Here is the material on insecticides mixture use on different insect pests of cotton crop with some research example. It is the post graduate seminar on this particular topic.
The ppt is about the pests that attack various fruit crops like mango, banana, citrus and cashew. In the ppt, the life cycle of the insects, the damage caused by them to the crops and the measures to control them are described.
The ppt is about the pests that attack various fruit crops like mango, banana, citrus and cashew. In the ppt, the life cycle of the insects, the damage caused by them to the crops and the measures to control them are described.
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
Mass production of bio pesticides and bio agents. balram2424
Detail Mass production of....
Trichoderma viride
Corcyra cephalonica
cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Trichogramma chilonis
Zygogramma bicolarata
Nuclear polyhydrosis virus of Helicoverpa armigera
Nuclear polyhydrosis virus of Spodoptera litura.
in this ppt you will get all detail mass production procedure of all mentioned above bio pesticides and bio agents.
It contains basic details about the etiology, symptoms, disease cycle and management practices for the control of disease : Wilt in Chickpea, Lentil and Arhar(Pigeon pea).
Sclerotinia blight of solanaceous cropsBinita Suwal
Sclerotinia blight is one of the important diseases of solanaceous crops. It is caused by the fungi of the genus Sclerotinia. The characteristic symptom of this disease is the presence of white fluffy mycelial growth at the point of infection which later turns into black and hard sclerotia.
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
Mass production of bio pesticides and bio agents. balram2424
Detail Mass production of....
Trichoderma viride
Corcyra cephalonica
cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Trichogramma chilonis
Zygogramma bicolarata
Nuclear polyhydrosis virus of Helicoverpa armigera
Nuclear polyhydrosis virus of Spodoptera litura.
in this ppt you will get all detail mass production procedure of all mentioned above bio pesticides and bio agents.
It contains basic details about the etiology, symptoms, disease cycle and management practices for the control of disease : Wilt in Chickpea, Lentil and Arhar(Pigeon pea).
Sclerotinia blight of solanaceous cropsBinita Suwal
Sclerotinia blight is one of the important diseases of solanaceous crops. It is caused by the fungi of the genus Sclerotinia. The characteristic symptom of this disease is the presence of white fluffy mycelial growth at the point of infection which later turns into black and hard sclerotia.
ABSTRACT- Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) is a widely distributed pest in South-East Asia, feeding on 63 plant species belonging to 22 families. It is a serious pest of soybean, pulses oilseeds, cotton and vegetables. In an outbreak phase, this insect can completely defoliate large area of crops causing reduction in yield. Heavy use of synthetic organic insecticides to control this pest resulted in the development of resistance against insecticides of different groups. Although a variety of agrochemicals are used for growing crops, little is known about their direct or indirect effects on nontarget organisms including insect pests. Therefore, alternative control measures have been searched out for this noxious pest. By adopting probable and advanced management practices this important pest can be managed. Key-words- Spodoptera litura, Bioassay, agrochemicals, Growth and development, Polyphagous pest
Biopestiside types and mass multiplication.pptxAvadhutBankar
Definition of pesticides, biopesticide, types of biopesticides and mass multiplication of biocontrol agent.
Information regarding different types of biopesticides with their examples and key features.
In detail procedure for mass production of trichogramma spp and preparation of trichocards.
Field application of trichocards.
Mutation Breeding as a tool for aphid resistance in Indian mustardSushrutMohapatra
Rapeseed-mustard is the second most important edible oilseed crop in India after groundnut in terms of area and production. Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is the most commonly cultivated of the oilseed Brassica in India. Globally, India ranks 4th in the production of rapeseed mustard oil. In India, Rajasthan ranks 1st followed by Madhya Pradesh in terms of area and production of rapeseed-mustard. Mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) is the main pest of mustard growing areas, leading to a reduction in yield by 35.4-96.0% and oil content by 5-15%. Aphids can be controlled effectively, economically, and environmentally through the development of an aphid-resistant genotype. The absence of aphid resistance genes in Brassica juncea as well as limited knowledge of trait genetics have hampered aphid resistance breeding in Brassica. Mutation breeding refers to the method of using artificial mutagenesis to obtain new biological cultivars, mainly through chemical or radiation mutagenesis. Induced mutagenesis is a reliable method of introducing aphid resistance within Indian mustard because it has demonstrated its ability to introduce aphid resistance in some crops. Reasons for the delayed development in generating mutant aphid resistant variants of Brassica juncea are the random nature of induced mutagenesis and the lack of particular procedures for screening large numbers of genotypes required in breeding for the selection of tolerant cultivars in mustard. For prospective genotype selection and cultivar development in Brassica juncea, mutant lines having varied aphid resistance along with susceptible and tolerant mustard varieties can be subjected to Genome Wide Association Studies to identify QTLs imparting aphid resistance in mutant mustard.
the repeated use of the same chemical which has the same mode of action that leads to the loss of insect sensitivity and also heritable change would occur in the genome nothing but resistance that means the population not able to control with the normal dose need to develop resistant management strategies
My presentation on Integrated Pest Management. I had made a try from my side to create it knowledgeful and tried to include qualitative content after studying many articals, research papers and other online websites.
Similar to Impact of Ready-mix insecticides on insect pests of cotton seminar (20)
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Impact of Ready-mix insecticides on insect pests of cotton seminar
1.
2. IMPACT OF READY-MIX INSECTICIDES ON INSECT
PESTS OF COTTON
Speaker
Gaurang Rudani
M. Sc. (Agri.) Entomology
Semester :- 3rd
04-AGRMA-02290-2020
Major Guide
Dr. Sushma Deb
Assistant Professor
Department of Agril. Entomology
C. P. College of Agriculture
S. D. Agricultural University
Sardarkrushinagar
Minor Guide
Dr. Manisha Shinde
Assistant Professor (Pl. Pathology)
Department of Plant Pathology
Polytechnic in Agriculture
S. D. Agricultural University
Deesa
3. .
1. Introduction
2. Classification of ready-mix insecticides
3. Mode of action of ready-mix insecticides
4. Efficacy of ready-mix insecticides on insect
pests of cotton
5. Efficacy of ready-mix insecticides on natural
enemies
6. Advantage and disadvantage of ready-mix
insecticides
7. Conclusion
8. Future thrust
Content
4. .
INTRODUCTION
Cotton is one of the most important commercial crop known as “king of natural
fiber” and world over commonly referred as “white gold” which belongs to family
Malvaceae and genus Gossypium.
In India, apart from providing 60 per cent of the fiber used in textile industries, the
crop is also a source for 11.5 lakh tonnes of oil, 90 lakh tonnes of animal feed and
about 200 lakh tonnes of cotton stalk that is used for fuel and value addition as
particle boards (Bhamare et al. 2018).
About 60 million people including 4.5 million farmers in India depend on cotton
for their livelihood.
4
5. .
Cotton production in India during 2020-21 was around 360 lakh bales of 170 kg from
133.41 lakh hectares with productivity of 459 kg lint/ ha (Annon., 2020).
Maharashtra, Gujarat and Telangana are the major cotton growing states covering
around 70 % area under cotton cultivation and around 62 % of cotton production in
India.
Cotton crop is subjected to damage by 162 pest species right from emergence till the
final picking among which 25 pests are reported to cause damage to cotton crop at
different growth stages.
The use of insecticides has played a major role in increasing cotton productivity from
the last three decades.
Cotton crop alone contributes around 19% of total pesticide consumption in India
5
6. Combinations of two or more insecticides having different mode of
action into a single spray solution which expose insects to each
insecticide at the same time known as insecticide mixture.
.
6
7. Tank Mixtures Pre packed Mixtures
There are two types of insecticide mixtures:-
Classification of insecticide mixtures
7
8. .
• Insecticides are mixed in the field directly by
farmers.
• Mixed insecticide may have physical
incompatibility which leads to separation,
flocculation, agglomeration and coagulation of
the ingredients and results in performance
problems.
• Also clog equipment, pump and tank.
1. Tank Mixture
8
9. .
• It is scientifically developed and tested
products based on compatibility.
• Final product is a ‘ready to use’
material.
Ready mix insecticide further classified into two
types:-
2. Pre-pack mixture (Ready mix)
A. High risk B. Low risk
9
10. .
A. High risk
Control same type of insect species and biological stage.
Target population is fully susceptible to all toxicants in the mixture.
E.g. LANCER GOLD- Acephate 50% + Imidacloprid 1.8% SP
B. Low risk
Used against two different insect pests such as chewing and sucking individuals.
One of the compounds effective against chewing insects + interferes with the
normal physiology of sucking pests making them more susceptible to 2nd
compound.
2nd compound specific against sucking pests.
E.g. POLYTRIN C- Profenofos 40% + Cypermethrin 4% EC
10
11. .
Use of single insecticide molecule lead to development of
resistance within in short time.
In ready mix insecticides chances for the development of cross
resistance is less or it may take long time.
Ready mix insecticides benefit for Insecticide Resistance
Management (IRM) when appropriately incorporated into
rotation strategies with additional mode(s) of action.
Significance of ready mix insecticide
11
12. Ideal characteristics of insecticide mixture
1
•Mixtures should be compatible with each
individual component.
2
• Should have additive or synergistic action
3
• Should have broad spectrum activity.
4
• Safe to farmer’s health and environment.
12
13. Action of ready mix insecticides
Insecticides are mixed either for synergism or potentiation
Synergism
→ It involves an increased toxic effect when mixing two compounds
together, which by themselves are harmful to pests.
Potentiation
→ It refers to the toxicity of a given pesticide being enhanced by the
addition of a less or non-toxic pesticide.
13
14. Synergistic action
When two chemicals or insecticides combined together they
produces a greater effect than the sum of the individual effect.
(1 + 3 >>> 4) not just 4
(Maybe 10 times or more)
E.g. Pyrethroids (enhances activity of OP) + OP compounds (chlorpyriphos)
Gangtok, Sikkkim Das, 2014
14
15. Potentiation action
This effect results when one substance that does not
normally have a toxic effect is added to another chemical,
making the second chemical much more toxic.
(0 + 2 >>> 2) not just 2
Source:- https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/synergism.html#:~:text=Potentiation
15
17. A number of insecticides belonging to different chemical groups have been
registered in India and these are being used against diverse pests of various crops.
As on July 1, 2021, total 672 pesticides have been registered under section 9(3) of
the Insecticides Act, 1968 for use in India, among which 80 are ready mix
insecticides.
18
19. Table 2: Ready mix insecticides registered for use in cotton in India
Ready mix insecticide
Common name
of the pest
Dosage per hectare
Waiting
period in
days
a.i. (g)
Formulation
(gm/ml)
Dilution
(Litre)
Acephate 50% + Bifenthrin 10% WDG Leaf hopper, Thrips, Bollworms 400 + 80 800 500-750 20
Acephate 25% + Fenvalerate 3% EC American bollworm, Sucking Insects 500 + 60 2000 500
15
Acephate 50% + Imidacloprid 1.8% SP
Aphid, Jassids, Thrips, White flies,
Bollworms
518 1000 500 40
Acetamiprid 1.1% + Cypermethrin 5.5% EC Aphids, Jassids, Thrips, Bollworms 10 + 50 1000 400-1000 30
Buprofezin 15.00% + Acephate 35.00% WP Jassids, Thrips & White fly 187.5 + 437.5 1250 500 -
Buprofezin 20.00% + Acephate 50.00% WP Thrips, Jassids, Mealy bug 250 + 625 1250 500 15
Cypermethrin 10% + Indoxacarb 10% SC Jassids, Thrips and Bollworm 50 + 50 500 400-1000 7
Chlorantraniliprole 9.30% + Lambda-
cyhalothrin 04.60% ZC
Bollworms complex 37.50 250 500 20
19
20. Ready mix insecticide Common name
of the pest
Dosage / hectare
Waiting
period in
days
a. i. (g)
Formulation
(gm/ml)
Dilution
(Litre)
Cypermethrin 3% + Quinalphos 20% EC
American Bollworm, Spotted
Bollworm, Jassids
30 + 200 to
37.5 + 250
1000-1250 500-600 15
Chlorpyrifos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% EC
Aphid, Jassids, Thrips, Whitefly,
Spodoptera, Spotted Bollworm,
Pink Bollworm, American
Bollworm
500 + 50 1000 500-1000 15
Chlorpyriphos 16% + Alphacypermethrin 1% EC
Spotted Bollworm, Pink Bollworm,
American Bollworm
425 2500 500-750 15
Deltamethrin 1% + Triazophos 35% EC
Spotted Bollworm, Pink
Bollworm, American
Bollworm, White flies
10 + 350 to
12.5 + 450
1000-1250 600-1000 21
Diafenthiuron 47% + Bifenthrin 9.4% SC
Thrips, Leaf hoppers, White fly,
Aphids
293.75 + 58.7 625 500 30
Ethion 40% + Cypermethrin 5% EC American Bollworm 400 + 50 1000 500 15
Fipronil 4% + Acetamiprid 4% SC Aphid, Jassids & White fly 40 + 40 1000 500 30
20
21. IRAC Guidelines stated that, the insecticide mixtures
may offer benefits for Insecticide Resistance
Management(IRM) when appropriately incorporated into
rotation strategies with additional modes of action.
IRAC, 2021
21
22. IRAC mixture statement for IRM, 2021
IRAC, 2021
Recommended dosage
Residual activity
Cross resistance
Mode of action
22
23. Recommended dosage
Mixture statement -1
Insecticides used at rates higher or lower
than recommended on the label can result in
resistance and/or unwanted effects on non-
target organisms and the environment.
i.e. Buprofezin 15.00% + Acephate 35.00%
WP 187.5 + 437.5 gm a. i./ ha
23
24. Mode of Action
Mixture statement -2
Mixtures with components having the same IRAC mode of action
classification are not recommended for IRM.
Chlorpyrifos + Aldicarb
Thiamethoxam 12.60% + Lambda- cyhalothrin 09.50% ZC
24
25. Cross resistance
Mixture statement -3
When using mixtures, consider any known cross-resistance
issues between the individual components for the targeted
pests.
Mixtures become less effective if resistance is already
developing to one or both active ingredients.
Increase the chances for the development of resistance.
25
26. Residual activity
Mixture statement -4
• The IRM benefits of an insecticide mixture are
greatest if the two components have similar periods of
residual insecticidal activity.
• Mixtures of insecticides with unequal periods of
residual insecticide activity may offer an IRM benefit
for the period where both insecticides are active.
e.g.
1. Chlorpyrifos 50.00% + Cypermethrin 05.00% EC
2. Acephate 50% + Imidacloprid 1.8% SP
15 days
26
40 days
27. Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM)
Effective insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies seek to
minimize the selection of resistance to any one type of insecticide.
In practice, alternations, sequences or rotations of compounds from
different MoA groups provide sustainable and effective IRM.
MoA a MoA b MoA c MoA d MoA a MoA b
Sequence of insecticides through season
27
28. Table 3: Sequence of ready mix insecticides on different insect pests of cotton
Sr.
No.
Ready mix insecticide Common name of the pest
1 Buprofezin 15.00% + Acephate 35.00% WP Jassids, Thrips & White fly
2 Acetamiprid 1.1% + Cypermethrin 5.5% EC Aphids, Jassids, Thrips, Bollworms
3 Profenofos 40% + Cypermethrin 4% EC Bollworm complex
28
29. 29
Case studies on use of ready mix
insecticides in cotton
Review of Research
Work
67. Broad spectrum of activity
Control more than one pest or pest species
Synergistic joint action with high efficacy
Lower quantity as well as cost
Saving time
Less number of spray
Help in insecticide resistant management
67
69. Incompatibility with mixture lead to
crystal and flake development
Some mixture may cause plant injury
Antagonism effect of mixture reduced
the efficacy of mixture
69
70. Guidelines for evaluating pesticide mixtures
→ Pest population to be controlled should be susceptible to each
used in mixture.
→ Target pest should exhibit no cross resistance to mixture.
→ Mixture should have significant potential effect to reduce the
dosage.
→ Mixture should have no mammalian toxicity.
70
71. 71
Conclusion
Due to repetitive use of single insecticide for particular pest management lead to
the development of insecticide resistance and pest resurgence, so prevention of
that we need to go for insecticide mixture which have two different insecticides
with different mode of action.
To overcome the cost of application, number of application and to draw a
sustainable pest management programme we need to search better alternative,
ready mix insecticide are one of them.
71
72. 72
Insecticides mixture which are effective against Bollworm complex
(Based on study)
1. Flubendiamide + Thiacloprid 480 SC @ 120 g a.i/ha,
2. Cypermethrin 10% + Indoxacarb 10% SC @ 200 + 200 g a.i./ha,
3. Chlorantraniliprole 8.8% + Thiamethoxam 17.5% SC @ 150 g a.i./ha,
4. Acetamiprid 0.4% + Quinalphos 20 % EC @ 40 + 2000 g a.i./ha,
5. Spinetoram 10%+ Sulfoxaflor 40%WG @ 140 g.a.i/ha,
6. Indoxacarb 14.5 % + Acetamiprid 7.7 % SC
72
74. Future thrust
Need not divert attention from the implementation of alternative pest
management strategies.
The concept of mixtures may be extended to botanicals and other
insect growth regulators for effective pest management.
Need to test different combinations of insecticides for its resistance and
persistency.
Need to monitor residue levels of ready-mix insecticides in different
crops.
Need to develop antidotes for ready mix insecticides.
74