This study shows that individual water management decisions in the Upper Niger have a profound effect on distributional environmental, economic and social benefits to people in different parts of the basin.
This document discusses dam removal as a tool for river restoration. It provides an overview of dam removal nationally and in the Pacific Northwest. Specific examples of removed dams are given for Alaska, Montana, Oregon, and Washington. The benefits of dam removal include restoring hundreds of miles of river habitat and improving fish, wildlife, recreation, water quality, and flood protection. The concept of removing aging dams is becoming more accepted as their benefits diminish over time but risks increase due to safety and environmental concerns. Letting rivers find their natural equilibrium through dam removal, while sometimes messy, is ultimately beneficial.
Adaptation to a changing climate in the arab countriesAmman Institute
"Adaptation to a changing climate in the Arab countries"; a Presentation by Ms. Dorte Verner on Climate Change in the Arab Region. It was presented in a workshop held by Amman Institute in cooperation with the League of Arab States and the World Bank on Monday 24 October 2011
The document discusses establishing a dryland fund in South Africa to support sustainable land management projects. It proposes a fund housed at the Development Bank of Southern Africa and governed by a steering committee representing government, business, and civil society. The fund would empower communities, promote sustainable land use, leverage public and private resources, and establish financial mechanisms to incentivize conservation. It provides examples from Costa Rica's payment for ecosystem services programs as a model and identifies priority landscapes in South Africa for initial ecosystem services incentives programs.
The document summarizes information about the Inner Niger Delta wetland region located in Mali. It discusses how the delta's flooding varies annually due to rainfall levels and has been impacted by dams built on the Niger River which have reduced peak flows. Planned additional dams and irrigation schemes could further reduce the delta's flooded area during flood seasons by as much as 1700 square kilometers. The region is also threatened by climate change impacts including higher temperatures, less rainfall, and reduced flooding in the future.
Presentation at EU Focal Points Meeting_2 December 2015PCDACCOUNT
The document discusses the shift from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and what this means for policy coherence for development (PCD). The SDGs provide guidance on both goals and means of implementation. They recognize the importance of private and domestic resources, non-financial means of implementation, integrating the three dimensions of sustainable development, and reconciling potentially conflicting domestic and international policies. The OECD supports PCD through tools, monitoring, training members and partners, and applying a PCD lens to key issues.
This document discusses dam removal as a tool for river restoration. It provides an overview of dam removal nationally and in the Pacific Northwest. Specific examples of removed dams are given for Alaska, Montana, Oregon, and Washington. The benefits of dam removal include restoring hundreds of miles of river habitat and improving fish, wildlife, recreation, water quality, and flood protection. The concept of removing aging dams is becoming more accepted as their benefits diminish over time but risks increase due to safety and environmental concerns. Letting rivers find their natural equilibrium through dam removal, while sometimes messy, is ultimately beneficial.
Adaptation to a changing climate in the arab countriesAmman Institute
"Adaptation to a changing climate in the Arab countries"; a Presentation by Ms. Dorte Verner on Climate Change in the Arab Region. It was presented in a workshop held by Amman Institute in cooperation with the League of Arab States and the World Bank on Monday 24 October 2011
The document discusses establishing a dryland fund in South Africa to support sustainable land management projects. It proposes a fund housed at the Development Bank of Southern Africa and governed by a steering committee representing government, business, and civil society. The fund would empower communities, promote sustainable land use, leverage public and private resources, and establish financial mechanisms to incentivize conservation. It provides examples from Costa Rica's payment for ecosystem services programs as a model and identifies priority landscapes in South Africa for initial ecosystem services incentives programs.
The document summarizes information about the Inner Niger Delta wetland region located in Mali. It discusses how the delta's flooding varies annually due to rainfall levels and has been impacted by dams built on the Niger River which have reduced peak flows. Planned additional dams and irrigation schemes could further reduce the delta's flooded area during flood seasons by as much as 1700 square kilometers. The region is also threatened by climate change impacts including higher temperatures, less rainfall, and reduced flooding in the future.
Presentation at EU Focal Points Meeting_2 December 2015PCDACCOUNT
The document discusses the shift from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and what this means for policy coherence for development (PCD). The SDGs provide guidance on both goals and means of implementation. They recognize the importance of private and domestic resources, non-financial means of implementation, integrating the three dimensions of sustainable development, and reconciling potentially conflicting domestic and international policies. The OECD supports PCD through tools, monitoring, training members and partners, and applying a PCD lens to key issues.
Summary from everybody Loves a Good Drought HILLFORT
The document discusses the impact of various development projects in India on tribal and rural communities. It describes how tribes have been displaced and harmed by projects like dams, army firing zones, mining, and industrialization that primarily benefit urban areas and private companies. The tribes often receive inadequate compensation and no alternative livelihoods. They have protested peacefully for their rights and environment protection with limited success. Large amounts of public funds are spent on projects but do not improve people's lives as promised. The document advocates for a self-sufficient village model of development that does not exploit rural communities.
The Global Peatland CO2 Picture - Peatland Status and Drainage Related Emissi...Wetlands International
The report presents the first overview ever of peatland carbon data for all countries and regions of the world. For every country/area information is given on extent and status of peatlands, volume of the peat resource and on CO2 emissions from different types of land use, both for the year 1990 as well as for the year 2008.
Turning REDD+ around: breaking boundaries and bridging divisions: Working tow...Wetlands International
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for balancing carbon, biodiversity, and community approaches within REDD+ programs. It outlines tensions between priorities and proposes enabling a balanced approach through clarifying rights, building frameworks, legal reform, tailored local approaches, and streamlining standards while raising finance. The overall goal is to turn REDD+ into investments that benefit landscapes and communities through "greening" the process.
This document provides an overview of the State of the World's Waterbirds report from 2010. It discusses the following key points:
1. The Waterbird Index shows that the status of waterbird populations remains poor globally, with 44% decreasing and only 17% increasing.
2. There has been a marginal 5% decrease in the proportion of declining populations between 1975-2005, representing some progress towards biodiversity targets.
3. Waterbird populations have the most favorable conservation status in North America, Europe, and Oceania, where legislative frameworks are strongest, driving the global trend. Status is least favorable in Africa, South America, and Asia.
4. Habitat loss from development, agriculture, and
Policy recommendations and considerations on peatlands & REDD+ for SBSTAWetlands International
This document provides policy recommendations and considerations on peatlands and REDD+ for the UNFCCC. It summarizes that peatlands store large amounts of carbon, cover 3% of the global surface, and their drainage emits 2 Gt of CO2 per year. Key recommendations include accounting for drainage and rewetting of peatlands under LULUCF, halting conversion of remaining peatswamp forests, and restoring degraded peatlands, which could mitigate almost 2 Gt of CO2 annually. Methodological issues around measuring and reporting emissions from peatlands under REDD+ are also discussed.
As an organisation, Wetlands International made big strides
forward in 2011; these will help
us achieve the goals of our new 10-year Strategic Intent (2011-2020). With the seal
of good governance from the Dutch Central Bureau on Fundraising under our belt,
and growing recognition of our distinctive approach and niche, we proudly share with
you some highlights of 2011.
Unaccounted emissions from biofuels - Presentation at UNFCCC Bonn Climate Tal...Wetlands International
Converting carbon-rich lands such as rainforests, peatlands, savannas or grasslands to produce biofuels will increase CO2 emissions for decades or centuries, releasing 17 to 420 times more CO2 than the fossil fuels they replace.
How does CBD-COP 10 address water issues? A presentation advocating a specific Water Target for 2020 of the Convention on Biological Diversity - CBD, held at the conference in Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 2010.
Peatlands store a large amount of carbon globally but drainage and degradation of peatlands leads to CO2 emissions. Peatlands in Southeast Asia are being degraded through activities like deforestation, fires, and drainage for agriculture, plantations, and development. Rewetting and revegetation of degraded peatlands has significant potential for carbon mitigation. The FAO and Wetlands International are working to promote conservation and rehabilitation of peatlands through projects, policy support, knowledge sharing, and encouraging climate-smart agriculture on peatlands to reduce emissions.
Issues and Opportunities in coastal and peatswamp forests in South East AsiaWetlands International
This document discusses issues related to mangrove forests and peat swamp forests in Southeast Asia. It notes that mangrove forests are being lost due to logging, aquaculture/agriculture conversion, and infrastructure development. Peat swamp forests store large amounts of carbon and their degradation releases greenhouse gases. Drivers of degradation in Southeast Asia include deforestation, fires, and drainage for agriculture, plantations, and infrastructure. Rehabilitation and conservation of peatlands could prevent significant carbon emissions and climate change. The document advocates for policies and projects supporting green coastal development, silvo-fisheries, flyway conservation, and peatland restoration.
This document provides an introduction to the Sustainable Peatlands for People and Climate project. The project aims to stop the conversion of peatlands and accelerate sustainable development in peatland areas through knowledge development, advocacy, and working with local partners in Indonesia and Malaysia. It is funded by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation from 2013 to 2015 and focuses on engaging science, government, industry, international platforms, and NGOs. Peatlands are described as highly threatened ecosystems that cover 25 million hectares in Southeast Asia and provide important carbon storage, water regulation, biodiversity, and livelihood benefits.
Rehabilitation and Sustainable Managment of Peatlands in South East AsiaWetlands International
The document summarizes the ASEAN Peatland Forests Project (APFP), a regional collaboration between ASEAN countries to promote sustainable management of peatlands and prevent fires. It discusses the importance of peatlands in Southeast Asia for biodiversity, carbon storage, and supporting local communities. However, degradation and fires are causing emissions and transboundary haze issues. The APFP aims to support national action plans and the ASEAN Peatland Management Strategy through pilot projects, identifying best practices, and developing a regional peatland fire prediction and warning system.
The Global Web System is a content management system built with DotNetNuke that aims to provide a unified design across all Wetlands International office websites. It allows websites to share common databases and automatically update when changes are made to the global site. Key features include sending newsletters, displaying photos and videos, and showing projects on maps. The system uses modules placed in panes to build webpage designs. It supports multilingual sites with options for double-sided or double-paged translations. Users are instructed to study the manual and contact communications officers with any questions.
Peatlands and agriculture - mitigation, livelihood opportunities and incentiv...Wetlands International
By Marja-Liisa Tapio-Biström, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). This presentation was held at the side event of Wetlands International at the UNFCCC Climate conference in Doha in December 2012. See www.wetlands.org/doha and www.fao.org/climatechange/micca/peat
World Wetlands Day was celebrated in Nakuru, Kenya on February 2nd, 2011. Photos were taken at the event by Oliver Nasirwa to document the activities for World Wetlands Day in Nakuru. The document provides basic information about the location and date of World Wetlands Day and that photos were taken by Oliver Nasirwa.
This document summarizes a study on barriers to seedling regeneration in fire-damaged tropical peatlands in Brunei Darussalam. The study found that [1] competition from ferns and grasses, [2] lack of available seeds due to fire destruction, and [3] limited seed dispersal due to few resources attracting dispersers like birds and mammals were the main factors inhibiting natural regeneration. Controlling ferns and grasses through weeding, planting trees to attract dispersers, and applying assisted natural regeneration techniques can help overcome these barriers and accelerate the recovery of the native plant communities.
By Jan Peters, Michael Succow Foundation, Greifswald / Germany, www.succow-stiftung.de. This presentation was held at the side event of Wetlands International at the UNFCCC Climate conference in Doha in December 2012. See www.wetlands.org/doha
This document discusses environmental pollution in Nigeria. It identifies the four main types of environmental pollution as land, water, air, and noise pollution. It also classifies pollutants as either natural or human-caused. Natural pollutants like flooding and desertification occur naturally and are out of human control, while human pollutants result from activities like burning bushes, vehicle emissions, gas flaring, and oil spills. The document analyzes several Nigerian laws aimed at curbing different types of pollution but notes they are often not properly enforced and punishments are not strong enough to deter violations.
Summary from everybody Loves a Good Drought HILLFORT
The document discusses the impact of various development projects in India on tribal and rural communities. It describes how tribes have been displaced and harmed by projects like dams, army firing zones, mining, and industrialization that primarily benefit urban areas and private companies. The tribes often receive inadequate compensation and no alternative livelihoods. They have protested peacefully for their rights and environment protection with limited success. Large amounts of public funds are spent on projects but do not improve people's lives as promised. The document advocates for a self-sufficient village model of development that does not exploit rural communities.
The Global Peatland CO2 Picture - Peatland Status and Drainage Related Emissi...Wetlands International
The report presents the first overview ever of peatland carbon data for all countries and regions of the world. For every country/area information is given on extent and status of peatlands, volume of the peat resource and on CO2 emissions from different types of land use, both for the year 1990 as well as for the year 2008.
Turning REDD+ around: breaking boundaries and bridging divisions: Working tow...Wetlands International
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for balancing carbon, biodiversity, and community approaches within REDD+ programs. It outlines tensions between priorities and proposes enabling a balanced approach through clarifying rights, building frameworks, legal reform, tailored local approaches, and streamlining standards while raising finance. The overall goal is to turn REDD+ into investments that benefit landscapes and communities through "greening" the process.
This document provides an overview of the State of the World's Waterbirds report from 2010. It discusses the following key points:
1. The Waterbird Index shows that the status of waterbird populations remains poor globally, with 44% decreasing and only 17% increasing.
2. There has been a marginal 5% decrease in the proportion of declining populations between 1975-2005, representing some progress towards biodiversity targets.
3. Waterbird populations have the most favorable conservation status in North America, Europe, and Oceania, where legislative frameworks are strongest, driving the global trend. Status is least favorable in Africa, South America, and Asia.
4. Habitat loss from development, agriculture, and
Policy recommendations and considerations on peatlands & REDD+ for SBSTAWetlands International
This document provides policy recommendations and considerations on peatlands and REDD+ for the UNFCCC. It summarizes that peatlands store large amounts of carbon, cover 3% of the global surface, and their drainage emits 2 Gt of CO2 per year. Key recommendations include accounting for drainage and rewetting of peatlands under LULUCF, halting conversion of remaining peatswamp forests, and restoring degraded peatlands, which could mitigate almost 2 Gt of CO2 annually. Methodological issues around measuring and reporting emissions from peatlands under REDD+ are also discussed.
As an organisation, Wetlands International made big strides
forward in 2011; these will help
us achieve the goals of our new 10-year Strategic Intent (2011-2020). With the seal
of good governance from the Dutch Central Bureau on Fundraising under our belt,
and growing recognition of our distinctive approach and niche, we proudly share with
you some highlights of 2011.
Unaccounted emissions from biofuels - Presentation at UNFCCC Bonn Climate Tal...Wetlands International
Converting carbon-rich lands such as rainforests, peatlands, savannas or grasslands to produce biofuels will increase CO2 emissions for decades or centuries, releasing 17 to 420 times more CO2 than the fossil fuels they replace.
How does CBD-COP 10 address water issues? A presentation advocating a specific Water Target for 2020 of the Convention on Biological Diversity - CBD, held at the conference in Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 2010.
Peatlands store a large amount of carbon globally but drainage and degradation of peatlands leads to CO2 emissions. Peatlands in Southeast Asia are being degraded through activities like deforestation, fires, and drainage for agriculture, plantations, and development. Rewetting and revegetation of degraded peatlands has significant potential for carbon mitigation. The FAO and Wetlands International are working to promote conservation and rehabilitation of peatlands through projects, policy support, knowledge sharing, and encouraging climate-smart agriculture on peatlands to reduce emissions.
Issues and Opportunities in coastal and peatswamp forests in South East AsiaWetlands International
This document discusses issues related to mangrove forests and peat swamp forests in Southeast Asia. It notes that mangrove forests are being lost due to logging, aquaculture/agriculture conversion, and infrastructure development. Peat swamp forests store large amounts of carbon and their degradation releases greenhouse gases. Drivers of degradation in Southeast Asia include deforestation, fires, and drainage for agriculture, plantations, and infrastructure. Rehabilitation and conservation of peatlands could prevent significant carbon emissions and climate change. The document advocates for policies and projects supporting green coastal development, silvo-fisheries, flyway conservation, and peatland restoration.
This document provides an introduction to the Sustainable Peatlands for People and Climate project. The project aims to stop the conversion of peatlands and accelerate sustainable development in peatland areas through knowledge development, advocacy, and working with local partners in Indonesia and Malaysia. It is funded by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation from 2013 to 2015 and focuses on engaging science, government, industry, international platforms, and NGOs. Peatlands are described as highly threatened ecosystems that cover 25 million hectares in Southeast Asia and provide important carbon storage, water regulation, biodiversity, and livelihood benefits.
Rehabilitation and Sustainable Managment of Peatlands in South East AsiaWetlands International
The document summarizes the ASEAN Peatland Forests Project (APFP), a regional collaboration between ASEAN countries to promote sustainable management of peatlands and prevent fires. It discusses the importance of peatlands in Southeast Asia for biodiversity, carbon storage, and supporting local communities. However, degradation and fires are causing emissions and transboundary haze issues. The APFP aims to support national action plans and the ASEAN Peatland Management Strategy through pilot projects, identifying best practices, and developing a regional peatland fire prediction and warning system.
The Global Web System is a content management system built with DotNetNuke that aims to provide a unified design across all Wetlands International office websites. It allows websites to share common databases and automatically update when changes are made to the global site. Key features include sending newsletters, displaying photos and videos, and showing projects on maps. The system uses modules placed in panes to build webpage designs. It supports multilingual sites with options for double-sided or double-paged translations. Users are instructed to study the manual and contact communications officers with any questions.
Peatlands and agriculture - mitigation, livelihood opportunities and incentiv...Wetlands International
By Marja-Liisa Tapio-Biström, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). This presentation was held at the side event of Wetlands International at the UNFCCC Climate conference in Doha in December 2012. See www.wetlands.org/doha and www.fao.org/climatechange/micca/peat
World Wetlands Day was celebrated in Nakuru, Kenya on February 2nd, 2011. Photos were taken at the event by Oliver Nasirwa to document the activities for World Wetlands Day in Nakuru. The document provides basic information about the location and date of World Wetlands Day and that photos were taken by Oliver Nasirwa.
This document summarizes a study on barriers to seedling regeneration in fire-damaged tropical peatlands in Brunei Darussalam. The study found that [1] competition from ferns and grasses, [2] lack of available seeds due to fire destruction, and [3] limited seed dispersal due to few resources attracting dispersers like birds and mammals were the main factors inhibiting natural regeneration. Controlling ferns and grasses through weeding, planting trees to attract dispersers, and applying assisted natural regeneration techniques can help overcome these barriers and accelerate the recovery of the native plant communities.
By Jan Peters, Michael Succow Foundation, Greifswald / Germany, www.succow-stiftung.de. This presentation was held at the side event of Wetlands International at the UNFCCC Climate conference in Doha in December 2012. See www.wetlands.org/doha
This document discusses environmental pollution in Nigeria. It identifies the four main types of environmental pollution as land, water, air, and noise pollution. It also classifies pollutants as either natural or human-caused. Natural pollutants like flooding and desertification occur naturally and are out of human control, while human pollutants result from activities like burning bushes, vehicle emissions, gas flaring, and oil spills. The document analyzes several Nigerian laws aimed at curbing different types of pollution but notes they are often not properly enforced and punishments are not strong enough to deter violations.
This report presents the results from fieldbased research on the environmental and social impacts of a shallow water marine seismic program
which took place in April and May of 2009 along the
northern coast of Mozambique.
The Wetland Globe Awards ceremony in Bucharest honored wetlands around the world with BLUE or GREY globes for best and worst management. BLUE awards went to wetlands showing sustainable practices benefiting communities and wildlife. These included sites in Madagascar, Japan, Bulgaria, the US, Peru and New Zealand. GREY awards highlighted degraded wetlands in Australia, Colombia, Croatia, South Korea, and Benin due to issues like pollution, development pressures, and unsustainable use. The chairman of the World Wetland Network said the awards aim to demonstrate both the economic and ecological values of wetlands managed with nature in mind versus short-term exploitation.
The document discusses the Akosombo Dam located in Ghana. It describes the dam's construction from 1962-1972 to generate hydroelectric power. The dam flooded a large area to create Lake Volta and displaced many people. While the dam provided most of Ghana's electricity and boosted industrialization, it also had significant social, economic, and environmental impacts including loss of livelihoods, increased disease, and decreased agricultural productivity. The dam remains a source of both benefits and controversies in Ghana.
The Case of the Senegal River Basin (Niasse, Madiodio)Iwl Pcu
Focus of Presentation: <p> – Debates on efficient and sustainable water allocation & management in a transboundary river context<br> – Lessons from the Senegal River Basin experience on reconciling development and conservation imperatives
The Case of the Senegal River Basin (Niasse, Madiodio)Iwl Pcu
Focus of Presentation: <p> – Debates on efficient and sustainable water allocation & management in a transboundary river context<br> – Lessons from the Senegal River Basin experience on reconciling development and conservation imperatives
The Case of the Senegal River Basin (Niasse, Madiodio)Iwl Pcu
Focus of Presentation: <p> – Debates on efficient and sustainable water allocation & management in a transboundary river context<br> – Lessons from the Senegal River Basin experience on reconciling development and conservation imperatives
EPWS Experience presented by Dosteus Lopa -Rio +20, BrasilweADAPT
The document summarizes the Equitable Payment Watershed Services (EPWS) program in Tanzania's Uluguru Mountains. The program aims to improve watershed management and livelihoods through establishing markets for watershed services. Key points:
1) The program identifies local communities as sellers of watershed services and companies as buyers, with sellers implementing conservation practices in exchange for payment.
2) Over 700 farmers have benefited from improved agricultural practices, increased yields, and higher incomes from crop sales.
3) However, initial costs are high and long-term impacts will take time, while engaging buyers and including landless groups remains challenging.
This document discusses water availability and productivity in the Andes region. It provides context on the heterogeneous nature of the Andes basin and competing demands on land and water resources. It then summarizes baseline data on land use, GDP, irrigation and protected areas. Several key methods are discussed for analyzing water availability, including rainfall and evapotranspiration modeling. Results show areas of water deficit and surplus. Methods for analyzing water productivity through dry matter production are also summarized. The impacts of climate change, land use change, and protected areas on water resources are assessed through modeling.
Cebu Presentation: Climate Change Issues and Initiativesgtapang
This document summarizes a forum on renewable energy and responding to climate change challenges. It discusses how climate change is accelerating due to greenhouse gas emissions. Developing countries are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change like reduced agriculture productivity, water issues, health impacts, and effects on coastal areas. The Philippines is already experiencing the effects of climate change through increasing temperatures and more extreme weather. Key vulnerable sectors in the Philippines include agriculture, water resources, coastal areas, health, and human settlements.
Similar to Impact of Dams on the People of Mali (12)
Could the SDGs help save wetlands? Can wetlands help achieve the SDGs?Wetlands International
This slide show presents Wetlands International's position on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and wetlands. Wetlands will play a role in achieving at least 7 of the 17 SDGs and are an indispensible link connecting the ecosystems the SDGs seek to protect and restore.
1. Peatlands globally store large amounts of carbon but 15% are drained and degrading, releasing carbon emissions. Southeast Asia accounts for 50% of global peatland emissions due to drainage and fires.
2. In Europe, drained peatlands account for a large portion of agricultural emissions and subsidies have supported unsustainable practices like growing biofuels on drained peatlands.
3. In Southeast Asia, most remaining peatland forests are in Brunei; others have been drained for agriculture causing subsidence, flooding and high emissions. Solutions include stopping conversion, rewetting drained lands, and "paludiculture" sustainable land use.
1. The document discusses modeling of subsidence and flooding risks in drained peatlands in Sarawak, Malaysia. It finds that at a conservative subsidence rate of 3.5 cm/year, over 75% of the peatlands could be severely flooded within 100 years, up from 30% currently flooded.
2. Field evidence from other locations in Southeast Asia show that subsidence and flooding are already occurring in drained peatlands converted to agriculture. As the peat surface subsides further, the land becomes difficult to drain and increasingly prone to flooding.
3. The speed of increasing flooding and loss of agricultural land will depend on assumptions but the overall trend is clear - drainage of peatlands makes the
1. The document discusses modeling of subsidence and flooding risks in drained peatlands in Sarawak, Malaysia. It finds that at a conservative subsidence rate of 3.5 cm/year, over 75% of the peatlands could be severely flooded within 100 years, up from 30% currently flooded.
2. The modeling is based on analysis of remote sensing data and digital terrain modeling to identify areas below drainage limits and high water levels. Accounting for continued subsidence increases the area projected to be flooded over time.
3. Examples from other locations in Indonesia show flooding has already increased in drained peatlands, with agricultural lands losing productivity within 5-10 years of drainage as subsidence increases flooding.
1) A rapid field investigation was conducted in June 2015 on flooding in the Rajang Delta region of Sarawak, Malaysia.
2) Field measurements and observations were made on water levels, peat depths, groundwater levels, and impacts on oil palm plantations.
3) Preliminary results found flooding in riverine areas up to 1.5m for over 10 days, subsidence of peatlands up to 1.6m, and impacts on oil palm including leaning, exposed roots, and reduced productivity in flood-prone and unhealthy areas.
Los manglares de Panamá tienen un rol importante en la mitigación del cambio climático, y nos ayuden en adaptarnos y reducir a los impactos del cambio climático. Con su capacidad de almacenar y secuestrar carbono , los manglares tienen el papel de desacelerador del calentamiento global; y como ´infraestructura natural´ nos brinden protección contra dichos impactos.
The mangroves of Panamá store and sequester enormous amounts of organic carbon not only in their vegetation, but also in roots and soil. Wetlands International works together with UNDP and national governmental authorities to find out how much exactly and to make sure that these carbon pools and sinks are better managed and protected. For their contribution to climate change mitigation, but also to maintain their broad range of ecosystem services in support of local adaptation.
Conclusiones del foro "Tecnologías de Adaptación al Cambio Climático, Soberan...Wetlands International
Conclusiones del foro Tecnologías de Adaptación al Cambio Climático, Soberanía, Seguridad Alimentaria y Agroindustria”, el 8 y 9 de Octubre en el Hotel Hex en Estelì, Nicaragua
Ecosystems based mitigation: from incentives to practice - Opportunities and ...Wetlands International
By Marcel Silvius, Wetlands International. This presentation was held at the side event of Wetlands International at the UNFCCC Climate conference in Doha in December 2012. See www.wetlands.org/doha
Walking along the flooded path in Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, one would see dozens of dragonflies and damselflies from 44 recorded Odonata species. The reserve is a small area of 4000 hectares that represents 18% of all species found in Peninsular Malaysia across eight families. Two particularly interesting species found there include Indothemis carnatica, which is scarce and local to other regions in Asia, and Podolestes buwaldai, a rare and local species in southern Peninsular Malaysia.
1) Tropical peatlands store large amounts of carbon and play an important role in the water cycle but are being degraded through drainage, deforestation, and conversion to agriculture.
2) Drainage of peatlands leads to high CO2 emissions and subsidence issues over the long term. The 1997 fires in Indonesian peatlands caused over $7 billion in economic damages and significant health impacts.
3) Rewetting of degraded peatlands through techniques like dam building and paludiculture can reduce CO2 emissions and allow forest restoration, while also providing economic opportunities through carbon markets and sustainable land use. International investment and improved policies are needed to prioritize conservation and rehabilitation of peatlands.
Jonathan Davies: Priorities for Research in the Wetland Forests of BruneiWetlands International
The document outlines research priorities for the wetland forests of Brunei, including mangroves, freshwater swamp forests, peat swamp forests, and kerapah forests. It provides an overview of each forest type and their areas. Key research priorities identified include updating the status of mangrove forests, evaluating their economic value, studying diseases and rehabilitation strategies. For peat swamp forests, priorities are carbon dynamics, hydrological studies, economic valuation, vegetation studies, and rehabilitation techniques. The document recommends whole ecosystem studies to better understand these important wetland habitats.
Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Through Mangrove Conservation and Re...Wetlands International
Climate change adaptation and mitigation can be achieved through mangrove conservation and rehabilitation. Mangroves provide important ecosystem services like coastal protection, wildlife habitat, and fisheries. They also store large amounts of carbon that helps mitigate climate change. Efforts are needed to restore degraded mangrove areas to adapt to sea level rise and protect remaining forests to reduce carbon emissions. Integrating mangroves with aquaculture can provide environmental and economic benefits over the conversion of mangroves to aquaculture ponds.
The document summarizes a study measuring carbon dynamics in Brunei's peat forests. The study is using a combination of field measurements and modeling to understand (1) carbon fluxes to and from peatlands, (2) how peat accumulates over time, and (3) how deforestation impacts peat. Sensors are being deployed to measure river and atmospheric carbon fluxes at multiple scales, from soil chambers to flux towers. Additional data on hydrology, biogeochemistry, and core samples will be combined with ecosystem models.
The impact of Subsidence: Can Peatland Drainage be Sustainable In The Long TermWetlands International
The document summarizes research on the long-term impacts of peatland drainage for agriculture. It finds that drainage inevitably leads to peat oxidation and subsidence of several centimeters per year in tropical regions like Southeast Asia. Based on field data from Malaysia, Indonesia, and other countries, the research estimates that drained peatlands will subside over 5 meters in 100 years, rendering the areas increasingly difficult to drain over time. International experience indicates that large-scale drainage of deep peatlands is unsustainable and causes environmental problems.
Community Based Approaches: Silvo-Fisheries, Bio-rights and Blue CarbonWetlands International
This document discusses community-based approaches to mangrove conservation and restoration, including silvo-fishery, bio-rights, and blue carbon. It notes that over 1.6 million hectares of mangroves in Indonesia were deforested between 1970-1990 primarily to clear land for shrimp farms. Silvo-fishery integrates aquaculture and mangrove planting. Bio-rights provides microcredits to support sustainable livelihoods and mangrove rehabilitation. Blue carbon refers to carbon stored in coastal ecosystems like mangroves. The document outlines a potential project linking these approaches through afforestation/reforestation, aquaculture, and carbon financing to generate income for local communities and mitigate climate change.
The document discusses the challenges and potential benefits of rehabilitating degraded tropical peat swamp forests. It notes that tropical peatlands provide important hydrological, biodiversity, livelihood and carbon storage functions. However, extensive areas in Southeast Asia have become degraded through logging, drainage, fire and agricultural/plantation use. This degradation has led to problems like increased flooding and fire risk. Rehabilitation faces significant ecological constraints like loss of seed sources and impaired hydrology. Social constraints include lack of support and conflicting land uses. Successful restoration may require addressing both short-term social and long-term ecological needs. Key questions for restoration include defining goals, understanding constraints, and identifying barriers and opportunities.
Status of Mangrove in South East Asia: The issues and opportunities for rehab...Wetlands International
Mangroves in Southeast Asia face issues from loss of habitat but also opportunities for rehabilitation. While mangroves provide important ecosystem services like coastal protection, many have been cleared for other land uses. Successful rehabilitation requires the right techniques for the conditions, and not all degraded areas can be easily restored. However, rehabilitation efforts through research on new methods, raising awareness of mangrove values, and enhancing coastal protection policies could help address the issues and realize opportunities to restore mangrove cover in the region.
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Impact of Dams on the People of Mali
1. Impact of dams
on the people of Mali
Impact of dams on the people of Mali 1
2. This study shows that individual water management decisions in the
Upper Niger have a profound effect on distributional environmental,
economic and social benefits to people in different parts of the basin.
There has already been significant redistribution between different sectors
and communities in different regions and countries. When one or more
planned dam developments are considered it is predicted that the effects
become more marked and exaggerated. In the Inner Niger Delta area
very significant changes in the way of life and in nature values would be
experienced. Policy investment and management decisions on water
infrastructure should take these facts fully into account, to ensure the best
results for the people of Mali, their livelihoods and the environment.
2 Impact of dams on the people of Mali
3. Impact of dams
on the people of Mali
This brochure provides a basis for decisions regarding the This brochure is based on research addressing water management
use of water of the Upper Niger. This brochure does not options in the Upper Niger 1. It focuses in particular on the Sélingué
prescribe what should or should not be done; it simply and Markala dams in Mali and the proposed Fomi dam in eastern
presents facts on the costs and benefits, winners and losers. Guinea. With this brochure, we show the costs and benefits of
the three dams and which sectors, regions in both countries
In the near future, several decisions have to be taken regarding the and communities lose or win. We do not draw the conclusions
use of the river water in the Upper Niger Basin. The major ones regarding the best options for water management in the Upper
concern the building of four proposed dams: the Tossaye, Talo, Niger; that is left up to you as the reader. The information is
1. Background information Djenné and Fomi dam (which is discussed in detail here). Other provided to enable better informed decisions to be made with full
and facts can be found decisions relate to water management, such as the expansion of awareness of the consequences.
at www.wetlands.org/ind. existing irrigation in Office du Niger (Markala dam).
The Niger river and Inner Niger Delta
Inner Delta Niger river in West Africa
Impact of dams on the people of Mali 3
4. The net-outcome of the dams
All the dams studied provide benefits to specific groups of people Table 1: Annual net-benefits or losses of the
and bring costs for others. People downstream only lose as investigated dams (Mali and Guinea)
a result of these dams; even in cases where, on average, the
Selingué dam € 5 mln
country or region benefits. The proposed Fomi dam in Guinea
causes however more net costs than benefits. But again, for some Markala dam for Office du Niger € 22 mln
groups of people, this dam will just bring benefits. Fomi – € 35 mln
Derived from: Zwarts et al (2005) The Niger - a lifeline. Riza, NL
A whole range of direct and indirect impacts of the dams were
considered. We calculated the costs of building the dams, Table 2: Annual river related benefits per person
maintenance costs, electricity production and revenues from
Benefits from river without dams € 44
the irrigated areas. We also looked at the more indirect impacts
upstream and downstream related to lower water levels. Selingué dam € 48
Selingué and Markala (OND) dam € 68
We expressed all those gains and losses in terms of money
Selingué, Markala and Fomi dam € 52
expressed as gross revenues. This provides the following picture
Derived from: Zwarts et al (2005) The Niger - a lifeline. Riza, NL
for the existing Markala (irrigation of Office du Niger) and Selingué
dam and the planned Fomi dam. The table below shows the final Tables 1 and 2 show that the current two dams have a net
net outcome when all costs and benefits are taken into account. benefit. This is not the case for the Fomi dam in Guinea. The
financial costs are only partly compensated by benefits (mainly
The table below provides the final outcomes; table 1 for the region electricity). Moreover, the indirect losses for fisheries, livestock and
as a whole; table 2 for individual people. biodiversity downstream dominate these revenues.
4 Impact of dams on the people of Mali
5. ‘Winners and losers’
For centuries, people in West Africa have used the Niger River Sectors: winners and losers
and the Inner Niger Delta for fisheries, transport, agriculture, and If we look at the different sectors, it is clear that some win and some
grazing lands. In the dry area of the Western Sahel, the water of lose as a result of the dams. The figure below shows the impact of
this river system was and still is essential for life. the three dams separately for a sector, on a national level.
More recently, the river water is also used for hydropower and Different sectors in regions like the Inner Niger Delta also reflect
for irrigation of formerly dry land. Many people benefit from these different ethnic groups. The Bozo and Somono people are the
infrastructures. Irrigated areas provide stable food production; fishermen; Fulani are the herdsmen and Marka, Bambara and
electricity supply is guaranteed. However, others suffer when Sonrai are the farmers. Therefore if one sector is badly affected,
water levels drop and the area of annually inundated floodplain a whole community is in trouble. For these people, changing their
reduces in size as a result. For instance fisheries, navigation and profession means in fact abandoning their culture.
the area of inundation supporting cattle grazing and agriculture in
the Inner Niger Delta are impacted. Also the rich nature of these
areas is affected when millions of waterbirds lose their important Table 3: Annual costs or benefits of the dams
wintering areas. for several sectors within Mali and Guinea
Sélingue dam Office du Fomi dam
Niger dam
Value for :
Agriculture € 152,439.02 € 36,280,487.80 € 6,250,000.00
Livestock € 152,439.02 € 0.00 – € 1,981,707.32
Fisheries – € 4,268,292.68 – € 1,219,512.20 – € 9,146,341.46
Biodiversity – € 457,317.07 € 0.00 – € 5,030,487.80
Transport € 304,878.05 – € 152,439.02 – € 152,439.02
Electricity € 10,670,731.71 € 0.00 € 17,987,804.88
Total benefits € 6,707,317.07 € 34,756,097.56 € 7,621,951.22
Total costs € 3,963,414.63 € 22,256,097.56 € 27,743,902.44
Net value € 2,743,902.44 € 12,500,000.00 – € 20,121,951.22
Derived from: Zwarts et al (2005) The Niger - a lifeline. Riza, NL
Impact of dams on the people of Mali 5
6. Figure 1: Water flows of the Niger River system and the impact of dams. Regions: Winners and losers
(Red lines are existing dams, dotted lines are planned dams) All dams take a share of the precious water in this dry
environment. This is especially the case for dams used for
irrigation, like the Markala dam for Office du Niger. The graph
KOUROKELER
GBANHALA
MILO
NIANDAN
MAFOU
NIGER
TINKISSO
Derived from: Zwarts et al (2005) The Niger - a lifeline. Riza, NL
below shows the water flows and the impact of current dams.
Considered on an annual basis, the loss of flow downstream
FOMI
caused by the existing and proposed dams is quite limited
(11,6%). However, the impact of this fixed amount is much greater
SANKARANI
during the dry season when up to 70% of the total water flow is
lost. Water currently taken by the Markala and Selingue dams at
low and high discharges of the Niger River during the wet season
is respectively 30% (weak flood) and only 6% (high flood). The
SÉLENGUÉ (– 0,83 km 3)
Banankoro: 24,5 km 3 impact of this fixed amount is of course much greater during the
Sélengué: 8,1 km 3
dry season. The reduction at these times is up to 70% of the total
BALE SOTUBA (– 0,2 km 3)
water flow.
FAYA
Less water left for the downstream Inner Niger Delta means a
BAGOÉ
BAOULÉ
BANIFING
Koulkoro: 32,5 km 3 smaller inundated area of the floodplain. In turn this has a direct
impact on cattle raising, rice agriculture and fisheries that depend
MARKALA (– 2,69 km 3)
on this. The graphs below clearly illustrate this direct link for the
Ké-Macina: 28,2 km 3
fisheries as expressed by weight of fish traded. Other sectors in
the Inner Niger Delta will show a similar picture.
Douna: 7,2 km 3 DJAKA
TALO
BANI
INNER NIGER
DELTA Figure 1: Strong relation between water and fish trade
Diré: 23,1 km 3
TOSSAYE
6 Impact of dams on the people of Mali Derived from: Zwarts et al (2005) The Niger - a lifeline. Riza, NL
7. The table below shows the impact of the current dams on the
various regions. Population change is a clear indicator for the
regions that win or lose. While the overall Malinese population
is rising steeply, the almost stagnant situation in the Inner Niger
Delta can be seen.
Table 4: Impact of the current dams in Mali
Derived from: Zwarts et al (2005) The Niger - a lifeline. Riza, NL
Name of area Size People Population Impact of dams
change (annually,
last decades)
Mali (total) 1,240,000 8,810,911 2.43% Additional and stable electricity supply
Increased food production
Loss of biodiversity, navigation, fish production
Inner Niger Delta 30,000 km 2 (inundated) 1,107,791 0.7% Drop in cattle, fish catch, agricultural production and navigation
Selingué area 13.5 km 2 irrigated 123,535 2,96% Loss of agricultural and grazing lands (result of the 50km 2 lake);
newly irrigated areas and fish production
Office due Niger 740 km 2 irrigated 270,289 5-10% Newly irrigated areas
Impact of dams on the people of Mali 7
8. Impact of dams on different sectors in different regions
The overview of sectors gaining and losing is only telling a part
of the story. The same applies for the regions that win and lose.
The three tables below provide a breakdown of the impact on
sectors in each region. This shows exactly who is winning and
losing 2.
The Selingué dam (1980) has been built to produce electricity,
2. Numbers are for several mainly for Bamako (the capital of Mali). There are also some
dates in the last decade; associated irrigation and fisheries activities. On the other hand,
dependent on the available 13.500 people living in the valley of the Sankarani lost their
data. houses, grazing lands, orchards and other agricultural lands.
8 Impact of dams on the people of Mali
9. Office du Niger
Office du Niger is an agricultural area. The Markala dam enables
gravitational irrigation. At 74,000 ha, it is the largest irrigation
scheme in West-Africa and crucial for Mali’s rice production.
Expansion of the irrigated area of the Office du Niger is feasible
and can be made possible with further improvement of the water
eficiency of the system’s. However further increasing the water
intake from the Niger River would have a considerable negative
impact on the Inner Niger Delta. Due to the Sélingué reservoir and the irrigation by the Office du
Niger, the water level in the Inner Niger Delta has been lowered by
20 to 25 cm. As a result of the lower water levels the inundated
area of the Inner Niger Delta has been decreased by 900 km 2. Table
Table 5: Impact of the existing dams on the investigated areas 5 clearly demonstrates the impact. The lower water level is also
expected to reduce the extent of floating “bourgou” fields by 62%.
IND without Impact of dams on Impact of dams on Impact of dams on Besides its ecological value, bourgou areas are indispensable as a
dams the Inner Niger Delta the Office du Niger the Selingué area nursery habitat for juvenile fish and as grazing for cattle.
Rice (tonnes) 99,200 – 13,200 + 333,078 + 6,000 / 7,500 t.
The impact of these dams in their own area is predominantly
Fish production 54,000 - positive; especially for the Markala dam that had the sole purpose
– 4,100 0 + 4,000 t.
(tonnes) 133,000
of creating new agricultural land. But also for the Selingué
Number of Cattle 1,260,000 – 60,000 + 99,000 – (negative, unknown) dam that had energy supply as a main purpose. Even some
Number of Negative impact
populations of waterbirds are now dependent on associated newly
3,000,000 - created wetlands. However the Inner Niger Delta and its 1 million
wintering (up to 4% less + 595,155 + 20,000
4,000,000
waterbirds reproduction) inhabitants lose out completely.
Derived from: Zwarts et al (2005) The Niger - a lifeline. Riza, NL
Impact of dams on the people of Mali 9
10. The Fomi dam Water levels in the Inner Niger Delta will drop by another 45 cm if
The Fomi dam in Guinea is primarily planned for electricity the Fomi dam is built. The inundated area will be further reduced by
production. The dam lake will probably also create opportunities for 1400 km 2. With the Fomi dam, the operational season of the Niger
some fish production. The areas around the lake may or may not River for larger boats would be reduced due to the shorter period
be suitable for some cattle or other livestock and for agriculture and with deep water. Table 6 shows the expected impact of the dam on
may provide some opportunities for waterbirds. The negative impact sectors in different regions.
on downstream areas (mostly in Mali) is however considerable.
If the Fomi dam were built, the impact on people depending on
Figure 3: Impact of the Fomi dam on the inundated area of the Inner Niger fisheries, rice production or livestock in the Inner Niger Delta would
Delta: (red areas will no longer be inundated) be devastating. The Fomi dam might also lead to significantly
lower population levels of both residents and migratory species
waterbirds; the last large breeding colonies of cormorants, ibises,
herons and egrets in West Africa would be pushed to the edge of
existence.
Table 6: Additional impact of the Fomi dam on sectors in the investigated areas
IND Impact of Fomi Impact of Fomi Impact of Impact of
without dam on Inner dam on Office Fomi dam Fomi dam on
any dams Niger Delta du Niger on Selingué Fomi-area
area
Rice (tonnes) 99,200 – 34,000 0 0 -
Fish production 54,000 -
– 8,500 0 0 + 4000 t.
(tonnes) 133,000
– 24,000/
Cattle 1,260,000 0 0 -
48,000
Biodiversity 3,000,000 - Negative 0 0 ?
(waterbirds) 4,000,000 impact: Loss
of 60% of
key habitats
(Bourgou);
extinction of
populations.
Derived from: Zwarts et al (2005) The Niger - a lifeline. Riza, NL
10 Impact of dams on the people of Mali
11. Colophon
Published by: Wetlands International
Financial support: Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Based on the information of: Leo Zwarts (RIZA),
Pieter van Beukering (IVN), Bakary Kone (Wetlands
International), Eddy Wymenga
Printed by: Macula bv, Boskoop
Design: Coen Mulder
Photo credits: Leo Zwarts
Printed on FSC-certified paper
Impact of dams on the people of Mali 11
12. Mission:
Participants
To sustain and
restore wetlands,
their resources and
biodiversity for
future generations.
w
For further information please visit our website or contact our office.
Website: www.wetlands.org
Wetlands International Headquarters Wetlands International Mali office
PO Box 471 PO Box 97
6700 AL Wageningen Mopti / Sévaré
The Netherlands Mali
Tel: +31 318 660910 Tel: +223 21420 122
Fax: +31 318 660950 Fax: +223 21420 242
12 Impact of dams on the peopleE-mail: post@wetlands.org
of Mali E-mail: malipin@afribone.net.ml