Why Heat Wave Occurs and Cause of Extreme Weather (Changes in Jet Strem)saphyaire Wind
What causes heat wave? How temperature rise so much during heat wave?
Though people may think heat wave is just elongated period of hot climate accompanied by humidity caused by global warming, the reason of heat wave is much more deep rooted and complex. Heat waves are now more frequent because of changes in Jet stream flow,
What is Jet Stream?
Jet stream are narrow fast flowing (as fast as 200km/hr) air current at high altitude, near altitude of tropopause. Extreme weathers like drought, heat wave, cold wave (like cold wave in USA in 2014-15), tornedo etc. are more or less related to these changes in Jet Stream.
To know how heat wave occur, how jet stream is formed and how jet stream is related to heat wave and extreme climate,
watch the video in the ppt
L'Arquitectura Grega: característiques i obresTania Ramirez
Caracteristiques gerenals de l'art grec, pròpies de l'arquitectura grega i els diferents ordres i l'analisi de les obres com el Partenó, l' Erècteon, el Temple de Atena Nike, el Teatre d' Epidaure i l' Altar de Zeus a Pèrgam
Successively running 16 years of marketing experience with emerging relationship with superior organizations in Bangladesh and a fruitful customer database. I would like a challenging position in a company where my skills and experience will greatly enhance the company’s success and my own personal growth.
Why Heat Wave Occurs and Cause of Extreme Weather (Changes in Jet Strem)saphyaire Wind
What causes heat wave? How temperature rise so much during heat wave?
Though people may think heat wave is just elongated period of hot climate accompanied by humidity caused by global warming, the reason of heat wave is much more deep rooted and complex. Heat waves are now more frequent because of changes in Jet stream flow,
What is Jet Stream?
Jet stream are narrow fast flowing (as fast as 200km/hr) air current at high altitude, near altitude of tropopause. Extreme weathers like drought, heat wave, cold wave (like cold wave in USA in 2014-15), tornedo etc. are more or less related to these changes in Jet Stream.
To know how heat wave occur, how jet stream is formed and how jet stream is related to heat wave and extreme climate,
watch the video in the ppt
L'Arquitectura Grega: característiques i obresTania Ramirez
Caracteristiques gerenals de l'art grec, pròpies de l'arquitectura grega i els diferents ordres i l'analisi de les obres com el Partenó, l' Erècteon, el Temple de Atena Nike, el Teatre d' Epidaure i l' Altar de Zeus a Pèrgam
Successively running 16 years of marketing experience with emerging relationship with superior organizations in Bangladesh and a fruitful customer database. I would like a challenging position in a company where my skills and experience will greatly enhance the company’s success and my own personal growth.
The hard reality and silver lining in a sustainable future.
Noted climatologist James W. C. White delivers the annual Stefansson Memorial Lecture for 2014. Drawing on results from ice core research over the past twenty years, as well as a new NRC report on abrupt climate change, the talk addresses abrupt change as seen in past climates, as seen today in key environmental systems upon which humans depend, and what may be coming in the future.
A webcast video is available at http://cirescolorado.adobeconnect.com/p4g9tolukv9/ (talk begins at 30 min.)
Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, such as through variations in the solar cycle. But since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
Burning fossil fuels generates greenhouse gas emissions that act like a blanket wrapped around the Earth, trapping the sun’s heat and raising temperatures.
Examples of greenhouse gas emissions that are causing climate change include carbon dioxide and methane. These come from using gasoline for driving a car or coal for heating a building, for example. Clearing land and forests can also release carbon dioxide. Landfills for garbage are a major source of methane emissions. Energy, industry, transport, buildings, agriculture and land use are among the main emitters.
Climate Fresk Key Messages from Climate ClarityClimateClarity
This slideshow outlines the key messages of the Climate Fresk workshop. From the key points of the physical system to the framing of climate action, you should learn something about your role as a climate leader.
Get in touch with Climate Clarity at info@climateclarity.co.uk to learn more about the workshop and book it in your community or organisation.
Plenary 1 - The Science of Climate Changerbulalakaw
Presentation of Dr. Tolentino Moya, Professor, Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, University of the Philippines Diliman, during the UP Manila Conference on Global Climate Change, held October 22-23, 2009 at the Pearl Garden Hotel, Manila.
Climate Fresk Key Messages from Climate ClarityClimateClarity
This slideshow outlines the key messages of the Climate Fresk workshop. From the key points of the physical system to the framing of climate action, you should learn something about your role as a climate leader.
Get in touch with Climate Clarity at info@climateclarity.co.uk to learn more about the workshop and book it in your community or organisation.
The current policies that have been put in place to address climate change are likely to
lead to an increase in global temperature of 4°C before the end of this century. Even if the international community has committed, through the international agreements of
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a maximum warming
of 2°C, decisive action is still needed to reach this goal.
In a report prepared for the World Bank, the Potsdam Institute for Climate Change lays out the consequences of a warming of 4°C.
The impact of Brexit on climate and energy policyRichard Tol
The UK has decided to leave the EU but maintain its climate targets. However, three central planks of UK climate policy, emission permit trade, interconnection, and nuclear power, depend on the EU. This paper discusses the implications of Brexit for climate policy.
Lecture on the impacts of climate change, and methods for monetary valuation, to postgraduate students of economics. Covers Chapter 5 of Climate Economics.
Lecture on greenhouse gas emission scenarios and technical options for emission reduction to postgraduate students of economics. Covers Chapter 2 of Climate Economics textbook.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
Impact of a thermohaline circulation slowdown
1. Shutting down the
thermohaline circulation
David Anthoff
University of California, Berkeley
Francisco Estrada
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico
Richard S.J. Tol
University of Sussex, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam,
Tinbergen Institute, CESifo
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. Key concern
• Climate change could lead to
• More rain over the North Atlantic
• Melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet
• This would lead to a drop in salinity and may slow-
down – or even shut-down – the thermohaline
circulation
16. -25.0
-22.5
-20.0
-17.5
-15.0
-12.5
-10.0
-7.5
-5.0
-2.5
0.0
2.5
5.0
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
Welfare-equivalentincomechange(inpercent)
Global warming (in degrees centrigrade)
Fit same function per country:
Optimum temperature:
0.3K, range -3 - +7K above today
Slopes vary from zero to 28%Y/K
17. Hosing
• Coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation
models project a slight weakening of the
thermohaline circulation
• The impact of a more drastic weakening are studied
using so-calling hosing experiments, in which a
Death Star suddenly appears to spout freshwater
into the North Atlantic
22. Wrap-up
• Warming is bad, cooling is worse
• The cooling due to a shut- or slowdown of the
thermohaline circulation is modest relative to the
warming that would induce that.
• Reduced warming would lead to a welfare gain in
most countries