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Bakary Kone
Wetlands International Mali
Inner Niger Delta: a wetland in a dry world



Inner Niger Delta
Niger
                          B ani
             HAUT
             NIGER     HAUT
                       BANI

Why is the flooding of the Inner
Niger Delta to variable?
Annual rainfall(mm/yr) at Sikasso
             source : DNM
Inundated area during the flood season
x 1000 km
       2
                   1923-2011
2010   Inundated area   2011
Sélingué dam
Impact of the Sélingué dam on monthly discharge:
               reducing peak flows
            vider   Source: EDM   remplir
The Office du Niger irrigation scheme
and its Markala dam
Combined impacts of Selingué and Office du Niger
        (perte : 650 km2 + 370 km2 )
Impact of planned schemes especially in dry years


                      Future loss : 1700 km2
Fréquence en 30 ans (1982 – 2011)
 Catastrophic years (like 1984)

 Less than 8000 km2         frequency
        Now                  1 / 30
 Planned Fomi,Talo,
                              1/4
Djenné, extension ON

    Bad years (like 2011)

moins que 10.000 km2        fréquence
        Now                   1/3
 Planned Fomi,Talo,
                              1/2
Djenné, extension ON
Impact of a changing climate is already noticeable




                                             elh
                                            Sa
                                         a+
                                                            ial




                                        ar
                                                          d




                                        h
                                                     on




                                     Sa
                                                   m
The future ?
     A warmer Sahel : + 2-7 °C within 80 ans
     A drier Sahel : déclin 0 - 40 % less rainfall
     Less inundation: jusque 40 %
Se
     ne
        g   al                              Niger
                                                    GAO
                                             Delta
                                   MOPTI    Intérie
                                                   ur
                           SEGOU           du Nig
                                                  er
                  BAMAKO
www.wetlands.org/IND

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The water crisis in the Inner Niger Delta, Mali - By Bakary Kone

Editor's Notes

  1. Certaines diapositives de cette présentation contiennent des commentaires qui apportent une explication complémentaire au contenu des diapositives. Cette présentation a été faite à Mopti le 17 décembre 2011 en présence d’une quarantaine de participants dont de nombreux maires, préfets et sous-préfets, ou leur représentants. Elle a ensuite été faite à Bamako en présence de CARE Mali, de l’Ambassade des Pays-Bas et de représentants d’ONG.
  2. La crue dans le DIN est alimentée essentiellement par les eaux venues du Haut Niger (en Guinée) et du Haut Bani (au Mali et en Côte d’Ivoire). Les diapositives suivantes vont expliquer pourquoi l’inondation dans le DIN est si variable.
  3. De même, la pluie à Sikasso en 2011 n’a pas été mauvaise, plutôt supérieure à la moyenne des quatre dernières décennies.
  4. Ce graphe montre la situation de la crue maximale en 2011 par rapport aux dernières décennies.
  5. Ces deux cartes montrent bien la différence de l’inondation à la même période (octobre) entre 2010 et 2011, pour l’ensemble du delta.
  6. On doit se demander quel est l’impact de la gestion des aménagements existant actuellement à l’amont du DIN (principalement Sélingué et Markala).
  7. Quel est l’impact de la gestion de Sélingué sur la superficie inondée dans le DIN ?
  8. Ce graphe représente, pour la période 1982-2010, la gestion moyenne du barrage de Sélingué : remplissage en saison des pluies et vidange en saison sèche.
  9. Même question : quel est l’impact du barrage de Markala sur la crue dans le DIN ?
  10. En rouge est représentée la perte de superficie inondée dans le DIN causée par les prélèvements de l’ON. Combinés avec l’impact de Sélingué, la perte se chiffre à environ 1000 km2 de zone inondée.
  11. Il faut aussi se demander quels seront les impacts des futurs ouvrages : barrage de Fomi, seuil de Djenné, auxquels il faut ajouter le tout récent seuil de Talo.
  12. L’impact prévisible des seuils de Talo et Djenné est figuré en bleu clair. La combinaison des impacts de Fomi, de l’extension de l’ON, des seuils de Talo et Djenné, produit une perte de 1700 km2 de superficie inondée dans le DIN.
  13. Au cours des trente dernières années, la fréquence des années catastrophiques, c’est-à-dire comme 1984, a été d’1/30, et la fréquence des années mauvaises (comme 2011) a été de ¼. Avec l’ajout des impacts attendus des aménagements futurs, ces fréquences passeront respectivement à ¼ et ½ !! C’est-à-dire qu’on peut s’attendre à ce qu’une situation comme celle de 2011 se produise une année sur deux !!
  14. Et jusqu’à présent, dans cette analyse, on n’a pas encore considéré les impacts attendus du changement climatique ! Les mesures climatiques mondiales montrent que ces impacts sont déjà sensibles, et se manifestent de façon plus nette en Afrique saharo-sahélienne que pour la moyenne mondiale.
  15. Les modèles climatiques en cours prédisent un avenir plus sec et plus chaud pour le Sahel. L’impact sur la crue à Macina et à Douna pourrait être une baisse du débit jusque 40 % ! Avec comme conséquence évidente uen très forte diminution des zones inondées dans le delta. En tout cas, aucun modèle ne prédit une amélioration des condtions climatiques dans la zone sahélienne.