the set frequency band. The performance of the frequency synthesizer determines the performance of the communication link. Current days advanced communication systems comprises single loop Frequency synthesizers which are not completely able to provide lower phase deviations for errors (For 256 QAM the practical phase deviation for no errors is 0.4-0.5°) which would enable users to receive high data rate. This proposed system overcomes deficiencies of current generation state of the art communication systems by providing much lower level of phase deviation error which would result in much higher modulation schemes and high data rate.
Systems and methods for electronic communicationsTal Lavian Ph.D.
Embodiments of the invention provide a system for enhancing user interaction with the Internet of Things. The system includes a processor, and a memory coupled to the processor. The memory includes a database having one or more options corresponding to each of the Internet of Things. The memory further includes instructions executable by the processor to share at least one of the one or more options with one or more users of the things. Further, the instructions receive information corresponding to selection of the at least one option by the one or more users. Additionally, the instructions update the database based on the selection of the at least one option by the one or more users. Further, a device for enhancing interaction with the things is also disclosed.
A system for providing ultra low phase noise frequency synthesizers using Fractional-N PLL (Phase Lock Loop), Sampling Reference PLL and DDS (Direct Digital Synthesizer). Modern day advanced communication systems comprise frequency synthesizers that provide a frequency output signal to other parts of the transmitter and receiver so as to enable the system to operate at the set frequency band. The performance of the frequency synthesizer determines the performance of the communication link. Current days advanced communication systems comprises single loop Frequency synthesizers which are not completely able to provide lower phase deviations for errors (For 256 QAM the practical phase deviation for no errors is 0.4-0.5°) which would enable users to receive high data rate. This proposed system overcomes deficiencies of current generation state of the art communication systems by providing much lower level of phase deviation error which would result in much higher modulation schemes and high data rate.
A system for providing ultra low phase noise frequency synthesizers using Fractional-N PLL (Phase Lock Loop), Sampling Reference PLL and DDS (Direct Digital Synthesizer). Modern day advanced communication systems comprise frequency synthesizers that provide a frequency output signal to other parts of the transmitter and receiver so as to enable the system to operate at the set frequency band. The performance of the frequency synthesizer determines the performance of the communication link. Current days advanced communication systems comprises single loop Frequency synthesizers which are not completely able to provide lower phase deviations for errors (For 256 QAM the practical phase deviation for no errors is 0.4-0.5°) which would enable users to receive high data rate. This proposed system overcomes deficiencies of current generation state of the art communication systems by providing much lower level of phase deviation error which would result in much higher modulation schemes and high data rate.
Radar target detection system for autonomous vehicles with ultra-low phase no...Tal Lavian Ph.D.
An object detection system for autonomous vehicle, comprising a radar unit and at least one ultra-low phase noise frequency synthesizer, is provided. The radar unit configured for detecting the presence and characteristics of one or more objects in various directions. The radar unit may include a transmitter for transmitting at least one radio signal; and a receiver for receiving the at least one radio signal returned from the one or more objects. The ultra-low phase noise frequency synthesizer may utilize Clocking device, Sampling Reference PLL, at least one fixed frequency divider, DDS and main PLL to reduce phase noise from the returned radio signal. This proposed system overcomes deficiencies of current generation state of the art Radar Systems by providing much lower level of phase noise which would result in improved performance of the radar system in terms of target detection, characterization etc. Further, a method for autonomous vehicle is also disclosed.
Various embodiments allow Grid applications to access resources shared in communication network domains. Grid Proxy Architecture for Network Resources (GPAN) bridges Grid services serving user applications and network services controlling network devices through proxy functions. At times, GPAN employs distributed network service peers (NSP) in network domains to discover, negotiate and allocate network resources for Grid applications. An elected master NSP is the unique Grid node that runs GPAN and represents the whole network to share network resources to Grids without Grid involvement of network devices. GPAN provides the Grid Proxy service (GPS) to interface with Grid services and applications, and the Grid Delegation service (GDS) to interface with network services to utilize network resources. In some cases, resource-based XML messaging can be employed for the GPAN proxy communication.
Method and apparatus for scheduling resources on a switched underlay networkTal Lavian Ph.D.
A method and apparatus for resource scheduling on a switched underlay network (18) enables coordination, scheduling, and scheduling optimization to take place taking into account the availability of the data and the network resources comprising the switched underlay network (18). Requested transfers may be fulfilled by assessing the requested transfer parameters, the availability of the network resources required to fulfill the request, the availability of the data to be transferred, the availability of sufficient storage resources to receive the data, and other potentially conflicting requested transfers. In one embodiment, the requests are under-constrained to enable transfer scheduling optimization to occur. The under-constrained nature of the requests enable transfer scheduling optimization to occur. The under-constrained nature of the requests enables requests to be scheduled taking into account factors such as transfer priority, transfer duration, the amount of time it has been since the transfer request was submitted, and many other factors.
Dynamic assignment of traffic classes to a priority queue in a packet forward...Tal Lavian Ph.D.
An apparatus and method for dynamic assignment of classes of traffic to a priority queue. Bandwidth consumption by one or more types of packet traffic received in the packet forwarding device is monitored to determine whether the bandwidth consumption exceeds a threshold. If the bandwidth consumption exceeds the threshold, assignment of at least one type of packet traffic of the one or more types of packet traffic is changed from a queue having a first priority to a queue having a second priority.
Method and apparatus for using a command design pattern to access and configu...Tal Lavian Ph.D.
This patent application describes a method and system for remotely accessing and configuring network devices using XML documents and a common design pattern. An XML request is sent from a client to a network device to request that a service be performed locally on the device. The network device includes a service engine that can parse the XML request using an XML DTD, instantiate the requested service, interact with device hardware and software to execute the service, and optionally return a response to the client. The use of XML documents and a common design pattern allows network devices to be accessed and configured in a flexible manner without needing to be pre-programmed for specific requests.
Embodiments of the invention provide means to the users of the system to provide ratings and corresponding feedback for enhancing the genuineness in the ratings. The system includes a memory coupled to a processor. The memory includes one or more instructions executable by the processor to enable the users of the system to rate each other based on at least one of sharing, exchanging, and selling one of activity, service or product. The system may provide a mechanism to encourage genuineness in ratings provided by the users. Furthermore, the instructions facilitate the rating receivers to provide feedbacks corresponding to the received ratings. The feedback includes accepting or objecting to a particular rating. Moreover, the memory includes instructions executable by the processor to enable the system to determine genuineness of an objection raised by a rating receiver.
Embodiments of the present invention provide a system for enhancing reliability in computation of ratings provided by a user over a social network. The system comprises of a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. The memory further comprises a rater score database, a satisfaction database, a social network registration database, a user profile database, and a plurality of instruction executable by the processor. Said instructions in the memory are enabled to accept a message from at least one user wherein said message comprises a satisfaction score associated with at least one service provider and to retrieve a rater score associated with said at least one user from said rater score database. Further, the memory includes instructions in order to compute a new satisfaction score based on said rater score and said satisfaction score and update said satisfaction database to include said new satisfaction score. In a similar manner, the new satisfaction score can be computed based upon the information stored in the social network registration database and user profile database.
Systems and methods for visual presentation and selection of ivr menuTal Lavian Ph.D.
Embodiments of the invention provide a system for generating an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) database, the system comprising a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. The memory comprising a list of telephone numbers associated with one or more destinations implementing IVR menus, wherein the one or more destinations are grouped based on a plurality of categories of the IVR menus. Further the memory includes instructions executable by said processor for automatically communicating with the one of more destinations, and receiving at least one customization record from said at least one destination to store in the IVR database.
A system for providing ultra low phase noise frequency synthesizers using Fractional-N PLL (Phase Lock Loop), Sampling Reference PLL and DDS (Direct Digital Synthesizer). Modern day advanced communication systems comprise frequency synthesizers that provide a frequency output signal to other parts of the transmitter and receiver so as to enable the system to operate at the set frequency band. The performance of the frequency synthesizer determines the performance of the communication link. Current days advanced communication systems comprises single loop Frequency synthesizers which are not completely able to provide lower phase deviations for errors (For 256 QAM the practical phase deviation for no errors is 0.4-0.5°) which would enable users to receive high data rate. This proposed system overcomes deficiencies of current generation state of the art communication systems by providing much lower level of phase deviation error which would result in much higher modulation schemes and high data rate.
A system for providing ultra low phase noise frequency synthesizers using Fractional-N PLL (Phase Lock Loop), Sampling Reference PLL and DDS (Direct Digital Synthesizer). Modern day advanced communication systems comprise frequency synthesizers that provide a frequency output signal to other parts of the transmitter and receiver so as to enable the system to operate at the set frequency band. The performance of the frequency synthesizer determines the performance of the communication link. Current days advanced communication systems comprises single loop Frequency synthesizers which are not completely able to provide lower phase deviations for errors (For 256 QAM the practical phase deviation for no errors is 0.4-0.5°) which would enable users to receive high data rate. This proposed system overcomes deficiencies of current generation state of the art communication systems by providing much lower level of phase deviation error which would result in much higher modulation schemes and high data rate.
"IOS 18 CONTROL CENTRE REVAMP STREAMLINED IPHONE SHUTDOWN MADE EASIER"Emmanuel Onwumere
In iOS 18, Apple has introduced a significant revamp to the Control Centre, making it more intuitive and user-friendly. One of the standout features is a quicker and more accessible way to shut down your iPhone. This enhancement aims to streamline the user experience, allowing for faster access to essential functions. Discover how iOS 18's redesigned Control Centre can simplify your daily interactions with your iPhone, bringing convenience right at your fingertips.
Impact on Society – the Light at the end of the Tunnel
1. Technology & Society
Tal Lavian
Nortel Networks Labs
tlavian@nortelnetworks.com
More Questions Than Answers
2. Some Technology Innovation
Fire
Writing
First book, press, commodity press,
copy machine, laser printer
Wheel, wagon, steam engine, train,
ship, car, airplane,
Phone, radio, TV
Consumer electronics
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 2
3. Technology and Sociology
Mapping of social communication on top
of the technology communication
Focus - social behavior of the technology
and technology adoption
Technology aspects give a different point
of view
Technologies that change our community
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 3
4. Technology Advancements
Facing many technology revolutions
that some of them might have huge
impact of our lives and we need to
understand it
Need for question mark after every single point
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 4
5. Technologies - Agenda
Big-Bandwidth Pipes
Video Conferencing
Virtual Presence (Holograms)
Last Mile - Optical Network availability
Big Disk availability
Video Files, Storage capacity
Computation
Silicon
New Applications
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 5
6. Big Bandwidth Pipes
What if Last Mile is solved?
Optical, FTH, MEF, EFM, RPR, CDM……
Dedicated connection (circuit)
Video Conferencing
does not really work (yet)
TV quality – 2.2Mbs , DVD 4.5Mbs (each direction)
Virtual Presence – (not science fiction)
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 6
8Gbs dedicated
7. Big Disk Availability
What is the implication of having very large disk?
What type of usage we will do with abounded
disks?
Currently disk cost is about $700/TB
What type of applications can we use it?
Video files – movie 1GB, - 70 cents store, in 5
years – 0.3 cents
How this change the use of personal storage?
type of new things we will store if the disk is so
inexpensive?
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 7
8. Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 8
Computation
We have massive amount of computation in
our hands
In our watch, we have more computation that
we needed to send Apollo 11 to the moon
and the processor cost less than one cent
We have amount of computation on our desk
that is larger than supercomputer 15 years
ago
How this affects us?
9. Silicon
Moor’s Law still working
We can add much more functionalities
into silicon
Price point – consumer electronics
The cost of new gadgets - commodity
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 9
10. Application adoption
New innovations and adding new
applications is a very simple process in
the web time
Web itself
P2P apps
Recording Industry
Open Source
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 10
11. TThhee MMeettrroo BBoottttlleenneecckk
Other Sites
Access Metro
End User Access Metro Core
Ethernet LAN
OC-192
DWDM n x l
DS1
DS3
IP/DATA
1GigE 40G+
LL/FR/ATM
1-40Meg
OC-12
OC-48
OC-192
10G
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 11
12. Bandwidth is Becoming Commodity
Price per bit went down by 99% in the last 5 years on the
optical side
This is one of the problems of the current telecom market
Optical Metro – cheap high bandwidth access
$1000 a month for 100FX (in major cities)
This is less than the cost of T1 several years ago
Optical Long-Haul and Metro access - change of the price
point
Reasonable price drive more users (non residential)
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 12
13. Summary
Optical transport brings abundant
bandwidth
Efficient use of bandwidth becomes
crucial
Network Services enable
Use network flexibly and transparently
Add customized intelligence
Killer Applications night be OVPN or
any other dynamic bandwidth
provisioning
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 13
14. Breakthrough...Bandwidth
Cost per
Gigabit Mile
11999933 11999988 22000022
Moore’s
Law
11998844 11999944 11999988 22000011
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 14
Optical Capacity
Revolution
5500 MMbbppss 22..55 GGbbppss
11..66 TTbbppss
332200 GGbbppss
66..44 TTbbppss
Wavelengths will become the communications circuits of the future...
Source: Nortel marketing
15. “Blindsided by Technology”
When a base technology leaps ahead
in a dramatic fashion relative to other
technologies, it always reshapes what
is possible
It drives the basic fabric of how
distributed systems will be built
IItt bblliinnddssiiddeess
uuss aallll......
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 15
Source – Nortel’s marketing
16. There is Light at the end of the Tunnel
There is Light at the end of the Tunnel
Imagine it 5 years from now?
There are more questions than answers.
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 16
18. Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 18
Agenda
Technology and market drivers
Abundant bandwidth
Underline the Internet is optical
What is WDM?
Where are the bottlenecks?
Architecture and protection
Summary
Backup slides
Underline technologies
Protection Rings
19. Changing the big picture
Now the converged network looks
different
Dial-up bandwidth has huge
implications
Pushing bandwidth to the edges of the
network
Affects service placement, for example
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 19
20. Bandwidth at the edges
Services placed there (ServicePoP)
Need to connect services to customers
and other services
Metro networks
Use of Ethernet as low cost/flexible
mechanism
Eventually fibers to pcmcia?!
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 20
21. Metro networks
Interim step: services in servicePoPs
Tap into fast connections here for
enterprises
Use of Ethernet as protocol to connect
the enterprise to the MAN
Avoid need for last mile for certain
applications/services
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 21
22. Abundant Bandwidth
Why does this change the playground?
Optical core bandwidth is growing in an order of magnitude
every 2 years, 4 orders of magnitude in 9 years
1992 – 100Mbs (100FX, OC-3)
2001 – 1.6Tbs (160 DWDM of OC-192)
OC-768 (40Gbs) on single l is commercial (80Gbs in lab)
2-3 orders of magnitude bandwidth growth in many
dimensions
Core – Optical bandwidth - (155mb/s ® 1Tb/s)
Core Metro – DWDM optical aggregation – (2.4Gb/s ® N*10Gb/s)
Metro – Access for businesses (T1 ® OC3, 100FX, 1-Gb/s)
Access – Cable, DSL, 3G – (28kb/s®10mb/s, 1.5mb/s, 384kb/s)
LAN – (10mbp/s ® 10Gbp/s)
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 22
23. Why Does This Matter?
How do these photonic breakthroughs affect us?
This is a radical change to the current internet architecture
WAN starts to be no longer the bottleneck
How congestion control/avoidance affected?
Why DiffServ if you can get all the bandwidth that you need?
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 23
Why do we need QoS?
Why do we need cache? (if we can have big pipes)
Where to put the data? (centralized, distributed)
What changes in network architecture needed?
What changes in system architecture needed?
Distributed computing, central computing, cluster computing
Any changes to the current routing?
24. Movie Distribution
Each movie theater in a
large area (SF, New
York, Houston) requests
1 hour of bandwidth a
week (OC192)
All movies transferred
during this time
Efficient use of
expensive but
necessary fat pipe
Minicomputer
Terminal Server
City
City
FDDI Ring
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 24
25. Move to optical
The key is to find a way to use the
infrastructure that we have available in
an efficient manner
What services are available? What can
we do?
Challenges?
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 25
26. New type of businesses
Data warehousing: no more mailing
tapes
Have tape vaults with gigabit
connectivity
Data is sent optically to destination,
where it is written to magnetic tape
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 26
27. Abundant Bandwidth
Why does this change the playground?
Optical core bandwidth is growing in an order of magnitude
every 2 years, 4 orders of magnitude in 9 years
1992 – 100Mbs (100FX, OC-3)
2001 – 1.6Tbs (160 DWDM of OC-192)
OC-768 (40Gbs) on single l is commercial. (80Gbs in lab)
2-3 orders of magnitude bandwidth growth in many
dimensions
Core – Optical bandwidth - (155mb/s ® 1Tb/s)
Core Metro – DWDM optical aggregation – (2.4Gb/s ® N*10Gb/s)
Metro – Access for businesses (T1 ® OC3, 100FX, 1-Gb/s)
Access – Cable, DSL, 3G – (28kb/s®10mb/s, 1.5mb/s, 384kb/s)
LAN – (10mbp/s ® 10Gbp/s)
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 27
28. How this Affects our Lives?
What are the new applications to use this
abundant bandwidth?
Distance learning?
Telecommuting? (for the average person, not us)
Broadcasting?(I want to see TV channel 48 from Japan)
Video conference?
What else? (this is a BIG question)
What are the new applications and services?
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 28
29. Need for new services
Optical networking is evolving
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 29
Much more bandwidth
Agile reconfiguring of light path
Need to take advantage of this and tie it to applications and services
Need to define the glue and the interface between the applications and
lower levels.
Can’t do computation in the optical core
Need to move the intelligence from the core to the edge.
I’d like to focus and formulate a research program in this area of
providing intelligent services at the Optical core.
30. Where are the bottlenecks
Optical networking is evolving
As soon as one problem is solved, the bottleneck is moving to a new
place
Currently it looks like the bottleneck is at the first mile
Streaming media - bottleneck push on routers
Much more bandwidth in the MAN move the bottlenecks away from
the access and the edge
Peering points between service provides
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 30
31. Streaming media as bandwidth
driver
Streaming needs big pipes – 2-3 orders or magnitudes more than web
surfing.
Speed of 3Mbs is about 1GB per hour
Constant traffic (can be turn on for hours with no one watching)
Web looks like a big traffic driver on the edge – but it is small traffic
on the core.
One hour web, 10 second a page, 360 pages, 10KB page 3.6MB
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 31
32. EFM –Ethernet First Mile
Ethernet at the first mile start to be attractive.
Drive more bandwidth to the end users
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 32
Three proposals :
22Mbs on the current phone line
PON –Passive Optical Network – split the optical link to 4 and additional 8
total 32 customers (60Mbs per residence)
Point-to-point optical – more expansive
SBC and alike are interested.
The tight of way is the main issue. Optical fibers work fine in harsh
environment
Sewer net, Power line, Gas line, water line.
33. Where are the bottlenecks
Optical networking is evolving
As soon as one problem is solved, the bottleneck is moving to a new
place
Currently it looks like the bottleneck is at the first mile
Streaming media - bottleneck push on routers
Much more bandwidth in the MAN move the bottlenecks away from
the access and the edge
Peering points between service provides
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 33
34. Need for new services
Optical networking is evolving
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 34
Much more bandwidth
Agile reconfiguring of light path
Need to take advantage of this and tie it to applications and services
Need to define the glue and the interface between the applications and
lower levels.
Can’t do computation in the optical core
Need to move the intelligence from the core to the edge.
I’d like to focus and formulate a research program in this area of
providing intelligent services at the Optical core.
35. If we had the bandwidth…
What if we all had 100Mb/s at home?
Killer apps, other apps, services
Peer-to-peer video swapping
Is it TV, HDTV, something else?
What if we had larger pipes at businesses?
1Gbs home office, 10GE/DWDM large organizations
How would the network architecture look, if we solve the
last mile problem?
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36. DWDM – phenomenal growth
Abundant bandwidth
Underline optical technologies
The access is still bottleneck
Reliability and protection
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Summary
37. What is WDM?
Data Channel 1
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) acts as “optical funnel”
using different colors of light (wavelengths) for each signal
Berkeley Dec 2 , 2003 - 37
Data Channel 2
Data Channel 3
Data Channel n
Optical
Fibre
Source: Prof. Raj Jain Ohio U
Enterprise employees have been able to communicate across their Local Area Network (LAN) without much concern over format or rate; Ethernet 10Bt and 100Bt are common in almost all enterprises. The enterprise bottleneck to the Wide Area Network (WAN) has always been constrained to the traditional voice telecommunication rates of DS0 (64Kb/s), DS1 and on rare occasions DS3.
Format conversion and adaptation is required for any data communication beyond the LAN.
The service provider is seen simply as a “middleman”, providing network connectivity with no value-added content, leaving them susceptible to customer churn as lowered priced offerings become available.
Bandwidth capacity has been increasing in the service provider WAN as OC-48 and OC-192 optical backbones have been deployed.
Bandwidth has also been increasing in the enterprise LAN as they have deployed Fast Ethernet and 1G Ethernet connections in their corporate networks.
A bandwidth bottleneck still exists, however, at the connection between the LAN and the WAN, the Metropolitan Area Network (MAN).
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Wave Division Multiplexing consists in taking optical signals (each carrying information at a certain bit rate), giving this optical signal a colour (wavelength) and then combining and sending them down the same fibre.
Each piece of equipment sending an optical signal has the illusion of having it own fibre.
If we go back to our road analogy and getting more cars to go from A to B, WDM gets more cars to travel, not by increasing their speed but by getting them to travel in parallel in their own dedicated lane.
Traffic in each ‘lane’ can travel at a different speed - each lane is independent (so this not like a motorway).
The wavelengths used for WDM are chosen in a certain range of frequencies (around 1550nm) or window. This will be clarified later.