Climate change adaptation and mitigation can be achieved through mangrove conservation and rehabilitation. Mangroves provide important ecosystem services like coastal protection, wildlife habitat, and fisheries. They also store large amounts of carbon that helps mitigate climate change. Efforts are needed to restore degraded mangrove areas to adapt to sea level rise and protect remaining forests to reduce carbon emissions. Integrating mangroves with aquaculture can provide environmental and economic benefits over the conversion of mangroves to aquaculture ponds.
Managing mangroves and sustainable aquacultureCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Virni Budi Arifanti of the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 23–25 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Presented by Dr R Ramasubramanian, Director, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)Janathakshan Gte Ltd
The presentation prepared by Janathakshan on REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) initiative in Sri Lanka. SL became a UN-REDD partner country in 2009. Government fo Sri Lanka (GoSL) through the forest department (FD), department of wildlife conservation (DWC) and the CCS with many stakeholders and support of 3 UN organisations has jointly implemented a UN-REDD National Program (2013 to 2017).
University of Tokyo CCWG's study session.
Here are links to our website. Please check it.
http://www.facebook.com/CCWG.COP17
http://ccwgcop17.tumblr.com/
Managing mangroves and sustainable aquacultureCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Virni Budi Arifanti of the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 23–25 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Presented by Dr R Ramasubramanian, Director, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)Janathakshan Gte Ltd
The presentation prepared by Janathakshan on REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) initiative in Sri Lanka. SL became a UN-REDD partner country in 2009. Government fo Sri Lanka (GoSL) through the forest department (FD), department of wildlife conservation (DWC) and the CCS with many stakeholders and support of 3 UN organisations has jointly implemented a UN-REDD National Program (2013 to 2017).
University of Tokyo CCWG's study session.
Here are links to our website. Please check it.
http://www.facebook.com/CCWG.COP17
http://ccwgcop17.tumblr.com/
Mangroves are vital for healthy coastal ecosystems in many regions of the world and research and studies are revealing the unique importance of these habitats to the planet. The Mangrove Action Project is dedicated to reversing the degradation and loss of mangrove forest wetlands and their associated coastal ecosystems worldwide. www.mangroveactionproject.org
this is my 10th standard project wherein i have compiled information from various sources. it is a short project with useful content. hope it proves to be of good use.
Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and MitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
There are two approaches to combating climate change, adaptation and mitigation, and forests can contribute to both. Too often these two approaches are treated as separate strategies. In this presentation, titled “Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation”, CIFOR and CIRAD scientist Bruno Locatelli explains the possible synergies between adaptation to and mitigation of climate change.
An ecosystem is generally an area within the natural environment in which physical (abiotic) factors of the environment, such as rocks and soil, function together along with interdependent (biotic) organisms, such as plants and animals, within the same habitat
8.wild life and impacts of climate change on wildlifeMr.Allah Dad Khan
A series of Presentation ByMr Allah Dad Khan Special Consultant NRM , Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK Province , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
Mangroves are vital for healthy coastal ecosystems in many regions of the world and research and studies are revealing the unique importance of these habitats to the planet. The Mangrove Action Project is dedicated to reversing the degradation and loss of mangrove forest wetlands and their associated coastal ecosystems worldwide. www.mangroveactionproject.org
this is my 10th standard project wherein i have compiled information from various sources. it is a short project with useful content. hope it proves to be of good use.
Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and MitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
There are two approaches to combating climate change, adaptation and mitigation, and forests can contribute to both. Too often these two approaches are treated as separate strategies. In this presentation, titled “Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation”, CIFOR and CIRAD scientist Bruno Locatelli explains the possible synergies between adaptation to and mitigation of climate change.
An ecosystem is generally an area within the natural environment in which physical (abiotic) factors of the environment, such as rocks and soil, function together along with interdependent (biotic) organisms, such as plants and animals, within the same habitat
8.wild life and impacts of climate change on wildlifeMr.Allah Dad Khan
A series of Presentation ByMr Allah Dad Khan Special Consultant NRM , Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK Province , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
Ecosystems based mitigation: from incentives to practice - Opportunities and ...Wetlands International
By Marcel Silvius, Wetlands International. This presentation was held at the side event of Wetlands International at the UNFCCC Climate conference in Doha in December 2012. See www.wetlands.org/doha
By Jan Peters, Michael Succow Foundation, Greifswald / Germany, www.succow-stiftung.de. This presentation was held at the side event of Wetlands International at the UNFCCC Climate conference in Doha in December 2012. See www.wetlands.org/doha
Could the SDGs help save wetlands? Can wetlands help achieve the SDGs?Wetlands International
This slide show presents Wetlands International's position on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and wetlands. Wetlands will play a role in achieving at least 7 of the 17 SDGs and are an indispensible link connecting the ecosystems the SDGs seek to protect and restore.
Enhancing the Resilience of Coastal Wetlands to Promote Sustainable Livelihoo...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
The Global Peatland CO2 Picture - Peatland Status and Drainage Related Emissi...Wetlands International
The report presents the first overview ever of peatland carbon data for all countries and regions of the world. For every country/area information is given on extent and status of peatlands, volume of the peat resource and on CO2 emissions from different types of land use, both for the year 1990 as well as for the year 2008.
As an organisation, Wetlands International made big strides
forward in 2011; these will help
us achieve the goals of our new 10-year Strategic Intent (2011-2020). With the seal
of good governance from the Dutch Central Bureau on Fundraising under our belt,
and growing recognition of our distinctive approach and niche, we proudly share with
you some highlights of 2011.
Mangrove Flora in the Coastal Municipalities of Sultan Kudarat Province, Phil...Open Access Research Paper
Mangroves play vital role for ecological balance. It provides human the fresh air to breath and protects from threat of typhoons and tsunami. Mangrove also serves as the breeding ground of various species of fish and other aquatic organisms. This study aimed to provide a systematic and scientific recording of the mangrove species in the Southern part of the Philippines. Using a descriptive research design, the prevailing mangrove flora in the coastal municipalities of Sultan Kudarat Province, Philippines was identified and documented. It was conducted in three sampling sites in the municipalities of Kalamansig, Lebak and Palimbang, Sultan Kudarat. Results of the study revealed that there were thirty – one (31) species of mangroves identified; of which twenty-four (24) species were present in Kalamansig, thirty (30) species in Lebak and twenty (20) species in Palimbang belonging to fifteen (15) genera and fourteen (14) families.
Biological oceanography gradually grew into a major scientific discipline with all these observations of marine organisms and their environments. In this episode, the following modules are highlighted:1. Nature of marine environment, 2. Classification of Marine environment, 3. Role of abiotic parameters on marine life, 4. Marine Flora , and 5. Marine Fauna.
Wetlands: Climate adaptation, mitigation and biodiversity protectionCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Walter Vergara & Sebastian Scholz, LAC Climate Change Team, Worldbank
Landscape approaches to mitigation and adaptation, Forest Day 3
Sunday, 13 December 2009
Copenhagen, Denmark
Presentation by Walter Vergara & Sebastian Scholz, The World Bank, at Forest Day 3, 13 December 2009, Copenhagen. Learning event "Landscape approaches to Adaptation and Mitigation"
This infographic document illustrates the details of coral reef. It contains importance, erosion and ways to protect of coral reef. All of these content are depicted by different types of symbolic icon to understand easily.
Trends in Macrophyte Diversity in Anthropogenic Perturbed Lentic Ecosystems w...Premier Publishers
Aquatic macrophytes hold several niches within the ecosystem, including inter alia water purification, carbon sequestration and serve as microhabitats for aquatic insects. These dynamic roles make macrophytes good indicators of current environmental conditions. Hence assessing their abundance in line with wetland ecosystem dynamics and function is essential. Frequency of occurrence and density values were estimated, using twenty (20) 2 m x 2 m quadrats for each macrophyte encountered. The results of the study revealed twenty-one (21) macrophytes belonging to 16 families. These ponds varied markedly in terms of species composition and in numerical strength such that Polygonum lanigerum (1143+175st/ha), Setaria verticillata (337.5+ 32.8st/ha), Azolla pinnata (337.7+ 16.4 st/ha) recorded high density values while Lagenaria breviflora (18.7±2.19), Sida acuta (18.75±5.30), Ludwigia erecta (18.7±0.15) and Milletia aboensis (18.7±0.03) were the least abundant species. Pond A and D with 11 taxa each had the higher Shannon-Wiener (2.192, 2.214) and Simpson (0.8699, 0.8787) diversity indices respectively when compared to the other ponds. On the contrary, pond C with four taxa had the least Shannon-Wiener and Simpson diversity indices (1.253, 0.6782) respectively. Equitability and evenness ranged between 0.914 - 0. 952 and 0.814 - 0.900 respectively. Bray and Curtis cluster analysis showed that pond B was the most dissimilar compared to other ponds in terms of the taxa composition.
Los manglares de Panamá tienen un rol importante en la mitigación del cambio climático, y nos ayuden en adaptarnos y reducir a los impactos del cambio climático. Con su capacidad de almacenar y secuestrar carbono , los manglares tienen el papel de desacelerador del calentamiento global; y como ´infraestructura natural´ nos brinden protección contra dichos impactos.
The mangroves of Panamá store and sequester enormous amounts of organic carbon not only in their vegetation, but also in roots and soil. Wetlands International works together with UNDP and national governmental authorities to find out how much exactly and to make sure that these carbon pools and sinks are better managed and protected. For their contribution to climate change mitigation, but also to maintain their broad range of ecosystem services in support of local adaptation.
Conclusiones del foro "Tecnologías de Adaptación al Cambio Climático, Soberan...Wetlands International
Conclusiones del foro Tecnologías de Adaptación al Cambio Climático, Soberanía, Seguridad Alimentaria y Agroindustria”, el 8 y 9 de Octubre en el Hotel Hex en Estelì, Nicaragua
Turning REDD+ around: breaking boundaries and bridging divisions: Working tow...Wetlands International
By Jan Willem den Besten, IUCN NL. This presentation was held at the side event of Wetlands International at the UNFCCC Climate conference in Doha in December 2012. See www.wetlands.org/doha
Peatlands and agriculture - mitigation, livelihood opportunities and incentiv...Wetlands International
By Marja-Liisa Tapio-Biström, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). This presentation was held at the side event of Wetlands International at the UNFCCC Climate conference in Doha in December 2012. See www.wetlands.org/doha and www.fao.org/climatechange/micca/peat
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Through Mangrove Conservation and Rehabilitation
1. CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION THROUGH
MANGROVE CONSERVATION AND REHABILITATION
J.H. Primavera
ZSL Community-based Mangrove Rehabilitation Project
Iloilo City, Philippines
2. MARINE HABITATS
corals
mangroves
(13+-15 million ha)
seagrasses
W. Licuanan
3. MANGROVE SPECIES OF THE PHILIPPINES
(Primavera et al, 2004)
Family Species FamilyCommon name Species
Acanthaceae 1. Acanthus ebracteatus Plumbaginaceae
-- 20. Aegialitis annulata
2. A. ilicifolius --
Rhizophoraceae 21. Bruguiera cylindrica
Avicenniaceae 3. Avicennia alba Api-api 22. B. exaristata
4. A. officinalis Api-api 23. B. hainesii
5. A. marina Bungalon 24. B. gymnorrhiza
6. A. rumphiana Api-api 25. B. parviflora
Bombacaceae 7. Camptostemon philippinensis Gapas gapas 26. B. sexangula
8. C. schultzii -- 27. Ceriops decandra
28. C. tagal
Combretaceae 9. Lumnitzera littorea Faban 29. Kandelia candel
10. L. racemosa -- 30. Rhizophora apiculata
11. L. roseac -- 31. R. lamarckiic
Euphorbiaceae 12. Excoecaria agallocha Alipata 32. R. mucronata
Lythraceae 13. Pemphis acidula Bantigi 33. R. stylosa Indo-Malay
Rubiaceae Tabigi Philippine
34. Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea
Meliaceae 14. Xylocarpus granatum Archipelago
15. X. moluccensis Sonneratiaceae
Tabigi 35. Sonneratia alba
Myrsinaceae 16. Aegiceras corniculatum Saging-saging S. caseolaris
36.
c
17. A. floridum Tinduktindukan S. gulngai c
37.
38. S. lanceolata
Myrtaceae 18. Osbornia octodonta -- 39. S. ovata
Palmae 19. Nypa fruticans Nipa
Sources: Brown & Fischer, 1920; Arroyo, 1979; Fernando & Pancho, 1980; Tomlinson, 1986; Anon,
1996; Spalding et al., 1997; Yao, 1999; Norman Duke, AIMS, pers. comm.
Mangrove Species Diversity (Polidoro et al 2010)
4. USES OF
MANGROVES
Coastal
protection
Habitat for
wildlife
Fisheries
products
Forestry
products
Artwork by Ta Luu
8. PHILIPPINE MANGROVE GREENBELT/OTHER LAWS
(J.H. Primavera)
P.D. 705 (1975) Revised Forestry Code: mangrove strips in islands providing protection from high
winds, typhoons shall not be alienated
P.D. 953 (1976) Fishpond/mangrove lease holders required to retain or replant 20-m mangrove
strip along rivers, creeks
BFD A.O. 2 (1979) Min. 25% of total mangrove forest in given area completely protected as Mangrove
Wilderness Areas
P.P. 2151 & 2152 Declaration of 4,326 ha mangroves as wilderness areas, 74,767 ha as forest reserves
(1981)
MNR A.O. 42 (1986) Expansion of mangrove belt in storm surge, typhoon areas: 100 m along
shorelines, 50 m along riverbanks
DENR A.O. 76 Establishment of buffer zone: 50 m fronting seas/oceans and 20 m along riverbanks;
(1987) lessees of FLA ponds required to plant 20-50 m-mangrove strip
DENR A.O. 77 Integrated Social Forestry Program (provision of legal tenure incentives for co-
(1988) management of forest resources)
DENR A.O. 123 Award of 25-yr Community Forestry Management Agreement for small scale
(1990) mangrove use, Rhizophora and Nypa plantations, aquasilviculture
DENR A.O. 15 Policies on communal forests, plantations, tenure through Mangrove Stewardship
(1990) Contracts; revert abandoned ponds to forest; ban cutting of trees in FLA areas;
prohibit conversion of thickly vegetated areas
DENR A.O. 3 (1991) Policies and guidelines for Mangrove Stewardship Agreement
DENR A.O. 23 Combined 3-yr Mangrove Reforestation Contract and 25-yr Forest Land Management
(1993) Agreement into 25-yr FLMA for families (1-10 ha) and communities (10-1,000 ha)
9. Greenbelt: Kung
Krabaen, Thailand
Photo Vic Mancebo
Photo Siri Tookwinas
No greenbelt:
Philippines
14. GREENBELT/BUFFER ZONE
P.D. 705 (1975) Revised Forestry Code: retention (exclusion from pond
development) of 20 m wide mangrove strip along shorelines facing
oceans, lakes etc.
P.D. 953 (1976) Fishpond/mangrove leaseholders to retain/replant
20 m mangrove strip along rivers, creeks
MNR A.O. 42 (1986) Expansion of mangrove belt in storm surge, typhoon areas:
50-100 m along shorelines, 20-50 m along riverbanks
DENR A.O. 76 (1987) Establishment of buffer zone: 50 m fronting seas, oceans
and 20 m along riverbanks
DENR A.O. 76 (1987) Pond leases required to plant 50 m mangrove strip
DENR A.O. 16 (1993) Guidelines for buffer zones in protected areas
J.H. Primavera
16. Sea-level rise over coming centuries
Sea-Level Rise, over the coming millennium
following 70 years of excess greenhouse gas
emissions
1.5
Total sea level rise
Sea-level rise (m)
1.0
Ocean Expansion
Ice-melt
0.5
Greenhouse gas emissions -
Global warming
0.0
200 400 600 800
Peaking in 2050 Time from start (years)
IPCC, 2001
IPCC 2001
17. Sea-level trends
Vulnerability to flooding
(Nicholls & Canezave, 2010)
18. Most Vulnerable
Mangroves
• low relief islands
• lack of rivers
• carbonate settings
• subsiding areas
• microtidal <2 meters,
sediment-starved
• blocked by coastal
development/ steep
topography
J.H. Primavera
19. Semeniuk,
1994
move
landward
Mangroves can keep up with sea level rise if:
- sedimentation rate keeps up with the rate of sea level rise
- substrates for retreat available in landward margins
mangroves
lost
(Gilman et al, 2006)
21. (Duke 1992 )
MANGROVE AREA
Spalding et al, 2010 - 152,360 sq km (=15.2 million ha)
- 123 countries, territories
Giri et al, 2010 - 137,760 sq km (=13.8 million ha)
- 118 countries, territories, <7% protected
22. MANGROVE THREATS (J.H. Primavera)
Natural: sealevel change, erosion
Anthropogenic: Oil spills, War
- Small-scale harvest: fuelwood, fishing poles,
- Large-scale conversion: salt beds, rice paddies, aquaculture
aquaculture ponds salt beds agriculture
• RECOMMENDATIONS
• Restore/rehabilitate degraded areas (planned retreat:
• CC adaptation)
• Protect remaining forests (C sinks: CC mitigation)
Oil spills harbors Vietnam War
23. MANGROVES PONDS
1918: 450,000 ha 1940: 61,000 ha
2003: 240,000 ha 1994: 232,000 ha
PRESENT MANGROVE: POND RATIO - 1: 1
IDEAL RATIO (Saenger et al 1983) - 4: 1
35. Green Carbon
Blue Carbon
C SINKS
MANGROVES
Brown Carbon
•0% of global deforestation emissions
(Donato et al, 2010) • sequester up to 5x carbon in tropical
forest
• 0.7% area of tropical forests, but
destroyed 3-4x faster
•so key to mitigation of CC-GW
Black Carbon
• also key to CC-SLR adaptation
36. Mangrove Valuation
Total Goods and Services
Costanza et al. (1997) PhP495,000/ha/yr ($9,900/ha/yr)
Spurgeon & Roxburgh (2005) PhP520,000/ha/yr ($10,400/ha/yr)
American Samoa (=$104,000/sq km/yr)
Sathirathai & Barbier (2001) PhP1.8-17.5 million/ha/yr ($27,000-35,000/ha/yr)
Thailand ($2.7-3.5 million/sq km/yr)
Wells et al (2006) PhP20-45 million/ha/yr
($200,000-900,000/ha/yr)
Individual Goods and Services
Fisheries: Ronnback 1999, 2000 PhP45,000-620,000 ($900-12,400/ha/yr)
Wood products (Malaysia) ($11,561/ha/yr)
Erosion control: Ruitenbeek 1992 PhP3,000/household/yr ($600/household/yr)
Waste disposal: Lal 1990 (Fiji) PhP264,000/ha/yr ($5,280/ha/yr)
Cabrera etal, 1998 (Mexico) PhP59,500/ha/yr ($1,190/ha/yr)
Coastal protection & waste PhP420,750/ha/yr ($8,414/ha/yr)
disposal (Costanza et al 1997)
37. 14 years: from 1996 `discovery` by scientists to Jan. 2010 KII launching