This paper presents optimization of condenser water loop in Heating, Ventilation and
Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems using Artificial Co-operative Search (ACS) algorithm. Condenser
water loop has various components like cooling tower, chiller, fans and pumps. Set points for this
optimization are air and water flow rates, supply water temperature, wet and ambient bulb temperature.
Energy cost obtained by multi objective optimization developed in this paper. ACS based approach is
based methodology is equipped for taking care of the improvement issue In Comparison with the routine
strategies, this technique can possibility of considerable decrease in the operating cost.
Performance optimization assessment for a proper heat pump technology functio...Premier Publishers
This investigation represents a thermodynamic assessment of thermal performance optimization for a proper heat pump technology suitable for district hot water production at (60-65) °C. The clean energy sources integrated with environment friendly refrigerants were studied to optimize and validate the use of Cascade heat pump technology at various configurations. Three pure, R744, R600a and R134a, and one azeotropic mixture R410A refrigerants were circulated at different cycle arrangements. Two Cascade systems (Three Cycles), single Cascade system (Two Cycles), and compound Cascade system (Three Cycles) were proposed for the present assessment. The low temperature cycle operated at evaporator temperature of (-15 to -2) °C and the high temperature condenser was set at a temperature of (70) °C. The single Cascade heat pump circulating R410A/R134a and the two Cascade R410A/R717/R134a systems showed the best heating coefficient of performance (COP). The former refrigerant pair exhibited higher heating (COP) than that of the latter by (3.6-5) % calculated at (22.5) °C low temperature cycle intermediate temperature for the whole range of test conditions. The lowest (COP) was experienced by the two Cascade heat pump technology circulating R744/R717/R134a and R744/R717/R600a refrigerant pairs. The compound Cascade heat pump is definitely a promising option for low temperature heat source technology on the long term basis due to its low running cost for heating load generation. The heating (COP) showed a range of (2 to 2.7) at (70 %) compressor isentropic efficiency according to the system type, refrigerant pair and operating conditions considered in the present work. Any improvement for the compressor isentropic efficiency provides a valuable augmentation for the heating (COP) of the Cascade heat pump.
วารสารวิชาการเทคโนโลยีพลังงานและสิ่งแวดล้อม บัณฑิตวิทยาลัย วิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีสยาม
Journal of Energy and Environment Technology of Graduate School Siam Technology College
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance optimization assessment for a proper heat pump technology functio...Premier Publishers
This investigation represents a thermodynamic assessment of thermal performance optimization for a proper heat pump technology suitable for district hot water production at (60-65) °C. The clean energy sources integrated with environment friendly refrigerants were studied to optimize and validate the use of Cascade heat pump technology at various configurations. Three pure, R744, R600a and R134a, and one azeotropic mixture R410A refrigerants were circulated at different cycle arrangements. Two Cascade systems (Three Cycles), single Cascade system (Two Cycles), and compound Cascade system (Three Cycles) were proposed for the present assessment. The low temperature cycle operated at evaporator temperature of (-15 to -2) °C and the high temperature condenser was set at a temperature of (70) °C. The single Cascade heat pump circulating R410A/R134a and the two Cascade R410A/R717/R134a systems showed the best heating coefficient of performance (COP). The former refrigerant pair exhibited higher heating (COP) than that of the latter by (3.6-5) % calculated at (22.5) °C low temperature cycle intermediate temperature for the whole range of test conditions. The lowest (COP) was experienced by the two Cascade heat pump technology circulating R744/R717/R134a and R744/R717/R600a refrigerant pairs. The compound Cascade heat pump is definitely a promising option for low temperature heat source technology on the long term basis due to its low running cost for heating load generation. The heating (COP) showed a range of (2 to 2.7) at (70 %) compressor isentropic efficiency according to the system type, refrigerant pair and operating conditions considered in the present work. Any improvement for the compressor isentropic efficiency provides a valuable augmentation for the heating (COP) of the Cascade heat pump.
วารสารวิชาการเทคโนโลยีพลังงานและสิ่งแวดล้อม บัณฑิตวิทยาลัย วิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีสยาม
Journal of Energy and Environment Technology of Graduate School Siam Technology College
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance evaluations of two pass solar air heater using 60â° inclinedv-sh...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This paper elaborates the hydraulic characteristics of the water supply network of the town of Puerto Ayora. First, it intends to replicate the household individual storage by simulating nodal tanks with the use of the EPANET software. Later, it uses the Pressure-Driven Approach (PDA) to develop a methodology that estimates the overflow of storage facilities, one of the main sources of wastage in Puerto Ayora. Finally, it uses the Demand-Driven Approach (DDA), with the aim of assessing the network in the future, under four population growth scenarios. With the chosen moderate growth scenario, two options are suggested in order to tackle the water supply issues at the end of the planning horizon.
Photovoltaic (PV) cell from solar energy is one of the most widely adopted renewable energy source and commercially available system that can be used in various applications. More appealing application of PV arrays used in thermoelectric (TE) device was it can convert solar thermal energy from temperature difference into electric energy to act as power generators. In this study, a theoretical model is developed by using conducting steady state energy analysis of a PVT-TE air collector. The matrix inversion method is used to obtain energy balance equation. The effect of various parameters also investigated. The mass flow rate of range 0.01 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s and solar intensity of 400 W/m2, 600 W/m2 and 800 W/m2 was used to obtain outlet temperature, To in the range about 28.9oC to 43.7oC and PV temperature, Tp about 35.3oC to 60oC.
Investigation on Natural Circulation Loop with NanofluidIJERA Editor
Natural circulation loops transport heat from a heat source to a heat sink by natural convection process and
without the aid of pumps to circulate loop fluid to transport the heat. A vertically placed circular pipe loop is
equipped with two heat exchangers placed at its lower end and top end for heating and cooling of the loop
fluid respectively forms the Natural circulation loop. The fluid circulation is the result of buoyancy forces,
which in turn is the result of the density differences induced by the temperature differences existing in the
heat source and sink.
Investigation is carried out with loop fluid as distilled water alone and also with 0.25% concentration of CuO
nanofluids as loop fluid at various temperatures of heat source. It is observed that natural circulation flow
rates are enhanced with the use of nanofluid than with distilled water alone and also with increasing
temperature of hot fluid entering into the heat source.
DEVELOPING THE OPTIMIZED OCEAN CURRENT STRENGTHENING DESALINATION SEMI-PERMEA...ijbesjournal
Alongside improvements in desalination operation and development of new technologies, problems of weakened counter current and global warming have emerged. Therefore, our study suggests a new desalination model, based on the experimental Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm, for semipermeable membrane separation. First, the reverse osmosis (RO) process used semi-permeable membrane and osmotic pressure to remove the solutes dissolved in seawater and obtain pure freshwater. The desalination process also applied MSF and MED, which are the best technologies developed through elimination of various problems that were previously experienced. This research is directed towards suggesting a model that can effectively create the semi-permeable membrane used in the desalination process. To efficiently prevent a counter current and safely obtain the water resources, an innovative technology is suggested by applying Genetic Algorithm (GA) to the SVM model for the semi-p
Economics of a high performance solar distilled water planteSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, economic analysis of a high performance solar energy operated distilled water plant is presented. The monthly and the annual productivity of the high performance plant is compared with that of a conventional basin type solar still of equal size and material. The cost of the distilled water produced is determined by uniform cost analysis method. The analysis revealed that the production cost of the distilled water produced per litre by the high performance plant is Rs.5.07, whereas that for the conventional still is Rs.7.90 when the market cost is Rs.20.00. The high performance solar distilled water plant can be a very economical, cost effective, minimum maintenance and the zero energy cost option. Moreover, there is no pollution involved. Keywords: Distilled water, solar still, porous absorber, economic analysis and high performance.
Testing and Performance of Parabolic Trough Collector in Indian climateIJSRD
A parabolic trough collector is a type of solar thermal collector that is straight in one dimension and curved as a parabola in the other two, lined with a polished metal. The energy of sunlight which enters the mirror parallel to its plane of symmetry is focused along the focal line, where object is positioned that is intended to be heated. It consists of a tube, which runs the length of the trough at its focal line. The mirror is oriented so that sunlight which it reflects is concentrated on the tube, which contains a fluid which is heated to a high temperature by the energy of the sunlight. The hot fluid can be used for many purposes.
Experimental and Exergy Analysis of A Double Pipe Heat Exchanger for Parallel...IJERA Editor
This paper presents For Experimental and Exergy Analysis of a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger for Parallel- flow Arrangement. The Double pipe heat exchanger is one of the Different types of heat exchangers. double-pipe exchanger because one fluid flows inside a pipe and the other fluid flows between that pipe and another pipe that surrounds the first.In a parallel flow, both the hot and cold fluids enter the Heatexchanger at same end andmove in same direction. The present work is taken up to carry experimental work and the exergy analysis based on second law analysis of a Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger. In experimental set up hot water and cold water will be used working fluids. The inlet Hot water will be varied from 40 0C and 50 0C and cold water temperature will be varied from between 15 and 20. It has been planned to find effects of the inlet condition of both working fluid flowing through the heat exchanger on the heat transfer characteristics, entropy generation, and Exergy loss. The Mathematical modelling of heat exchanger will based on the conservation equation of mass, energy and based on second law of thermodynamics to find entropy generation and exergy losses.
Abstract: Passive liquid water recovery from fuel cell effluent can be achieved by designing effective desiccant. Recovered water from desiccant is used for humidification of proton exchange membrane (PEM) to maintain at hydrated state. Proper membrane humidity is crucial to ensure optimal operation of a PEM to generate electricity. In this study a desiccant called water separator is designed, it works without consuming any external energy. The main aim of designing a component is to recover liquid water from hundred percent humidified air (vapour) which is coming out from cathode compartment of fuel stack and it is further used for humidifying the oxidant before entering the stack inlet. The self-sufficient water in vapour is investigated theoretically and experimentally. When the water separator temperature reached the critical point especially in large power applications or long time operation, recovered water was not sufficient for air humidification. On the contrary, it is sufficient while the temperature of water separator was below critical line. The temperature of separator is controlled by providing adequate heat transfer. The recovered amount of water by condensing the outlet gas or vapour to a proper temperature, easily satisfy required amount for humidification of oxidant at inlet of stack.
Keywords:cell stack, Proton exchange membrane, Humidification, Vapour, Liquid water recovery.
Numerical and experimental study of a solar water heater for enhancement in t...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Largest commercial application amongst the various solar collectors is the solar flat plate collectors mainly due to its simple design as well as low maintenance cost. Numerical analysis of the solar water heater which involves conduction and convection due to radiation heat transfer using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as a tool has not been the focus of study so far. It is generally understood that sinusoidal flow passage tends to increase turbulence which in turn increases convective heat transfer. The advantage of using straight absorber tube over sinusoidal absorber tube on the thermal behavior of the solar water heater needs to be explored as a design prescription. In the study presented in this paper it is noted from the experimental and numerical analysis that the straight tube configuration has better performance than that of sinusoidal pipe configuration.
Keywords: Sinusoidal tube, Solar water heater, Convective heat transfer, Computational fluid dynamics.
Performance evaluations of two pass solar air heater using 60â° inclinedv-sh...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This paper elaborates the hydraulic characteristics of the water supply network of the town of Puerto Ayora. First, it intends to replicate the household individual storage by simulating nodal tanks with the use of the EPANET software. Later, it uses the Pressure-Driven Approach (PDA) to develop a methodology that estimates the overflow of storage facilities, one of the main sources of wastage in Puerto Ayora. Finally, it uses the Demand-Driven Approach (DDA), with the aim of assessing the network in the future, under four population growth scenarios. With the chosen moderate growth scenario, two options are suggested in order to tackle the water supply issues at the end of the planning horizon.
Photovoltaic (PV) cell from solar energy is one of the most widely adopted renewable energy source and commercially available system that can be used in various applications. More appealing application of PV arrays used in thermoelectric (TE) device was it can convert solar thermal energy from temperature difference into electric energy to act as power generators. In this study, a theoretical model is developed by using conducting steady state energy analysis of a PVT-TE air collector. The matrix inversion method is used to obtain energy balance equation. The effect of various parameters also investigated. The mass flow rate of range 0.01 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s and solar intensity of 400 W/m2, 600 W/m2 and 800 W/m2 was used to obtain outlet temperature, To in the range about 28.9oC to 43.7oC and PV temperature, Tp about 35.3oC to 60oC.
Investigation on Natural Circulation Loop with NanofluidIJERA Editor
Natural circulation loops transport heat from a heat source to a heat sink by natural convection process and
without the aid of pumps to circulate loop fluid to transport the heat. A vertically placed circular pipe loop is
equipped with two heat exchangers placed at its lower end and top end for heating and cooling of the loop
fluid respectively forms the Natural circulation loop. The fluid circulation is the result of buoyancy forces,
which in turn is the result of the density differences induced by the temperature differences existing in the
heat source and sink.
Investigation is carried out with loop fluid as distilled water alone and also with 0.25% concentration of CuO
nanofluids as loop fluid at various temperatures of heat source. It is observed that natural circulation flow
rates are enhanced with the use of nanofluid than with distilled water alone and also with increasing
temperature of hot fluid entering into the heat source.
DEVELOPING THE OPTIMIZED OCEAN CURRENT STRENGTHENING DESALINATION SEMI-PERMEA...ijbesjournal
Alongside improvements in desalination operation and development of new technologies, problems of weakened counter current and global warming have emerged. Therefore, our study suggests a new desalination model, based on the experimental Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm, for semipermeable membrane separation. First, the reverse osmosis (RO) process used semi-permeable membrane and osmotic pressure to remove the solutes dissolved in seawater and obtain pure freshwater. The desalination process also applied MSF and MED, which are the best technologies developed through elimination of various problems that were previously experienced. This research is directed towards suggesting a model that can effectively create the semi-permeable membrane used in the desalination process. To efficiently prevent a counter current and safely obtain the water resources, an innovative technology is suggested by applying Genetic Algorithm (GA) to the SVM model for the semi-p
Economics of a high performance solar distilled water planteSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, economic analysis of a high performance solar energy operated distilled water plant is presented. The monthly and the annual productivity of the high performance plant is compared with that of a conventional basin type solar still of equal size and material. The cost of the distilled water produced is determined by uniform cost analysis method. The analysis revealed that the production cost of the distilled water produced per litre by the high performance plant is Rs.5.07, whereas that for the conventional still is Rs.7.90 when the market cost is Rs.20.00. The high performance solar distilled water plant can be a very economical, cost effective, minimum maintenance and the zero energy cost option. Moreover, there is no pollution involved. Keywords: Distilled water, solar still, porous absorber, economic analysis and high performance.
Testing and Performance of Parabolic Trough Collector in Indian climateIJSRD
A parabolic trough collector is a type of solar thermal collector that is straight in one dimension and curved as a parabola in the other two, lined with a polished metal. The energy of sunlight which enters the mirror parallel to its plane of symmetry is focused along the focal line, where object is positioned that is intended to be heated. It consists of a tube, which runs the length of the trough at its focal line. The mirror is oriented so that sunlight which it reflects is concentrated on the tube, which contains a fluid which is heated to a high temperature by the energy of the sunlight. The hot fluid can be used for many purposes.
Experimental and Exergy Analysis of A Double Pipe Heat Exchanger for Parallel...IJERA Editor
This paper presents For Experimental and Exergy Analysis of a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger for Parallel- flow Arrangement. The Double pipe heat exchanger is one of the Different types of heat exchangers. double-pipe exchanger because one fluid flows inside a pipe and the other fluid flows between that pipe and another pipe that surrounds the first.In a parallel flow, both the hot and cold fluids enter the Heatexchanger at same end andmove in same direction. The present work is taken up to carry experimental work and the exergy analysis based on second law analysis of a Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger. In experimental set up hot water and cold water will be used working fluids. The inlet Hot water will be varied from 40 0C and 50 0C and cold water temperature will be varied from between 15 and 20. It has been planned to find effects of the inlet condition of both working fluid flowing through the heat exchanger on the heat transfer characteristics, entropy generation, and Exergy loss. The Mathematical modelling of heat exchanger will based on the conservation equation of mass, energy and based on second law of thermodynamics to find entropy generation and exergy losses.
Abstract: Passive liquid water recovery from fuel cell effluent can be achieved by designing effective desiccant. Recovered water from desiccant is used for humidification of proton exchange membrane (PEM) to maintain at hydrated state. Proper membrane humidity is crucial to ensure optimal operation of a PEM to generate electricity. In this study a desiccant called water separator is designed, it works without consuming any external energy. The main aim of designing a component is to recover liquid water from hundred percent humidified air (vapour) which is coming out from cathode compartment of fuel stack and it is further used for humidifying the oxidant before entering the stack inlet. The self-sufficient water in vapour is investigated theoretically and experimentally. When the water separator temperature reached the critical point especially in large power applications or long time operation, recovered water was not sufficient for air humidification. On the contrary, it is sufficient while the temperature of water separator was below critical line. The temperature of separator is controlled by providing adequate heat transfer. The recovered amount of water by condensing the outlet gas or vapour to a proper temperature, easily satisfy required amount for humidification of oxidant at inlet of stack.
Keywords:cell stack, Proton exchange membrane, Humidification, Vapour, Liquid water recovery.
Numerical and experimental study of a solar water heater for enhancement in t...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Largest commercial application amongst the various solar collectors is the solar flat plate collectors mainly due to its simple design as well as low maintenance cost. Numerical analysis of the solar water heater which involves conduction and convection due to radiation heat transfer using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as a tool has not been the focus of study so far. It is generally understood that sinusoidal flow passage tends to increase turbulence which in turn increases convective heat transfer. The advantage of using straight absorber tube over sinusoidal absorber tube on the thermal behavior of the solar water heater needs to be explored as a design prescription. In the study presented in this paper it is noted from the experimental and numerical analysis that the straight tube configuration has better performance than that of sinusoidal pipe configuration.
Keywords: Sinusoidal tube, Solar water heater, Convective heat transfer, Computational fluid dynamics.
Heat Transfer & Periodic Flow Analysis of Heat Exchanger by CFD with Nano FluidsIJERA Editor
Many heat transfer applications such as steam generators in a boiler or air cooling coil of an air conditioner, can
be modelled in a bank of tubes containing a fluid flowing at one temperature that is immersed in a second fluid
in a cross flow at different temperature. CFD simulations are a useful tool for understanding flow and heat
transfer principles as well as for modelling these types of geometries. Both the fluids considered in the present
study are CUO Nano fluids, and flow is classified as laminar and steady with Reynolds number between 100-
600.The mass flow rate of the cross flow and diameter has been varied (such as 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30
kg/sec and 0.8, 1.0.1.2 &1.4cm) and the models are used to predict the flow and temperature fields that result
from convective heat transfer. Due to symmetry of the tube bank and the periodicity of the flow inherent in the
tube bank geometry, only a portion of the geometry will be modelled and with symmetry applied to the outer
boundaries. The inflow boundary will be redefined as a periodic zone and the outflow boundary is defined as the
shadow. The various static pressures, velocities, and temperatures obtained are reported.
In this present project tubes of different diameters and different mass flow rates are considered to examine the
optimal flow distribution. Further the problem has been subjected to effect of materials used for tubes
manufacturing on heat transfer rate. Materials considered are copper and Nickle Chromium alloys. Results
emphasize the utilization of alloys in place of copper as tube material serves better heat transfer with most
economical way.
Heat Transfer & Periodic Flow Analysis of Heat Exchanger by CFD with Nano FluidsIJERA Editor
Many heat transfer applications such as steam generators in a boiler or air cooling coil of an air conditioner, can
be modelled in a bank of tubes containing a fluid flowing at one temperature that is immersed in a second fluid
in a cross flow at different temperature. CFD simulations are a useful tool for understanding flow and heat
transfer principles as well as for modelling these types of geometries. Both the fluids considered in the present
study are CUO Nano fluids, and flow is classified as laminar and steady with Reynolds number between 100-
600.The mass flow rate of the cross flow and diameter has been varied (such as 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30
kg/sec and 0.8, 1.0.1.2 &1.4cm) and the models are used to predict the flow and temperature fields that result
from convective heat transfer. Due to symmetry of the tube bank and the periodicity of the flow inherent in the
tube bank geometry, only a portion of the geometry will be modelled and with symmetry applied to the outer
boundaries. The inflow boundary will be redefined as a periodic zone and the outflow boundary is defined as the
shadow. The various static pressures, velocities, and temperatures obtained are reported.
In this present project tubes of different diameters and different mass flow rates are considered to examine the
optimal flow distribution. Further the problem has been subjected to effect of materials used for tubes
manufacturing on heat transfer rate. Materials considered are copper and Nickle Chromium alloys. Results
emphasize the utilization of alloys in place of copper as tube material serves better heat transfer with most
economical way
COMPARING ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF DOMESTIC SOLAR WATER HEATER INSTALLATION IN...AEIJjournal2
Adequate and consistent energy supply is often regarded as a major factor in the development of any
country. To add to this, the depletion of fossil fuels has also emphasised the need for alternate renewable
energy solutions to meet global energy needs without inflicting any serious environmental impacts. Solar
energy is globally acknowledged for its vast potential, as a source of providing most of the heating, cooling
and electricity needs of the world. One of the most effective uses of solar energy is water heating. The use
of solar energy to heat water has been proven to be a very economical, efficient and environmental friendly
option for domestic as well as commercial applications. This study compares the feasibility of domestic
solar water heater installation in three major cities of Pakistan i.e. Lahore, Karachi and Peshawar. The
results show the solar water heater installation is most feasible in Peshawar, among the three selected
cities.
Dynamic Simulation of a Hybrid Solar and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion SystemIJRES Journal
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is à system in which electricity is produced using small temperature difference of warm surface water and deep cold water in oceans. This paper analyzes the dynamic stability and performance simulation results of a solar and ocean thermal energy conversion (SOTEC) system connected to a power grid through undersea cables. In SOTEC, the temperature of warm sea water was boosted by using a typical low-cost solar thermal collector. The complete system model is established from the dynamics of each subsystem and their interconnections. Specifically, we examine stability and performance of the power system against such disturbance conditions as slow variations of solar radiation and severe three-phase short-circuit fault at the power grid. Simulation results indicate that the design of a power system stabilizer can improve the damping of power system under various disturbance conditions.
An approach to reduce cooling water consumption in thermal power plant by vap...dbpublications
Low water levels in feeder canals of thermal power plants causes shut down of power generations for a few days in the last few years. Apart from that the „Central Electricity Authority‟ produced a report on minimizing the overall water requirement of coal based thermal power stations, and as the report tells that a major proportion of the total water requirement of the power stations is the cooling water used.In this paper we made an attempt to perform a thermodynamic study and analysis of a 250 MW thermal power plant, to reduce the mass flow of cooling water by decreasing its temperature with the help of solar powered refrigeration system. So, here we are going to study an analytical mathematical model of a vapor absorption refrigeration system, and we will try to optimize it‟s control parameters using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. where the cooling water coming from the cooling tower enters into a solar refrigeration system before entering to the condenser of the power plant. , and we will try to optimize it‟s control parameters using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. As the temperature of the cooling water drops down because of the refrigeration system, the overall requirement of cooling water reduces. A mathematical model of amount of cooling water flow per second is made in this paper using Taguchi analysis.
The use of solar energy for water desalination becomes vital for sustainable water supply.
This paper aims to analyze the experimental behavior of double slope solar theoretically still
(DSSS). In this work, we proposed a theoretical model that can predict the DSSS performance. The
theoretical results of temperatures and the impact of wind speed on water production are in good
agreement with experimental findings. It is found that the temperature augments with augmenting the wind speed until a critical value, where the temperature starts to drop. In addition, water
production increases with increasing speed. In this way, we determined the optimum wind speed
to have maximum water production with minimum energy consumption simultaneously. The validation of the theoretical model allows us to predict the DSSS production under different climatic
conditions and to scale DSSS dimensions according to the need of water. The salinity of the water
is not a determining factor in its production. The production at 4.2 kWh/m2 daily insolation was
0.58 L/d. The volume of distilled water reaches a maximum value (62.3% efficiency) when glass
and environment temperatures are similar. This phenomenon occurs at 5.5 m/s wind speed
In this day and age of connected living, it is critical for people to interface the wellbeing factors and health conditions into trends so as to picturize the state of health of an individual. In addition, it is essential to include the wearables and therapeutic gears to viably speedup up the treatment cycle. It is equally important to pull health records and scanned images from various systems which follow different standards and ensure that they interact appropriately. These interactions could either be driven from the clinics and hospitals, or performed as a part of awareness by the end users (patients and health conscious individuals). To understand these interactions, we have taken Diabetes management as our use case. Diabetes is turning into a lifestyle disease and hence is an ideal candidate since we need to monitor the health conditions of the patient continuously. The vital parameters of the body could either be monitored through medical devices and equipment, body sensors, mobile applications, or wearables.This paper analyses the solutions proposed so far for effective diabetes management using cloud technology. The paper also touches upon IoT-based solutions which could be used to treat chronic ailments from remote locations.
DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR THERMAL HEAT RECEIVER SYSTEM WI...Journal For Research
Against a backdrop of our world’s changing climate solar thermal power generation shows great potential to move global energy production away from fossil fuels to non-polluting sources. A parameter study was conducted based on the previous analysis to improve specific aspects of the initial design using a value of benefit analysis to evaluate the different design. This project focused on the design, analysis and verification of a high temperature solar receiver. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis of Radiation model is carried out with new geometry design of receiver. Discrete Transfer Radiation Model (DTRM) model is used for numerical simulation.
The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal published Quarterly offers fast publication schedule whilst maintaining rigorous peer review. The use of recommended electronic formats for article delivery expedites the process of All submitted research articles are subjected to immediate rapid screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field of appropriate to ensure that they are likely to be the level of interest and importance of appropriate for the journal.
international research journal of engineering and technology 3 nov.pdfnareshkotra
The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal in English published Quarterly offers a fast publication schedule whilst maintaining a proper peer review and the use of recommended electronic formats for an article delivery expedites the process of All submitted research articles are subjected to an immediate rapid screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field as assure that they are likely to be the level of interest and importance of appropriate for the journal.
Similar to [IJET-V2I3P16] Authors:D.Jayakumar , Dr.D.B.Jabaraj (20)
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1. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 3, May – June 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 97
Energy Optimization of Condenser water loop in HVAC System
using Artificial Co-operative Search (ACS) algorithm
D.Jayakumar 1
, Dr.D.B.Jabaraj2
1(Research Scholar, Sathyabama University, Faculty of mechanical Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA)
2 (DEAN, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute University, Chennai, Tamil
Nadu, INDIA.)
I. INTRODUCTION
A typical centralized Heating, Ventilation and
Air- conditioning (HVAC) system comprises of
condenser water loop, together with chillers, indoor
air loops and chilled water loop to provide
comfort environment for the conditioned space.
The process of a condenser water loop consists of
condensers, condenser water piping and pumps, and
cooling towers. Condensers transfer indoor cooling
load and heat generated by compressors into
condenser water pipe where condenser water pumps
provide the energy to overcome the friction loss and
deliver condenser water to cooling towers. Cooling
towers reject heat to the environment through heat
transfer and evaporation to the ambient air.
The control and improvement has been considered
as a standout amongst the most troublesome issues
for practice control engineers. Condenser water
loop is one of the five principle capacity loops and
its operation has noteworthy impact to the general
system execution. The principle issues for effective
operation of condenser water loop are the execution
of cooling towers and the collaborations between
cooling towers, condenser water pumps and
chillers. For cooling towers, Cassidy and Stack's
Work [1] demonstrated that changing the rate of
cooling tower fans is a decent approach to decrease
energy utilization. Braun and Doderrich [2]
proposed Near-ideal control of cooling towers
taking into account parameter assessed from
configuration information. This strategy was further
received by Cascia [3] to improve the segment
demonstrate and give conditions to deciding the set
purposes of close ideal control. For connections
amongst chillers and cooling towers, Shelton and
Joyce's work [4] suggested 1.5 gpm/Ton
condenser water stream rate as an ideal
arrangement. Later, Kirsner [5] called attention to
that high condenser water stream rate (3 gpm/Ton)
has great execution at full load condition, while low
condenser water stream rate (1.5 gpm/Ton) has
points of interest at part stack conditions. Michael
and Emery [6] broke down the cost-ideal
determination of the cooling tower range and
approach and gave the outline data to hermetic
divergent and responding chillers. Schwedler [7]
contemplated the variety of condenser water supply
temperature and utilized a few case to show his
primary thought that the most reduced conceivable
leaving tower water temperature does not generally
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
Abstract:
This paper presents optimization of condenser water loop in Heating, Ventilation and
Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems using Artificial Co-operative Search (ACS) algorithm. Condenser
water loop has various components like cooling tower, chiller, fans and pumps. Set points for this
optimization are air and water flow rates, supply water temperature, wet and ambient bulb temperature.
Energy cost obtained by multi objective optimization developed in this paper. ACS based approach is
based methodology is equipped for taking care of the improvement issue In Comparison with the routine
strategies, this technique can possibility of considerable decrease in the operating cost.
Keywords — HVAC system optimization, ACS, optimization, condenser water loop
2. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 3, May – June 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 98
ration framework utilization. Be that as it may, his
examination just considered the fans with half-
speed and full-speed conditions, which was not
indisputable. Regardless of the advancement made
as of late on individual part demonstrating, control,
enhancement and operation rules, there is still
absence of a methodical methodology which
considers the condenser water loop in general to
advance its operation. Jayakumar [10] et al, used
TLBO algorithm and demonstrated that the
potential energy saving in condenser water loop
system in HVAC system.
The operation of HVAC system is critical activity
in terms of optimizing the control settings to reduce
the energy consumption and maintaining the
thermal comfort for occupants. The performance
and operating efficiency of the HVAC systems can
be improved by adjusting the set points.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
The schematic block diagram of a condenser water
loop is shown in Fig.1
Fig .1 Schematic diagram of condenser water loop
Without loss of sweeping statement, it is expected
that both chilled water supply temperature, Temp-
CHWS, and chilled water flow rate inside chiller,
m-CHW, are kept as constants, while the chilled
water return temperature, Temp-CHWR, shifts with
the cooling load in the conditioned space. The
controlled variables of the system for control and
optimization are as
The quantities of working chillers r, condenser
water pumps s, and cooling tower fans t.
The condenser water flow rate Mw, s,
controlled by the sth Variable-Speed Drive
(VSD) condenser water pump.
The wind current rate in cooling towers
Ma,t, controlled by the tth VSD cooling
tower fan.
The condenser water supply temperature, TCWS,
controlled by the blend of aggregate condenser
water flow rate mw and air flow rate principle
cooling towers.
Objective Function
The objective is to minimize total power
consumption of the whole condenser water loop,
and is given as defined by Lu[9],
Constraints:
Considered single-chiller systems as a of multi-
chiller installations and it employs only one chiller,
one condenser water pump and one cooling tower
fan. The combination of multiple chillers, pumps,
and fans is no longer required in the problem
solving process
III. ARTIFICIAL COOPERATIVE SEARCH
ALGORITHM
Artificial Cooperative Search (ACS) calculation
(ACS) [8] is a swarm insight calculation produced
for understanding genuine esteemed numerical
streamlining issues. A mutualism based organic
association exists between various living species in
nature. The living species required in a mutualism
based natural communication attempt to determine
shared advantages from the specified cooperation.
3. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 3, May – June 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 99
Participation is the association of homogenous
living species that embrace mutualism. Mutualism
and participation based natural cooperation of two
eusocial superorganisms living in the same
environment motivated the ACS calculation. The
territory idea in ACS calculation coordinates the
look space idea that has a place with the related
issue.
ACS depends on the movement of two fake super
creatures as they naturally connect to accomplish
the worldwide least esteem to the issue. The amount
of sustenance that can be gotten from an
encompassing environment is by and large subject
to occasional atmosphere, a change which shifts
quickly. This climatic change has created regular
movement conduct for various encouraging
situations. Preceding relocation, greater part of the
individuals bunch together to frame a
superorganism. The superorganisms that display
regular relocation conduct can move and discover
more rich nourishment natural surroundings. Before
the movement, numerous superorganisms likewise
sort out into subgroups known as sub-
superorganisms. Amid such conditions, the
character of a superorganism is resolved with the
coordination of sub-superorganisms. Wayfarers are
utilized to seek in point of interest another spot
before endeavoring to move to another territory.
The adventurers then hand-off the information
relating to the new relocation zone to the
superorganism. On the off chance that the
superorganism considers the territory proposed
appropriate for movement, at that point the
pertinent superorganism moves to this newfound
zone, stops and nourishes there for a period, in the
interim, it rehashes its conduct to discover more
productive regions and moves once more. In this
way, the living species naturally cooperate with
each other to discover their encouraging and
propagation needs.
In ACS calculation, a superorganism comprising of
irregular arrangements of the related issue
compares to an manufactured superorganism
relocating to more profitable bolstering ranges.
ACS calculation contains two superorganisms; α
and β that have manufactured sub-superorganisms
equivalent to the measurement of the populace (N).
The measurement of the issue (D) is equivalent to
the quantity of people inside the related sub-
superorganisms. In ACS calculation, α and β
superorganisms are utilized for the discovery of
simulated Predator and Prey subsuperorganisms.
The Predator sub-superorganisms in ACS
calculation can seek after the Prey sub-
superorganisms for a timeframe while they relocate
towards worldwide least of the issue. At the point
when the iterative estimation procedure of ACS
calculation that is named as co development
procedure is thought of it as, can be seen that the
two superorganisms searching for the worldwide
least of the related issue, set up participation based
natural association between each other. In ACS
calculation the underlying estimations of the people
of ith sub-superorganism of α (i.e., α_(i,j)) and β
(i.e., β_(i,j)) are characterized by utilizing (1) and
(2) ;
αi, j,g = rand.(up j - lowj ) + lowj
(1)
βi, j,g = rand.(up j - lowj ) + lowj
(2)
where i = 1, 2, 3, ... , N, j = 1, 2, 3, ... , D and g = 0,
1, 2, 3, ... , max cycle. The "g" esteem here means
the era number communicating the co advancement
level containing the related superorganisms. The
rand demonstrates an irregular number browsed the
uniform circulation with U~[0 1]. The upj and lowj
are the upper furthermore, bring down breaking
points of quest space for jth measurement of the
related issue. The efficiency values (i.e., wellness
values) got by the related sub-superorganisms are
figured by utilizing (3) and (4);
yi,α = f(αi)
(3)
yi,β = f(i)
(4)
The organic cooperation area, X, amongst Predator
and Prey sub-superorganisms is demonstrated
utilizing the condition;
X= Predator + R(Prey - Predator)
(5)
where, R is the Scale figure that controls the pace of
organic collaboration. The probabilistic way of
ACS calculation causes the superorganism that is
resolved as the predator to be changed in every
era. Along these lines, ACS calculation gives a
4. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 3, May – June 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 100
helpful/coevolution process for both of the
superorganisms.
The pseudo code of ACS calculation is given in [3].
The proposed calculation can be actualized with
meeting, cycle or resilience as the halting criteria.
In this proposed study, emphasis tally has been
taken as the halting criteria.
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The average energy consumption by using
optimization method is nearly 8.1% less than
that of commonly used control strategy. In
practice, the energy savings resulted from
operating points optimization may be different
from system to system. In general, however, it
can be expected that the proposed
optimization method can substantially reduce
the energy consumption of condenser water
loops.
To delineate the benefits of the optimization
strategies for seeking the optimal operating
points, an application case is given beneath:
A central air-conditioning has four chillers,
four condenser water pumps, and four cooling
towers.
Three chillers have the same
ostensible cooling load limit, 500
Ton.
The chilled water supply
temperature is 45 °F (7.2 °C)
The nominal condenser water
supply temperature is 85°F (29.4
°C).
The energy utilization of every
chiller is 0.6 kW/Ton at the full
load condition.
Each chiller has one condenser
water pump and its ostensible
water stream rate is 100 kg/s.
Each cooling tower is furnished
with an enthusiast of 30 kW at full
load and can give 30 kg/s wind
current rate
All pumps and fans are outfitted
with VSDs and their velocity
extending from half to 150% of full
load.
To contrast and the optimal
working point control technique, a
generally utilized
augmentation/decrement chiller
organizing technique with altered
condenser water stream rate and air
flow rate control procedure is
utilized with taking after working
conditions.
The condenser water flow rate is
settled at 100 kg/s per condenser
water pump and the pump is
arranging on with the comparing
chiller.
The wind current rate in cooling tower is altered at
30 kg/s when the cooling tower fan working under
the evaluated speed.
V. CONCLUSIONS
The normal energy utilization by utilizing
optimization technique is almost 10% not as
much as that of ordinarily utilized control system.
By and by, the energy saving came about
because of working focuses advancement might
be unique in relation to system. By and large, in
any case, it can be normal that the proposed
optimization technique considerably diminish
the energy utilization of condenser water loop.
REFERENCES
1. M.P. Cassidy and J.F. Stack, “Applying
Adjustable speed AC Drives to Cooling Tower
Fans”, Annual Petroleum and Chemical Industry
Conference, IEEE, 1988.
2. J.E. Braun and G.T. Doderrich, “Near-
Optimal Control of Cooling Towers for
Chilled-Water Systems”, ASHRAE Transactions,
Vol. 96, No. 2, 1990, pp. 806-813.
3. M.A. Cascia, “Digital Controller for A Cooling
and Heating Plant Having Near-Optimal Global
Set Point Control Strategy”, US Patents 5963458,
1999.
4. S.V. Shelton and C.T. Joyce, “Cooling
Tower
5. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 3, May – June 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 101
Optimization for Centrifugal Chillers”, ASHRAE
Journal, Vol. 33, No. 6, 1991, pp. 28-36.
5. W. Kirsner, “3 GPM/Ton Condenser Water
Flow Rate: Does It Waste Energy?”, ASHRAE
Journal, Vol.38, No. 2, 1996, pp. 63-69.
6. K.M. Michael and A.F. Emery, “Cost-
Optimal Analysis of Cooling Towers”,
ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 100 No. 2, 1994,
pp. 92-101.
7. M. Schwedler,“Take It to the Limit…or Just
Halfway?”, ASHRAE Journal, Vol. 40 No.7,
1998, pp. 32-39.
8. P.Civicioglu, Artificial cooperative search
algorithm for numerical optimization problems,
Information Sciences, vol. 229(2013), pp 58-76.
9. L. Lu, Wenjian. Cai, Yeng Soh Chai, Lihua
Xie, , “Global optimization of overall HVAC
systems – part I problem formulation and analysis,”
Energy Conservation and Management, Vol. 46 pp.
999-1014, 2005.
10. D.Jayakumar, D.B.Jabaraj, “Application of
Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) of
Condenser water loop in HVAC System”,
International Journal of Applied Engineering
Research, Vol. 10 No.68 (2015).