Ijmet 10 02_035

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 340 editor@iaeme.com
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 02, February 2019, pp. 340-350, Article ID: IJMET_10_02_035
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=2
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
MOBILE PHONE DEPENDENCY AND SELF-
ESTEEM AMONG ADOLESCENTS
Ms. Anshya Rai
Trainee-Master in hospital administration program, Prasanna School of Public health,
Manipal academy of higher education, Manipal, Karnataka
*Dr. Rajesh Kamath
Assistant Professor, Prasanna School of Public health, Manipal academy of higher education,
Manipal, Karnataka – 576104
Ms. Lakshmi Kamath
Trainee-Master in hospital administration program, Prasanna School of Public health,
Manipal academy of higher education, Manipal, Karnataka – 576104
Ms. Brayal D’Souza
Assistant Professor, Prasanna School of Public health, Manipal academy of higher education,
Manipal, Karnataka
* Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
The aim of the study is to find out relationship between mobile dependency and
self-esteem among adolescents. It was hypothesized that there is no significant
relationship between mobile dependency and self-esteem among adolescents. The
population that was selected for the study was adolescents from various institutions in
Karkala and Mangalore region. A sample size consisted of 200 adolescents within the
age range of 16 to 24 years; both male and female were taken for the study. The
Mobile Dependency Scale and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale were used. One way
ANOVA and Quartile deviation were calculated. A result reveals that there is no
significant difference between mobile dependency and self-esteem among adolescents
Keywords: Mobile dependency, self-esteem and adolescents.
Cite this Article: Ms. Anshya Rai, Dr. Rajesh Kamath, Ms. Lakshmi Kamath and Ms.
Brayal D’Souza, Mobile Phone Dependency and Self-esteem among Adolescents,
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(2), 2019, pp.
340-350.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=2

Ms. Anshya Rai, Dr. Rajesh Kamath, Ms. Lakshmi Kamath and Ms. Brayal D’Souza
1. INTRODUCTION
Mobile phones have become a mainstream product in today’s world having a huge impact on
today’s world. With youth population constituting half of the population, India has become a
fine breeding ground for highest cell connections. The cell phone has rapidly become an
integral and, for some, an essential communication tool that is being used worldwide. With
cell phone ownership becoming so widespread, especially among the younger generation,
society is starting to see and question the impacts of cell phone use on adolescent
development is huge.
2. ADOLESCENTS
According to WHO Adolescence is “transitional phase of growth and development between
childhood and development between childhood and adulthood. The WHO defines adolescence
as any person between ages 10 and 19. This age range falls within WHO’s definition of young
people, which refers to individual between ages of 10 and 24.
The mobile is a desirable object in adolescence, because it favors personal autonomy,
especially with regard to their parents. Furthermore, cellular phone provides identity and
prestige in comparison with their peers, offers the main technological innovations, is a source
of fun and entertainment and it favors the establishment and maintenance of interpersonal
relationships (Mariano Chóliz).
3. MOBILE DEPENDENCY
Mobile dependency can be defined as a maladaptive pattern of mobile device use resulting in
psychological impairment with symptoms like inability to control craving, loss in
productivity, anxiety issues and withdrawn/escape (Leung, 2008a).
4. RESEARCH ON MOBILE PHONE IMPACT ON YOUTH
According to recent research sponsored by Secure Envoy, an internet security firm, more
people feel anxious and tense when they are out of reach of their phone -- and the younger
they are, the more likely the stress. Known as "nomophobia," or "no mobile-phone phobia," a
recent online survey of 1,000 people in the UK found that almost two thirds (66%) of
respondents were afflicted, a rise of 11% when compared to a similar study four years ago.
According to the survey, the younger you are, the more prone you are to nomophobia. The
youngest age group (18 -24) tops the nomophobic list at 77%, which is 11% more than that of
the next group -- those aged 25-34. Indian researchers have also evaluated mobile phone
dependence among students at M.G.M. Medical College and the associated hospital of central
India. India, after China, is the second largest mobile phone market in the world.
"Nomophobia is not included in the DSM [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders] yet," said Dr. Sanjay Dixit, one the researchers and the head of the Indian Journal
of Community Medicine. "But it is an upcoming problem. For the first time on this continent
[India], we are trying to make it more scientific," he added, referring to his undergoing
research on nomophobic India.(Vicky Kung, CNN March 7, 2012). Nomophobia literally
means no mobile phobia that is the fear of being out of mobile phone contact. If a person is in
an area of no network, has run out of balance or even worse run out of battery, the persons
gets anxious, which adversely affects the concentration level of the person. In recent times
there seems to have been a transformation of the cell phone from a status symbol to a
necessity because of the countless perks that a mobile phone provides like personal diary,
email dispatcher, calculator, video game player, camera and music player.

Mobile Phone Dependency and Self-esteem among Adolescents
5. SELF-ESTEEM
Self-esteem is a term used in psychology to reflect person's overall emotional evaluation of
his or her own worth. It is a judgment of oneself as well as an attitude toward the self. Self-
esteem is a disposition that a person has which represents their judgments of their own
worthiness. In the mid-1960s, Morris Rosenberg and social-learning theorists defined self-
esteem as a personal worth or worthiness.
5.1. Self-esteem and mobile dependency
Some studies explored the links between mobile phone use and self-esteem, that is, the extent
to which individuals view themselves as likeable and worthy . Two different types of
evidence motivated these studies. First, persons with low self-esteem seem to favor indirect
communication (e.g., email, SMSs), compared with individuals with high self-esteem who
generally preferred face-to-face communication. Second, several studies found low self-
esteem as a predictor for addictive behaviours, although this link was not consistently
demonstrated.
In the framework of mobile phone research, low self-esteem was demonstrated as a strong
predictor of dysfunctional use. These results were generally interpreted in the sense that
individuals with low self-esteem often experience the need to seek reassurance by contacting
other people (e.g., friends or partners), which makes them susceptible to excessive use and
dependence on the mobile phone.
Despite having established a clear relationship between problematic mobile phone use and
low self-esteem levels, these studies bring about limited comprehension of the psychological
mechanisms involved. Indeed, as emphasized by Heatherton and Polivy , self-esteem may
differ within specific domains (e.g., social, appearance or professional self-esteem) and across
time (e.g., trait vs. state self-esteem). For example, excessive use of the mobile phone could
be specifically related to fluctuations in social self-esteem. If this assumption is true, an
individual whose social self-esteem fluctuates and is context dependent would need to seek
reassurance through mobile phone use following a negative appraisal of a social interaction.
Accordingly, both disentangling the construct of self-esteem and taking into account its
dynamic nature seem to be required to better understand the role of low self-esteem in
dysfunctional mobile phone use.
5.2. Need for the study
Mobiles phones are greatest invention in today’s world and it continues to alter our social and
personal life's. Adolescents are addicted more to cell phone, they tend to give more
importance to inanimate object than the animate objects, friendships are being initiated,
developed, and broken: membership in a social clique may become significant; relationship
with family members may shift, which in turn affects them emotionally, socially and hinders
self-esteem . They tend to fell anxious, restless and irritate when there cell phone is away or
battery is dead. Since there is knowledge gap, the present study aims in understanding the
relationship between Mobile Dependency and Self –Esteem among adolescents.
6. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Jain et al (2013) conducted study to investigate mobile addiction among youngsters.
Participants consisted of 200 students in which 100 were boys and 100 were girls, selected
randomly from two colleges. Data consisted of participant’s scores from Mobile Addiction
Questionnaire. The study revealed that there was no difference between boys and girls with
regard to mobile phone addiction.

Leung (2008) conducted the study to investigate linking psychological attributes to
addiction and improper use of the mobile phone among adolescents in Hong Kong.
Participant consisted of 402 teenagers and young adults aged 14–20 in Hong Kong. Data
consisted participants scores of Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS), Leisure
Boredom Scale, Sensation-Seeking Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Mobile Phone
Call Usage Patterns. Results revealed that the higher one scored on leisure boredom and
sensation seeking, the higher the likelihood one was addicted. Conversely, subjects who
scored high on self-esteem demonstrated less of such tendency. The subjects who scored low
on self-esteem but high on sensation seeking reported the most improper use of the mobile
phone.
7. METHODOLOGY
7.1. Research problem
This study will examine the relationship between Mobile Dependency and Self –Esteem
among adolescents.
7.2. Objectives
To find the relationship between the self-esteem and mobile phone dependency among
adolescents.
7.3. Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between the self-esteem and mobile phone dependency
among adolescents.
i. there is no significant relationship between Self-esteem and Maladaptive Usage of
Mobile phone Dependency.
ii. there is no significant relationship between Self-esteem and Self Expression of Mobile
phone Dependency
iii. there is no significant relationship between Self-esteem and Peer Realtionship of
Mobile phone Dependency
iv. there is no significant relationship between Self-esteem and Interpersonal Reltaionship
of Mobile phone Dependency
v. there is no significant relationship between Self-esteem and Impulsivity of Mobile
phone Dependency
vi. there is no significant relationship between Self-esteem and Usage Time of Mobile
phone Dependency
7.4. Research design
In the present study, data regarding self-esteems and mobile phone addiction among
adolescent’s respondents was obtained to study the relationship between these variables.
7.5. Sampling design and size
A convenient sampling design was implemented to collect samples. A sample of 200
adolescents within the age range of 16 to 24 were taken from different part of Dakshina
Karnataka region such as Karkala and Mangalore. The sample included both the genders.

8. TOOLS
8.1. Mobile phone addiction scale.
MPAS scale by Dr.A.Velayudhan and Dr.S.Srividya is used to assess Mobile Dependency
consists of 37 items measuring 6 areas Maladaptive usage: 9, Self-expression: 9, Peer
relationship and mobile phones: 6, Interpersonal relations: 4, Impulsivity: 4, Usage time: 5. It
is a brief measure with test – retest reliability 0.70 which was quite satisfactory. split half
reliability 0.79 was found to be statistically significant 0.75 and internal consistency was
found using Cronbach Alpha coefficient 0.89. The validity was found using face validity.
8.2. Rosenberg Self-esteem scale
The scale was constructed by Rosenberg (1965) is a 10 items self-report measure of global
self-esteem. It consists of 10 statements related to overall feelings of self-worth or self-
acceptance. The item is answered on a four point scale ranging from Strongly Agree, Agree,
Disagree and Strongly Disagree. The scale is scored in four point rating. For items 1, 2, 4, 6
and 7, Strongly Agree=3, Agree=2, Disagree=1, and Strongly Disagree=0. For items 3, 5, 8, 9
and 10 strongly Agree=0, Agree=1, Disagree=2 and Strongly Disagree=3. The scale ranges
from 0-30. Scores between 15 and 25 are within normal range; scores below 15 suggest low
self-esteem. The original sample for which the scale was developed in the 1960s consisted of
5,024 high school juniors and seniors from 10 randomly selected schools in New York State
and was scored as a Guttmann scale. The scale generally has high reliability: test-retest
correlations are typically in the range of 0 .82 to 0.88, and Cronbach's alpha for various
samples are in the range of 0 .77 to 0 .88. Studies have demonstrated both a unidimensional
and a two-factor (self-confidence and self-deprecation) structure to the scale.
8.3. Procedure
Required permission was obtained from the college authorities and then the students were
briefed about the study by the researcher. After building the rapport subjects were briefed
about the study, the questionnaires were distributed and clear instructions regarding the
questionnaire and the ways to mark their response was explained to the students according to
the scale. And confidentially was assured and during the test conduction their doubts were
clarified. After the completion of the test the questionnaire were taken back and verified
whether they attended all the questions. The students and college management were thanked
for their support and cooperation.
8.4. Statistical tools
The descriptive statistic mean and standard deviation was used to describe sample
distribution. Quartile deviation was used in study to categorize the High self-esteem and low
self-esteem among mobile dependents. The one-way analysis of variance (abbreviated one-
way ANOVA) is a technique used to compare means of two or more samples (using the F
distribution).
8.5. Data analysis
Data from the questionnaires were entered into a file and analyses were run using SPSS 16.
For the variables, mean and standard deviation were calculated. Associations between
variable were calculated using One way ANOVA. And differences between Self-esteem were
found out using Quartile deviation. Questionnaires with missing information relevant to the
analysis were excluded.

9. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Shows the descrpitive statistics values for mobile phone dependency and self-esteem among
adolescents.
Mobile Addiction
factors
High Self-esteem
(N=36)
Moderate Self-
esteem (N=116)
Low Self-esteem
(N= 48)
MEAN SD MEAN SD MEAN SD
Maladaptive Usage 31.36 7.59 33.11 6.53 32.95 6.021
Self Expression 28.166 7.09 29.75 6.32 28.81 4.76
Peer Relationship 18.083 5.52 17.66 4.39 17.91 5.21
Interpersonal
Relationship
11.55 3.85 12.00 3.65 12.14 3.38
Impulsivity 11.33 3.60 12.13 3.42 11.43 3.33
Usage Time 8.69 2.86 7.93 2.31 8.35 2.64
Above table show the descriptive values of mobile dependency factors and self-esteem among
adolescents. The adolescents with high self-esteem in the factor Maladaptive Usage obtained
mean value of 31.36 with standard deviation value 7.59 (N=36), with moderate self-esteem
the mean value obtained is 33.11 with standard deviation value 6.53 (N=116) and in low self-
esteem mean value obtained is 32.95 with standard deviation value 6.021 (N=48). The
adolescents with high self-esteem in the factor self-expression obtained mean value of 28.166
with standard deviation value 7.09(N=36), with moderate self-esteem the mean value
obtained is 29.75 with standard deviation value 6.32 (N=116) and in low self-esteem mean
value obtained is 28.81 with standard deviation value 4.76 (N=48). The adolescents with high
self-esteem in the factor Peer Relationship obtained mean value of 18.083 with standard
deviation value 5.52 (N=36), with moderate self-esteem the mean value obtained is 17.66
with standard deviation value 4.39 (N=116) and in low self-esteem mean value obtained is
17.91with standard deviation value 5.21 (N=48). The adolescents with high self-esteem in
the factor Interpersonal Relationship obtained mean value of 11.55 with standard deviation
value 3.85 (N=36), with moderate self-esteem the mean value obtained is 12.00 with standard
deviation value 3.65 (N=116) and in low self-esteem mean value obtained is 12.14 with
standard deviation value 3.38 (N=48). The adolescents with high self-esteem in the factor
Impulsivity obtained mean value of 11.33 with standard deviation value 3.60 (N=36), with
moderate self-esteem the mean value obtained is 12.13 with standard deviation value 3.42
(N=116) and in low self-esteem mean value obtained is 11.43 with standard deviation value
3.33 (N=48). The adolescents with high self-esteem in the factor Usage Time obtained mean
value of 8.69 with standard deviation value 2.86 (N=36), with moderate self-esteem the mean
value obtained is 7.93 with standard deviation value 2.31 (N=116) and in low self-esteem
mean value obtained is 8.35with standard deviation value 2.64 (N=48).

Table 2 One Way ANNOVA score for Mobile Phone Dependency and Self-esteem among
Adolescents.
Sum of
squares
Df
Mean
Square
F Sig.
Maladaptive
usage
Between Groups 86.715 2 43.357 .990 .374
Within Groups 8629.765 197 43.806
Total 8716.480 199
Self-expression
Between Groups 80.417 2 40.209 1.066 .346
Within Groups 7430.062 197 37.716
Total 7510.480 199
Peer
relationship
Between Groups 5.695 2 2.848 .123 .884
Within Groups 4564.305 197 23.169
Total 4570.000 199
Interpersonal
relationship
Between Groups 7.727 2 3.863 .293 .746
Within Groups 2598.868 197 13.192
Total 2606.595 199
Impulsivity
Between Groups 27.269 2 13.635 1.155 .317
Within Groups 2325.606 197 11.805
Total 2352.875 199
Usage time
Between Groups 18.154 2 9.077 1.449 .237
Within Groups 1234.066 197 6.264
Total 1252.220 199
The above table clearly shows the degree of freedom of F value of the factors of Mobile
phone Addiction and Self-esteem among Adolescents.
The obtained F value 0.990 is not significant at 0.005 level, i.e., F(2,197)=0.990, P>0.05.
Hence the Hypothesis 1.1 is accepted. The obtained F value 1.066 is not significant at 0.005
level, i.e., F(2,197)=1.066, P>0.05. Hence the Hypothesis 1.2 is accepted.The obtained F
value 0.123 is not significant at 0.005 level, i.e., F (2,197)=0.123, P>0.05. Hence the
Hypothesis 1.3 is accepted. The obtained F value 0.293 is not significant at 0.005 level, i.e.,
F(2,197)=0.293 , P>0.05. Hence the Hypothesis 1.4 is accepted. The obtained F value 1.155 is
not significant at 0.005 level, i.e., F(2,197)=1.155, P>0.05. Hence the Hypothesis 1.5 is
accepted. The obtained F value 1.449 is not significant at 0.005 level, i.e., F(2,197)=1.499,
P>0.05. Hence the Hypothesis 1.6 is accepted.
The hypothesis stating “there is no significant difference between mobile dependency and
self-esteem among adolescents”, is accepted.
Shari P. Walsh a, Katherine M. White (2011) suggest there is no significant relationship
was found between self-esteem and young people’s mobile phone behaviour. Self-esteem was
found to influence participants’ need to belong and need to belong was associated with self-

identity, the strongest predictor of both frequency of use and mobile phone involvement. It
may be then that there is a squeal of psychological events influencing young people’s mobile
phone behaviour. Investigation of the relationship between self-esteem and other
psychological concepts, such as self-identity, in the context of mobile phone use may improve
our understanding of the complex psychological processes underpinning young people’s
behaviour.
There is no significant difference between Self-esteem and Mobile Addiction Factors. The
Mobile dependency among adolescents might results due to some other factors like boredom,
leisure, need to be recognized among peers, prestige etc which in turn lead to dependency.
9.1. Summary and conclusions
The present study was conducted to find out relationship between mobile dependency and
self-esteem among adolescents. The main objective of the study is to examine the relationship
between the self-esteem and mobile phone dependency among adolescents.
9.2. Hypothesis
This study will examine the relationship between Mobile Dependency and Self –Esteem
among adolescents.
i. There is no significant relationship between Self-esteem and Maladaptive Usage of
Mobile phone Dependency.
ii. there is no significant relationship between Self-esteem and Self Expression of Mobile
phone Dependency
iii. there is no significant relationship between Self-esteem and Peer Realtionship of
Mobile phone Dependency
iv. there is no significant relationship between Self-esteem and Interpersonal Relationship
of Mobile phone Dependency
v. there is no significant relationship between Self-esteem and Impulsivity of Mobile
phone Dependency
vi. there is no significant relationship between Self-esteem and Usage Time of Mobile
phone Dependency
200 adolescents were taken as sample using convenient sampling method. The age range
of the sample is 16 to 24 years from Dakshina Kannada region such as Karkala, Mangalore.
Correlation research design was adopted to study. Questionnaire used in the study was Mobile
Phone Addiction Scale by Dr.Veludhyan and Dr. Srividhya, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and
Demographic details. In order to evaluate the research hypothesis to find out mobile
dependency and self-esteem among adolescents One way ANOVA and to differentiate high
self-esteem and low self-esteem adolescents on mobile dependency Quartile deviation was
used.
The results revealed that there is no significant relationship between mobile dependency
and self-esteem among adolescents this might be due to influence of various factors like lack
of interest in answering questionnaire, less use of mobile phone as many of the adolescents
participated in study were residing in hostel and restrictions are imposed in the usage of
mobile phone, the adolescents do not use mobile phone as a indirect medium for social
interaction. The Mobile dependency among adolescents might results due to some other
factors like boredom, leisure, need to be recognized among peers, prestige etc which in turn
lead to dependency.

9.3. Recommendations
Study can be further extended by studying and relating variables like leisure, boredom,
sensation seeking, and self-concept. A study of mobile phone addiction can also be done by
comparing Pre University, Under Graduate and Post Graduate students. The sample size was
limited to 200 students only; similar study can be done on a large sample. A study comparing
the mobile phone addiction of rural and urban population can also be done. Mobile addiction
study can also be compared to metro city and small city.
9.4. Implications
A finding from this descriptive study reveals the need for more information regarding
adolescent mobile phone use and its relations with self-esteem. The influence of mobile
technology on our lives is huge and even greater on teenagers.
In the age in which adolescents are growing as individuals mobile phones lays a strong
base on their development. The usage of mobile phones in their age should be controlled but
they shouldn’t be discouraged from using them as they bring many benefits. The findings of
the study will be useful in assisting educators, counselors, and researchers develop strategies
to reduce mobile addiction among adolescents. The educational programs like creating
awareness about benefits of mobile phone i.e. how it assures parents regarding adolescent’s
safety and in the same way awareness regarding the negative impact of cell phone that is on
health, in academic performance, social interaction and self-esteem must also be endowed
with educational programs.
9.5. Limitations
There are a number of limitations in this study which need to be considered. One limitation is
that participants were selected by convenience, rather than by random selection. The study
was limited to small sample and might have had some impact on the findings.
10. CONCLUSIONS
The present study highlights the influence of mobile dependency among adolescents self-
esteem. The Mobile dependency among adolescents might results due to some other factors
like boredom, leisure, need to be recognized among peers, prestige etc which in turn lead to
dependency. The adolescents with high self-esteem are less prone to be dependent on mobile
phone than the adolescents with low self-esteem. Self-esteem might influence adolescents
need to belong and need to belong will associated with self-identity which can be the
strongest predictor of both frequency of use and mobile phone involvement.
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