This document discusses the impact of information technology on organizations and strategic issues related to IT. It covers how IT has impacted organizational structure and flexibility through virtual components, electronic linking, and technological levelling. IT also enables new types of organizations through variables like work processes, interorganizational relations, and structural design. The document then discusses strategic issues like integrating IT with corporate strategy and the value chain, as well as generic strategies around cost leadership, differentiation, and market niches. It provides frameworks for the strategic use of IT and managing IT integration within an organization.
MIS 17 Cross-Functional Enterprise SystemsTushar B Kute
These presentations are created by Tushar B Kute to teach the subject 'Management Information System' subject of TEIT of University of Pune.
http://www.tusharkute.com
INFORMATION SYSTEMS, ORGANIZATIONS, AND STRATEGY for management information s...Tonmoy zahid Rishad
Identify and describe important features of organizations that managers need to know about in order to build and use information systems successfully.
•Demonstrate how Porter’s competitive forces model helps companies develop competitive strategies using information systems.
•Explain how the value chain and value web models help businesses identify opportunities for strategic information system applications.
This PPT is prepared for students and other professionals regarding Management Information System (MIS) subject as lecture notes.This PPT aims to help students to recognize, specify and communicate effectively to data processing personnel to about information system. It also helps students to interpret new developments in information technology and fit into an overall framework. .OTHER TOPICS ARE DISCUSSED IN THE CONSECUTIVE PPTS
MIS 17 Cross-Functional Enterprise SystemsTushar B Kute
These presentations are created by Tushar B Kute to teach the subject 'Management Information System' subject of TEIT of University of Pune.
http://www.tusharkute.com
INFORMATION SYSTEMS, ORGANIZATIONS, AND STRATEGY for management information s...Tonmoy zahid Rishad
Identify and describe important features of organizations that managers need to know about in order to build and use information systems successfully.
•Demonstrate how Porter’s competitive forces model helps companies develop competitive strategies using information systems.
•Explain how the value chain and value web models help businesses identify opportunities for strategic information system applications.
This PPT is prepared for students and other professionals regarding Management Information System (MIS) subject as lecture notes.This PPT aims to help students to recognize, specify and communicate effectively to data processing personnel to about information system. It also helps students to interpret new developments in information technology and fit into an overall framework. .OTHER TOPICS ARE DISCUSSED IN THE CONSECUTIVE PPTS
MIS 15 Application of MIS (Manufacturing Sector)Tushar B Kute
These presentations are created by Tushar B Kute to teach the subject 'Management Information System' subject of TEIT of University of Pune.
http://www.tusharkute.com
Impact Of IT(Information Technology) on Organization Sarfraz Soomro
The use of computers and information technology has brought many changes to organizations.
The manager’s job
Organizational structure, authority and power
Job content (Value and Supply Chain)
Employee career paths
Align Information Technology and Business Strategy Salman Memon
Align Information Technology and Business Strategy
The mission critical, long-term IT choices made by a firm.
Commitment to build IT capability
http://phpexecutor.com
The slides are created for 'Management Information System' subject of SEIT under University of Pune, INDIA.
Subject Teacher: Mr. Tushar B Kute,
Sandip Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Nashik.
MIS Subsystems
Hierarchical Relations of Subsystems
Types of Subsystems
Organisational Function Subsystem
Activity Subsystem
Organisational Function Subsystems
Organisational Function
Production Subsystem
Marketing Subsystem
Personnel Subsystem
Finance Subsystem
MIS 15 Application of MIS (Manufacturing Sector)Tushar B Kute
These presentations are created by Tushar B Kute to teach the subject 'Management Information System' subject of TEIT of University of Pune.
http://www.tusharkute.com
Impact Of IT(Information Technology) on Organization Sarfraz Soomro
The use of computers and information technology has brought many changes to organizations.
The manager’s job
Organizational structure, authority and power
Job content (Value and Supply Chain)
Employee career paths
Align Information Technology and Business Strategy Salman Memon
Align Information Technology and Business Strategy
The mission critical, long-term IT choices made by a firm.
Commitment to build IT capability
http://phpexecutor.com
The slides are created for 'Management Information System' subject of SEIT under University of Pune, INDIA.
Subject Teacher: Mr. Tushar B Kute,
Sandip Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Nashik.
MIS Subsystems
Hierarchical Relations of Subsystems
Types of Subsystems
Organisational Function Subsystem
Activity Subsystem
Organisational Function Subsystems
Organisational Function
Production Subsystem
Marketing Subsystem
Personnel Subsystem
Finance Subsystem
Introduction to Information Systems Supporting 4th Edition Rainer Solutions M...Nortoner
Full download : http://alibabadownload.com/product/introduction-to-information-systems-supporting-4th-edition-rainer-solutions-manual/ Introduction to Information Systems Supporting 4th Edition Rainer Solutions Manual
Information technology (IT) is dramatically changing the business la.pdfakshay1213
Information technology (IT) is dramatically changing the business landscape. Although
organization cultures and business strategies shape the use of IT in organizations, more often the
influence is stronger the other way round. IT significantly affects strategic options and creates
opportunities and issues that managers need to address in many aspects of their business.
Business strategy - collapsing time and distance, enabling electronic commerce
There is also the outline of an executive presentation, that has been used to increase awareness of
these issues.
Business Strategy
IT creates new opportunities for innovation in products and services. Services which used to be
delivered in person can now be delivered over networks. Among the key levers are:
Organization Culture
Newer types of IT such as electronic mail and groupware are creating significant changes in the
way that information flows around group ware, and between them and their customers and
suppliers. It can hasten the development of more open and innovative cultures. However, as
experts like Davenport warns, and surveys from companies like Reuters confirm, the notion that
\"information is power\" still reigns large in many orggroup warelso, our experience shows that
many new systems fail to become accepted by their users, because the systems developers have
not been culturally sensitive to the department or group ware, in which the new systems are to be
used.
Organization Structures
For many years it has been argued that IT will enable larger spans of control and the flattening
of group ware. This has at last happened, but due as much to initiatives like BPR (business
process reengineering) and the drive to cut costs. Research on whether IT encourages
cencentralization decdecentralizations produced ambivalent results. Many companies have
cencentralizedckroom operations (for efficiency) while at the same time decdecentralizingher
activities. It now seems clear that IT enables a greater variety of structures. In particular it
enables more flexible and fluid structures - networked structures, dispersed team and teams that
come and go as needs change (as in the virtual corporation).
Management Processes
IT is rapidly entering the era where it supports unstructured management processes as well as
highly routinized business processes (see I3 UPDATE No. 4). It provides more effective ways of
accessing information from multiple sources, including use of external information on databases
and the Internet. However, group decision support systems that operate in a meeting room
environment can help enhance decision making, but it does need someone who is an expert
facilitator to help the group master the technique of structured discussion.
Work
IT is dramatically changing the nature of professional work. There are few offices where
professional do not make use of personal computers, and in many jobs involving extensive
information and knowledge based work, the use of the computer is often a c.
Respond to the following discussion QuestionsRespond to feedb.docxcarlstromcurtis
Respond to the following discussion Questions:
Respond to feedback on your posting and provide feedback to other students on their ideas. Make sure your writing
is clear, concise, and organized;
demonstrates ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and
displays accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
Discussion Question #1
Organizations over the past forty years have the advantage of newer technological advances that help with the efficiency and improves productivity. As discussed in the module the increased use of cellphones, iPads, and other new technology are all part or normal operational needs of organizations. Organizations have more available technology that can allow them to achieve various goals, in education we use different types of Learning Management Systems, similar to Brightspace, which is the platform we use currently for our courses at Argosy. At my current college we use Moodle, these LMS’ are valuable tools because it allows instructors and students to communicate in different ways and to fully cross utilize learning abilities and teaching methods. These tools may seem like a huge advantage in educational institutions but they are also utilized in private organizations that are learning organizations.
Organizations are also able to use technology for multinational leadership of its organization. These technological resources can increase the use of virtual teams within the organization through the use of programs like Skype and integrated teleconferencing. This in my view gives organizations flexibility on how, what, and when information will be disseminated to those who need to be in the know of changes in the organization. Another issue with technological advances is that there are more people entering into the workforce that would rather use electronic devices or automation in the workplace and at the same time there are still baby boomers that are slow to adapt to the changes in technology because of the rapidity of change. Baby boomers are categorized by Simmons (2010), and being born between 1946-1964 and have “a limited view in technology’s role in optimizing workplace efficiency,” (Simmons, 2010). It’s not enough to blame baby boomers for their views, I think that as technology advances so does training in the organization, leaders should make it a priority to keep training as a priority in organizations as a means to reduce ageism, and any generational gaps that occur in regards to technology.
In my opinion I feel that technology in regards to organizational behavior, aids in the development of the workforce and helps to prepare the organization for future advances in their perspective industries.
Works Cited
Simons, N. (2010, Jan/Feb). Leveraging Generational Work Styles to Meet Business Objectives.
Information Management, 44
(1), 28-33.
Respond to feedback on your posting and provide feedback to other students on their ideas. Make sure you ...
Read and analyze the attached case. You must discuss the case and ho.pdfinfo324235
Read and analyze the attached case. You must discuss the case and how Information Technology
is used or misused. Discuss the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of its application if appropriate,
or discuss your opinion of the case and how IT could have been more effectively used.
Each analysis must be at least 1-2 pages in length and no more than 3 pages. It should include a
section summarizing the case (1-2 paragraphs), and then an analysis of how IT was used or
misused. The analysis portion must be the bulk of the feedback. I am looking for your
observations of the case, what you think!!
http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/674906.pdf
Solution
Computer crime is a very vast topic. It includes many mal functions by computer users. It is all
about making bad use of information technology for personal interest or in order to create
troublesome situation for others.
Plagiarism is one aspect. It is passing off the work of other people as your own without giving
any credit to them. Piracy is another topic worth thinking about because people make a lot of
effort and spend lot of money to create or make something where other just make a copy of them
instant of buying the original one. Crackers are basically attention who break into computer
system and make illegitimate use of them. With the rapid evolution in Information Technology,
the numbers of crackers are also growing. It is very difficult to get hold of all these issues that is
why we have some association running, aiming to reduce and stop these concerns.
nformation technology and its systems have become so important that large organization can no
longer operate without them, not to mention operate efficiently. Each organization has its unique
purpose, use of information technology is now becomes one of most important means to achieve
the goals as claimed by Hawkins (2004). Technology could increase an organization’s
effectiveness by refine its operations, business process and internal collaboration. In the context
of education, technology could break down communication barriers between students and
faculties and among students themselves. For example, email system could enable lecturers and
students have effective communication when both of them are remote from campus and located
at different time zone of the world. Technology could also help students have better access to the
learning information, experts and learning communities. In most universities’ library system,
students could now access, view and finding citations of thousands of academic journals which
are integral part of student’s academic study from its online database and database’s associated
subscriptions. Technology could also enable active new learning modes, such as multi-media
teaching, computer lab and virtual learning environment that could connect students from
different parts of the world in one virtual environment simultaneously.
However, technology by itself could not delivery the outcomes desired and pursued by the
organiza.
wk3 reply to prof.I need help with this question below a 200 words.pdffeetshoemart
wk3 reply to prof.
I need help with this question below a 200 words summary with an introduction, body,
conclusion and 1-2 references. please thank you.
How IT and Systems make a valuable contribution to organizational change.
Solution
Introduction-
By system, we mean “an integrated assembly of interacting elements [or components] designed
to carry out cooperatively a predetermined function.” This definition is intentionally broad to
cover a wide range of different systems. In an organizational context this implies a multiplicity
of people, processes, technologies, and materials that together perform a significant function and
contribute to a specific aim—a service or product development.
Although the link between information technology and organizational learning has only begun to
be explored, two related streams of research can be identified. The first adopts organizational
learning as a means for explaining and resolving the problems of implementing and using new
information technologies in organizations. The second stream of research develops applications
of information technology to support the processes of organizational learning and knowledge
management. For example, technologies such as data warehousing, expert systems, best-practice
databases, and intranet/internet systems potentially comprise valuable components of
organizational memory.
Body-
Past the standard office PC and advanced mobile phone, associations actualize information
technology, custom programming or concentrated innovation gear to keep operations running
easily. Progressions in innovation can possibly diminish the time expected to finish an
assignment, or now and again dispose of the requirement for a business procedure or occupation
work. Ordinarily, the want for expanded profitability drives moves up to innovation inside an
association, which can altogether impact organization operations. Information technology (IT)
has turned into an essential and indispensable piece of each strategy for success. From multi-
national companies who keep up centralized server frameworks and databases to private ventures
that claim a solitary PC, IT assumes a part.
Companies are using IT to improve the way they design and manage customer relationships.
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems capture every interaction a company has
with a customer, so that a more enriching experience is possible. If a customer calls a call center
with an issue, the customer support representative will be able to see what the customer has
purchased, view shipping information, call up the training manual for that item and effectively
respond to the issue. For employees, technological enhancements often reduce the number of
tedious office tasks or improve efficiency. Changes in day-to-day operation may come in the
form of an upgrade to desktop computers, faster office equipment or the introduction of a new
information system. Business owners increasingly utilize comprehensive software platforms to.
Report on strategic rules of Information System for changing the bases of com...Md. Khukan Miah
Achieving advantages requires broad IS management and user dialogue plus imagination. The process is complicated by the fact that many IS products are strategic though the potential benefits are very subjective and not easily verified. Often a strict ROI focus by senior management may turn attention toward narrow, well-defined targets as opposed to broader strategic opportunities that are harder to analyze.
CompetencyThis competency will allow you to demonstrate your u.docxardhowp
Competency
This competency will allow you to demonstrate your understanding of prominent sociological theories and how they impact the digital world.
Instructions
You are working for a local department store in the Operations Department. You notice that their business practices and use of technology are not up to date. The Human Resources Department does not have adequate computer access and often requires employees to complete some business at home. They also require prospective employees to apply from home. You recognize that not all people have personal computers, and some might be accessing business and personal records from a public computer. There are two prominent sociological theories that can be used to easily examine computer usage for individuals and organizations. Those theories are Conflict Theory and Symbolic Interaction Theory.
At a staff meeting, you and your team are engaged in a discussion about the use of technology on both an individual and organizational level. You cite the digital divide as a major concern. Your store is considering an upgrade in some or all of their technological resources.
Recognizing that you are technologically savvy, your supervisor asks you to generate a visual comparison that considers the use of public computers versus a personal computer. You will rank concepts such as ease of use, time, and comfort in completing tasks, security factors, email management, and safety in conducting business that is typically completed on a computer that may lead someone to experience the digital divide (a difference between groups of people and their use of digital technology). You will also need to consider the sociological theories named above and explain how from a sociological perspective, it would benefit or hinder the store you work in to upgrade their technology.
Your comparison should consider various factors identified below and will illustrate the benefits and some potential limitations of utilizing technology. Your presentation will be presented to your supervisor and other members of the Operations Department in order to determine which, if any, components of the store's current technological operations will be updated. The visual comparison can be in any engaging format that you select.
For this comparison chart, you are to reflect upon and address the following sets of questions/information.
Define conflict theory.
Define symbolic interaction theory.
Discuss how each of these theories would explain the use of technology and the development of the digital world we now live.
Consider multiple ways that society has changed in the past several decades and what contributed to that change.
Provide examples of technological growth and change over the past several decades.
Make direct correlations between the technologies that exist and the changes that have occurred at the organizational and societal levels in the past several decades.
Define digital divide.
Consider factors that create the .
CompetencyThis competency will allow you to demonstrate your u.docxzollyjenkins
Competency
This competency will allow you to demonstrate your understanding of prominent sociological theories and how they impact the digital world.
Instructions
You are working for a local department store in the Operations Department. You notice that their business practices and use of technology are not up to date. The Human Resources Department does not have adequate computer access and often requires employees to complete some business at home. They also require prospective employees to apply from home. You recognize that not all people have personal computers, and some might be accessing business and personal records from a public computer. There are two prominent sociological theories that can be used to easily examine computer usage for individuals and organizations. Those theories are Conflict Theory and Symbolic Interaction Theory.
At a staff meeting, you and your team are engaged in a discussion about the use of technology on both an individual and organizational level. You cite the digital divide as a major concern. Your store is considering an upgrade in some or all of their technological resources.
Recognizing that you are technologically savvy, your supervisor asks you to generate a visual comparison that considers the use of public computers versus a personal computer. You will rank concepts such as ease of use, time, and comfort in completing tasks, security factors, email management, and safety in conducting business that is typically completed on a computer that may lead someone to experience the digital divide (a difference between groups of people and their use of digital technology). You will also need to consider the sociological theories named above and explain how from a sociological perspective, it would benefit or hinder the store you work in to upgrade their technology.
Your comparison should consider various factors identified below and will illustrate the benefits and some potential limitations of utilizing technology. Your presentation will be presented to your supervisor and other members of the Operations Department in order to determine which, if any, components of the store's current technological operations will be updated. The visual comparison can be in any engaging format that you select.
For this comparison chart, you are to reflect upon and address the following sets of questions/information.
Define conflict theory.
Define symbolic interaction theory.
Discuss how each of these theories would explain the use of technology and the development of the digital world we now live.
Consider multiple ways that society has changed in the past several decades and what contributed to that change.
Provide examples of technological growth and change over the past several decades.
Make direct correlations between the technologies that exist and the changes that have occurred at the organizational and societal levels in the past several decades.
Define digital divide.
Consider factors that create th.
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Impact of IT & strategic issue of IT
1. UNIT – 4
Impact of Information Technology on organization
&
Strategic Issues of Information Technology
2. Impact of Information Technology on organization
Modern Organization:
An organization is a rational coordination of
activities of a group of people for the purpose of achieving
some goal.
The activities of the group of people are
coordinated; that is, there is a joint effort.
In most organizations some division of labour and a
management layer provide for the rational coordination of
activities.
When talking to modern organization, the goals
totally depend on the types of organization with different
kinds of goals.
3. Impact of Information Technology on organization
Different ideas about Organizations & the way they operate:
Organizational Structure and Design: There are many factors
that influence the structure and design of modem organizations. New
information technology also offers opportunities to create exciting
new forms of organizations.
Uncertainty: One of the major factors influencing organizations is
uncertainty. Many authors suggest that managers try to eliminate or
reduce uncertainty. There are frequently technical uncertainties
about whether a new product can be manufactured or whether it will
work. Market uncertainties exist when the firm does not know how a
product will be received, potential demand, response from
competitors, and so on. The internal management of an organization
also creates uncertainty. Thus, the organization and its managers face
many different types and degrees of uncertainty.
4. Impact of Information Technology on organization
Different ideas about Organizations & the way they operate:
Specialization: Another major consideration in organizational
design is specialization. Are specialized skills or conditions required
for some tasks? Consider the activity of running a complicated
machine tool versus sweeping the building; certainly, the former
requires a specialist. From our standpoint, the information services
department is highly specialized and requires a level of technological
proficiency on the part of its staff.
5. Impact of Information Technology on organization
Different ideas about Organizations & the way they operate:
Coordination: When there is specialization, one task of
management is to coordinate the diverse specialties to achieve the
goals of the organization.
Management must balance differing orientations and resolve
disputes between specialized subunits. For example, the marketing
department may want to produce a particular item in each style and
colour for every warehouse. This plan is best for reducing uncertainty
and providing good customer service.
On the other hand, manufacturing may want to make products
of the same colour and model because this procedure reduces the
uncertainties in production; that is, there are fewer setups and smoother
production runs.
Management must resolve these differences and coordinate the
specialists. There are a number of integrating mechanisms to reduce the
effects of differentiation or specialization.
6. Impact of Information Technology on organization
Different ideas about Organizations & the way they operate:
Interdependence: The last factor we shall consider in organizational structure
is interdependence; that is, how do the different departments or subunits within the
organization depend on each other?
Thompson (1967) has described three types of mutual dependence:
• Pooled interdependence occurs when two organizations depend on each other
because they are all components of a larger organization; one unit does not depend
directly on another. For example, the different divisions of a conglomerate
exhibit (diversification strategy) pooled interdependence.
• Sequential interdependence occurs when the output of one unit is the input to
another. For example, the painting and finishing department depends on outputs
from component assembly. We can view each succeeding station on an assembly
line as an example of sequential interdependence.
• Reciprocal interdependence occurs when the output of each unit becomes the
input for the other. For example, a student depends on the professor to explain
concepts in class so that she/he can do her/his assignment and the professor
depends on students to prepare for class.
7. Impact of Information Technology on organization
Organizational Flexibility:
Flexibility is the ability to adapt when confronted with new circumstances.
A flexible organization defends quickly against threats and moves rapidly to
take advantage of opportunities. Flexibility provides the organization with
the ability to adapt to change and respond quickly to market forces and
uncertainty in its environment.
Technology changes the pace of work. It has speeded up order routing and
processing on the stock exchange. Technology has made it much faster to
search a library book catalogue, to communicate with someone at a remote
location, and to perform a number of tasks. Technology can also be used
to shorten product development cycles. In general, technology speeds up
the pace of work and increases the capacity of the organization to process
information.
8. Impact of Information Technology on organization
• Organizational Flexibility: Impact on Flexibility describes the history
and impact of technology in the airline and securities industries:
Information Technology Runs the Airline: Example of comparing
reservation or booking a ticket manually and through online also.
Co-opting the Travel Agent: Airline industry waited for an agreement on
a common reservation system to be placed in travel agents' offices. Like
Sharing Agency to the registered Agent.
Technology Transforms the Securities Industry: Stock exchanges have
seen constant increases in volume. From an information processing
standpoint, of course, the value of a transaction does not affect back-
office functions. If one share or a million shares change hands, the same
processing is required.
9. Impact of Information Technology on organization
• Organizational Flexibility: Impact on Flexibility describes the history
and impact of technology in the airline and securities industries:
Natural Growth Generates an Impact: Technology dramatically affected the
securities business. At first, the use of technology was for routine
transactions processing. Soon the brokers realized the value of the back-
office information since it enabled them to know their customers' positions.
Traders also adopted technology to facilitate new trading strategies. The
confluence of all of these trends has led to a highly automated industry
critically dependent on information technology.
10. Impact of Information Technology on organization
Creating New Types of Organizations: Technology makes it possible to create
new forms of organizations through the use of different design variables. A
variable is something that takes on different values.
Structural:
Virtual components: The organization can use IT to create
components that do not exist in conventional form. For example, some
manufacturers want parts suppliers to "substitute" for their inventory. The
supplier is linked through electronic data interchange with the manufacturer.
Using overnight delivery, the supplier provides parts to the manufacturer just
as they are needed for production. The manufacturer now has a virtual raw
materials inventory owned by the supplier until it arrives for production.
Electronic linking: Through electronic mail, electronic or video
conferencing, and fax, it is possible to form links within and across all
organizational boundaries. New workgroups form quickly and easily.
Electronic linking also facilitates monitoring and coordination, especially from
remote locations.
11. Impact of Information Technology on organization
Creating New Types of Organizations: Technology makes it possible to create
new forms of organizations through the use of different design variables. A
variable is something that takes on different values.
Structural:
Technological levelling: IT can substitute for layers of management
and for a number of management tasks. In some bureaucratic organizations,
layers of management exist to look at, edit, and approve messages that flow
from the layer below them to the level above. Electronic communications can
eliminate some of these layers. In addition, a manager's span of control can be
increased since electronic communications can be more efficient than phone
or personal contact for certain kinds of tasks, particularly those dealing with
administrative matters. Technology makes it possible to increase the span of
control and possibly eliminate layers in the organization, levelling it in the
process.
12. Impact of Information Technology on organization
Creating New Types of Organizations: Technology makes it possible to
create new forms of organizations through the use of different design
variables. A variable is something that takes on different values.
Work Process:
Production automation: The use of technology to automate
manufacturing processes is well documented in magazines and
newspapers. IT is also used extensively for automating information
processing and assembly line tasks in the financial industry. In cases
where the product of a firm is information, IT is the factory. For white
collar workers, intelligent electronic agents that roam networks provide
one type of automation.
13. Impact of Information Technology on organization
Creating New Types of Organizations: Technology makes it possible to
create new forms of organizations through the use of different design
variables. A variable is something that takes on different values.
Work Process:
Electronic Workflows: Interest in process re-engineering has led to the
development of workflow languages and systems. As organizations
eliminate paper and perform most of their processing using electronic
forms and images, workflow languages will be used to route documents
electronically to individuals and workgroups that need access to them.
Agents that can traverse networks to find information and carry
messages will facilitate electronic workflows. Electronic workflows also
contribute to the monitoring and coordination of work.
14. Impact of Information Technology on organization
Creating New Types of Organizations: Technology makes it possible to
create new forms of organizations through the use of different design
variables. A variable is something that takes on different values.
Interorganizational Relations:
Electronic customer/supplier relationships: Companies and industries are rapidly
adopting electronic data interchange (EDI), Internet, and Intranet technologies to
speed the ordering process and improve accuracy. These technologies help the
organization monitor and coordinate relationships with other organizations, for
example, firms acting as virtual components.
15. Impact of Information Technology on organization
Creating New Types of Organizations:
16. Impact of Information Technology on organization
Creating New Types of Organizations:
Example of Virtual Negotiated-agreement Organization
17. Strategic Issues of Information Technology:
Information Technology and Corporate Strategy:
A key task of top management is formulating corporate strategy.
What opportunities for new directions are available?
What are competitors doing?
A firm can continue its present course, maintaining momentum
where it is doing well. Alternatively, the corporation can
dramatically change its strategy by deciding among competing
alternatives for new ventures.
What is the role of technology in its strategy?
At Brun Passot we saw how IT and strategy become
intertwined, with each influencing the other. A well-managed
firm will strive for this kind of integration.
18. The Value Chain:
Michael Porter at Harvard has popularized the concept of the "value
chain," the activities in an organization that add value to its products
or services (Porter and Millan, 1985).
The primary activities in the value chain include inbound logistics,
operations outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service.
Each of these activities adds value directly to the firm's output.
Supporting these primary activities are the firm's infrastructure,
human resource management, technology development, and
procurement (Act of obtaining or buying goods & services).
Strategic Issues of Information Technology:
20. Some Generic Strategies:
Generic Strategies Porter elaborates on his value chain analysis and suggests that firms
follow one of three generic strategies:
1. Low-cost producer. Here the firm tries to have the lowest costs in the
industry so that it can compete on price.
2. Differentiation. The firm tries to separate its product image from that of
the
competition in such a way that the customer wants its product. Luxury automobile
manufacturers like BMW are very adept at differentiating their products from other
cars. For example, if you buy a BMW, you are said to have "the ultimate driving
machine.“
3. Market niche strategy. A number of firms try to find a market niche and
exploit it. A niche is some part of a market that is not being served by others.
Hermes has stayed in its niche of producing high-quality, expensive products
like women's scarves for a limited clientele.
Strategic Issues of Information Technology:
21. In today's competitive economy, we have observed firms focusing on more specific
strategies that are listed below. Most of the time, the firm adopts only one of
these, but it is possible to follow two at the same time:
Customer Driven Here the firm focuses on its customers. How can we
provide better customer service? How can we design products that meet
our customers‘ needs? What technology exists so we can better serve our
customers? Customer service is extremely important in commodity
businesses, for example, the mail-order sales of personal computers.
Reducing Cycle Times A firm has a variety of cycle times; a typical one is
the length of time it takes to design a new product or service. Detroit
automobile manufacturers and Boeing are focusing on reducing cycle
times. They now use parallel design and engineering where tasks are done
simultaneously rather than sequentially. In addition to saving time, parallel
development results in better coordination among team members working
on the design of a new car or plane.
Strategic Issues of Information Technology:
22. In today's competitive economy, we have observed firms focusing on more specific
strategies that are listed below. Most of the time, the firm adopts only one of
these, but it is possible to follow two at the same time:
Global Competition As the unification of Western Europe continues and Asian
economies become more open, some firms have decided to follow a strategy of
competing in the global marketplace rather than only in local markets. A firm with
global presence will need a variety of technologies to help coordinate and control
all its activities. Information technology is a great facilitator for global operations.
Right-Sizing In the U.S., the first part of the 1980s was an economic boom,
leading to a number of excesses. The late 1980s and the early 1990s were marked
by economic downturns and slow growth. To compete in a difficult economy,
firms have attempted to determine their "right size." Usually to right-size meant a
serious reduction in the number of workers in the firm, and rather large write-offs
for restructuring. Blue-chip companies such as IBM have reduced their levels of
employment by tens of thousands of workers.
Strategic Issues of Information Technology:
23. In today's competitive economy, we have observed firms focusing on more specific
strategies that are listed below. Most of the time, the firm adopts only one of
these, but it is possible to follow two at the same time:
Quality Japanese manufacturers gained a large market share in a number of
industries partially through a fanatical devotion to quality. Many firms
around the world are focusing on quality in the hopes of getting ahead of
the competition. Quality is an obvious component in the manufacturing
sector, but the services firm can also be concerned about the quality of its
output.
Strategic Issues of Information Technology:
24. A Framework for the Strategic Use of IT: A framework for IT strategy that
arrays a firm's existing applications against those that are currently under
development (Applegate, McFarlan, an d McKenney, 1999).
Strategic Issues of Information Technology:
25. Capitalizing on Information Technology: How does the firm take
advantage of information? There are four steps to be followed by top
management:
Look for ways to incorporate technology in a product or
service.
Seek ways to use technology to connect with other firms.
Look for ways to use technology to make dramatic changes
in the way you structure the organization.
Integrate technology with planning.
Strategic Issues of Information Technology:
26. Creating And Sustaining A Competitive Edge:
Using Resources to Advantage: Resources, must be valuable, rare,
imperfectly inimitable, and nonsubstitutable to provide an advantage.
Protecting an IT Innovation: A strong regime means you can protect
an innovation, while weak appropriability means that others can
easily duplicate your innovation. Most IT initiatives seem to have
weak appropriability regimes. While a firm may have the appropriate
resources to create an innovation, it can be difficult or impossible to
sustain it.
Strategic Issues of Information Technology:
28. Integrating Technology With The Business Environment:
One of the most significant management challenges during the coming
decade will be to integrate business and technology. It is no longer
adequate to think about technology after other business decisions have
been made. Instead, managers must consider how technology affects
their decisions and how their decisions affect the technology.
Describes how a manager can integrate technology with decision
making. First, the manager has to search for new technology to help
create new business opportunities. These opportunities, combined with
the technology itself, lead to new development projects.
The development projects are influenced by technological constraints.
The firm cannot undertake a new marketing program in which
customers inquire about their orders from the Internet if the firm lacks
the skills to set up a home page on the World Wide Web and integrate
the page with its existing order-entry system.
Strategic Issues of Information Technology:
30. Managing Information Technology:
It shows a framework for managing information technology. The arrows in
the figure show the relationship between actions in the boxes for managing
and controlling technology.
The first step is to develop a vision for the organization and information
technology. Next the senior manager looks at how technology can
contribute to the structure of the organization using the IT design variables.
The structure of the organization influences and is influenced by corporate
strategy. Strategy, structure, and the integration of IT into the firm help
generate a plan for technology. This plan includes a structure for the IT
subunit(s) in the organization along with a hardware/software/network
architecture for the firm.
The plan describes what new applications and what resources are needed
to operate existing technology. It also describes the sources of services, for
example, from within the firm or from an outside source.
Finally, the plan contains information on how management will control the
technology effort.
Strategic Issues of Information Technology: