This monograph analyzes Egyptian-type pottery found in Late Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant to better understand chronological correlations between Egypt and the Levant during this period. It assembles ceramic data on Egyptian vessel forms and fabrics found at Levantine sites. While it does not significantly advance chronological understanding, it provides insights into Egyptian and Levantine ceramic technological traditions by examining how locally-made Egyptian-inspired pottery was manufactured using Levantine clays and production methods. The study also finds that Egyptian and local Canaanite potters in the Levant engaged in shared production techniques, suggesting interaction and cooperation between the groups. However, the study could have more fully explored how pottery production traditions were used to
Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 92: Tomb Inscription During the...Scientific Review SR
This document discusses ancient Egyptian tomb inscriptions from the Old Kingdom period, specifically the Third through Fifth Dynasties. It provides several examples of reliefs and scenes from tombs that contain hieroglyphic inscriptions, including a relief of a dentist from the Third Dynasty, a hunting scene from a Fourth Dynasty tomb with an inscription above, and a colorful scene from a Fifth Dynasty tomb with a descriptive text in four columns above the images. The document examines the development of tomb inscriptions during this early period in ancient Egypt and highlights the important role they played in documenting the tomb owners' lives and achievements.
Ancient times a_history_of_the_early_world-james_henry_breasted-1916-869pgs-hisRareBooksnRecords
This document provides an introduction and preface to the book "Ancient Times: A History of the Early World" by James Henry Breasted. It discusses the major developments in the study of ancient history in the 20 years since the first edition, including discoveries that have expanded knowledge of prehistory and early civilizations. These findings have allowed the text to be entirely rewritten. The preface acknowledges contributions from other scholars and expeditions that supported revisions to the book and new illustrations.
Egyptian art developed between 5000 BC and 300 BC and was focused on honoring the dead. Paintings and sculptures depicted gods and the pharaohs and were meant to accompany people into the afterlife. Architecture like pyramids and temples were constructed as tombs and places of worship. Egyptian artforms included paintings on papyrus and walls, sculptures of gods and people, and massive architectural structures for burial and religion. Egyptian art and culture influenced later societies through hieroglyphics, calendar systems, and beliefs about the afterlife.
Este documento describe el procedimiento maestro para las consultas de alergología pediátrica. El procedimiento incluye confirmar la cita, integrar al paciente al protocolo de estudio, revisar el expediente clínico y aplicar pruebas de alergia según sea necesario. Al final de la consulta, el médico decidirá si dar de alta al paciente o integrarlo a un protocolo de estudio continuo.
El documento describe los pasos para construir un cuadrado usando la herramienta de polígono regular en el software GeoGebra. Primero se dibujan los puntos A y B y luego se selecciona la opción de polígono regular. Al digitar 4 vertices aparece un cuadrado. A continuación, se explican los pasos para realizar la autoevaluación marcando puntos, ángulos, diagonales y medidas.
Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 92: Tomb Inscription During the...Scientific Review SR
This document discusses ancient Egyptian tomb inscriptions from the Old Kingdom period, specifically the Third through Fifth Dynasties. It provides several examples of reliefs and scenes from tombs that contain hieroglyphic inscriptions, including a relief of a dentist from the Third Dynasty, a hunting scene from a Fourth Dynasty tomb with an inscription above, and a colorful scene from a Fifth Dynasty tomb with a descriptive text in four columns above the images. The document examines the development of tomb inscriptions during this early period in ancient Egypt and highlights the important role they played in documenting the tomb owners' lives and achievements.
Ancient times a_history_of_the_early_world-james_henry_breasted-1916-869pgs-hisRareBooksnRecords
This document provides an introduction and preface to the book "Ancient Times: A History of the Early World" by James Henry Breasted. It discusses the major developments in the study of ancient history in the 20 years since the first edition, including discoveries that have expanded knowledge of prehistory and early civilizations. These findings have allowed the text to be entirely rewritten. The preface acknowledges contributions from other scholars and expeditions that supported revisions to the book and new illustrations.
Egyptian art developed between 5000 BC and 300 BC and was focused on honoring the dead. Paintings and sculptures depicted gods and the pharaohs and were meant to accompany people into the afterlife. Architecture like pyramids and temples were constructed as tombs and places of worship. Egyptian artforms included paintings on papyrus and walls, sculptures of gods and people, and massive architectural structures for burial and religion. Egyptian art and culture influenced later societies through hieroglyphics, calendar systems, and beliefs about the afterlife.
Este documento describe el procedimiento maestro para las consultas de alergología pediátrica. El procedimiento incluye confirmar la cita, integrar al paciente al protocolo de estudio, revisar el expediente clínico y aplicar pruebas de alergia según sea necesario. Al final de la consulta, el médico decidirá si dar de alta al paciente o integrarlo a un protocolo de estudio continuo.
El documento describe los pasos para construir un cuadrado usando la herramienta de polígono regular en el software GeoGebra. Primero se dibujan los puntos A y B y luego se selecciona la opción de polígono regular. Al digitar 4 vertices aparece un cuadrado. A continuación, se explican los pasos para realizar la autoevaluación marcando puntos, ángulos, diagonales y medidas.
This document lists farmers markets in Baltimore City, Baltimore County, Calvert County, and Carroll County in Maryland. It provides the addresses and contact information for 27 different farmers markets, including locations, days and hours of operation, and what programs each market accepts such as FMNP (Farmers Market Nutrition Program), FVC (Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program), and SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, formerly known as food stamps). The markets operate between March and December, with most open Saturday mornings and Wednesday or Thursday afternoons.
CÔNG TY TNHH THIẾT BỊ ĐIỆN AP
22 Lê Văn Khương, xã Đông Thạnh, Huyện Hóc Môn, tp. Hồ Chí Minh
Tel : (84.8) 37115015 - Fax : (84.8) 37115029
Email : apelectricalequipment@gmail.com <mailto:apelectricalequipment> ; sales@giconduit.com <http: />
Website: www.ongthepluondaydien.com <http: />
Hơn 5 năm kinh nghiệm trong lĩnh vực cung cấp vật tư thiết bị địên cho các khách hàng là các nhà thầu thi công cơ điện cũng như chủ đầu tư, Công ty AP với thương hiệuAP được biết đến như một đối tác cung cấp vật tư uy tín, hiệu quả và đã đồng hành với các nhà thầu thi công cơ diện tham gia cung cấp vật tư thiết bị điện cho hầu hết các công trình lớn nhỏ trên toàn quốc.
Chúng tôi chuyên cung cấp :
► Ống GI Panasonic( Made in Thailand ) theo các tiêu chuẩn :
o JIS ( Japanese Industrial Standards ) : E type, C type
o ANSI ( America National Standard Institute ) : EMT type, IMC type, BS ( British Standard ) : BS-31, BS-4568
► Ống GI AP (Vietnam) theo các tiêu chuẩn :
o BS ( British Standard ) :
o BS-4568: http://giconduit.com/index.php?site=product&searchst=category|66 <http: />
o ANSI ( American National Standard Institute ) :
o EMT type: http://giconduit.com/index.php?site=product&searchst=category|64 <http: />
o IMC type: http://giconduit.com/index.php?site=product&searchst=category|65 <http: />
o UL ( Under Laboratory ) : UL 797, UL 1242
o JIS ( Japanese Industrial Standard)
o Loại E trơn: http://giconduit.com/index.php?site=product&searchst=category|70 <http: />
o Các chủng loại ống GI mạ màu dùng cho các lĩnh vực chuyên d ụng như PCCC, M&E, Comunication, v.v
► Ống GI loại mềm ( Flexible Conduit ) với lớp vỏ bọc nhựa và không bọc nhưa : http://giconduit.com/index.php?site=product&searchst=category|69 <http: />
► Đầy đủ các chủng loại phụ kiện thi công dùng cho ống GI :
o Coupling ( khớp nối ) : Thread type, Threadless type
o Saddle ( móc kẹp ống )
o Junction box ( Hộp đấu nối ống ) : 1,2,3,4 way.
o Elbow ( co cong 90 độ )
o Flexible connector (đầu nối ống mềm )
o Box connector (đầu nối ống EMT )
o Locknut (đai nối )
o Bushing (đai chặn - chống trầy xướt cáp khi kéo trong ống )
► Hệ treo ống điện/PCC thi công dùng cho ống GI :http://giconduit.com/index.php?site=product&searchst=category|67 <http: />
• Thanh chống đa năng (Unistrut/C-Channel) & phụ kiện
• Ty ren
• Kẹp Xà gồ ( Beam Clamp, Purpling Clamp)
Hãy liên hệ ngay với chúng tôi khi quý khách có nhu cầu :
Với những dự án lớn chúng tôi luôn có chính sách ưu đãi với mức giá tốt nhất. Liên hệ tr
Must is used to talk about certainty in the past and to express something that is prohibited or not allowed. Have to expresses obligation or necessity in the present or future. While must and have to can both express certainty, they have different meanings in the negative - must indicates something is prohibited while have to expresses a lack of obligation.
This document lists upcoming weeks for assignments with week 5, 8, and 9 mentioned. Week 5 has an assignment due while weeks 8 and 9 are also noted but no details are provided about deliverables for those weeks.
Gangguan Metabolisme dan Penyesuaian Dosis Antimikroba pada HIV /AIDSSoroy Lardo
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang HIV/AIDS dan penanganannya. HIV dapat menyebabkan berbagai masalah kesehatan karena menurunkan kekebalan tubuh. Penanganan HIV meliputi terapi antiretroviral dan pengobatan infeksi sekunder. Pemberian dosis antimikroba yang tepat sangat penting pada pasien AIDS karena gangguan metabolisme yang ditimbulkannya.
This document provides an abstract for an international workshop on pottery production in Eretria, Greece from the Early Helladic to Hellenistic periods. The workshop will take place on March 2-3, 2017 at Lausanne University. It will include presentations on pottery analyses from various periods, including the Hellenistic, Geometric, Classical, Middle Helladic, and Early Helladic periods. The analyses involve macroscopic, petrographic, and chemical studies of pottery samples to characterize fabric groups and determine local versus non-local production. The goal is to better understand pottery craftsmanship and trade in the area over time.
Here are the key steps for processing pottery retrieved from archaeological excavations according to the system developed by the author:
1. Sort pottery into diagnostic and non-diagnostic fragments. Diagnostic fragments allow deducing the original vessel form.
2. Classify diagnostic fragments according to the site's typology and record them on pottery forms.
3. Separately sort and weigh non-diagnostic bread mold pieces and other non-diagnostic sherds, then discard sherds.
4. Select pots for scale drawings and store separately.
5. Photograph diagnostic pots from multiple angles to document complete forms, shapes, decoration, and markings.
6. Photograph clay fabric in pottery wall breaks.
This document provides a preface and table of contents for a two volume work on "A History of Art in Ancient Egypt" by Georges Perrot and Charles Chipiez. The preface discusses the scope of the work, which aims to trace the evolution of art from the Pharaohs to the Roman Empire. It highlights the work's comprehensive treatment of Egyptian art and architecture and how it builds on previous scholarship. The table of contents outlines the chapters to come on Egyptian civilization, architecture, sepulchral architecture, and sacred architecture.
The paper investigates the development of the stone vessels industry in Ancient Egypt during the periods from the
Middle Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period. The paper presents samples of the stone vessels during those periods and tries to
analyze each sample showing its characteristics and location if known. The design of each stone vessel is outlined and the
decoration (if any) is investigated. The development aspects of the stone vessels industry is investigated highlighting the
innovations of the designs and their manufacturing. The maximum development of stone vessels in the 18th dynasty is outlined
with example models from the rein of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.
Alum In Ancient Egypt The Written EvidenceJeff Nelson
This book contains the proceedings of the 9th conference of the research group 'Textiles from the Nile Valley', which took place in Antwerp in 2015 and focused on textile finds from excavations in Egypt. The book includes 18 articles covering textiles excavated from sites such as Deir el-Banat, Wadi Sarga, Matmar, and Fag el-Gamus, as well as studies on textile techniques, iconography, dyeing, and collections. The conference and publication were supported by Katoen Natie and various individuals who contributed to editing and organizing the book.
NOTES - Module 3 Module Notes Ancient Aegean World and Emergence o.docxpoulterbarbara
NOTES - Module 3: Module Notes: Ancient Aegean World and Emergence of Greek Civilization
Module 3 presents two cultures of the Aegean: the Minoans of Crete, and the Mycenaean people on the Greek mainland. The rarity of written evidence from this period forces historians to rely on architectural remains and artifacts to interpret the cultures. We will do the same.
Two vibrant Aegean civilizations existed that were concurrent with Middle and New Kingdom Egypt. These were the cultures of the Minoans, based on the large island of Crete (c.1900-c.1450), and the Mycenaean people, based on today’s mainland Greece (c.1600-c.1100 BCE). These were not Greeks, but pre-Greek peoples. Very few written records survive, and so we do not have the same full picture of history here that we do for the Egyptians. Archaeological evidence, however, shows these cultures to be prosperous groups whose wealth was based on seafaring trade.
Late 19th and early 20th century digs have uncovered important citadel or palace complexes related to these groups. For the Minoans, the text concentrates on the Palace of Knossos on Crete. This labyrinthine structure included living quarters, mercantile areas, courtyards, a processional corridor, theaters and religious spaces. Surviving wall paintings have an informal, even playful quality. Pottery, an important art and export item, show painted motifs whose curling, free-floating forms derive from sea life and other nature subjects.
For the Mycenaean culture, the text concentrates on the hilltop site of Mycenae, for which this culture is named. Here, you will find massive defensive walls, evidence of palace architecture, and shaft graves which held gold funerary masks and decorative items of wealth, incorporating the same playful Minoan imagery.
In this module, you will also be introduced to the Greeks. These people migrated onto the Greek peninsula between 1200 and 1100 BCE, ending Mycenaean dominance there. History is sparce for several hundred years, but a strong Greek culture emerged around 800 BCE. We saw how important tradition and persistent conventions were to the Egyptians. The Greek culture contrasts with this traditionalism by embracing experimentation and exploration in everything from political systems, to philosophical ideas, to empirical science. Competition between the separate Greek city states helped spur on their seemingly modern notion of progress. In art, we also see experimentation and evolution of style. In this module, we can focus on pottery alone to see rapid style changes that form a traceable, linear progression. The four Greek pottery phases are Geometric, Orientalizing, Black Figure and Red Figure. Each style presents beautiful representation of Greek myths and legends, along with athletic events and secular Greek life.
Now that you have completed the module readings, please move to the next learning activity, Dissecting a Palace in Search of Minoan Culture.
Assignment -
The written documen ...
1) The document outlines the evolution of Egyptian art and architecture from the Predynastic period through the New Kingdom, including the development of royal tombs from mastabas to pyramids and the stylistic conventions that remained consistent over thousands of years.
2) Notable periods discussed include the Old Kingdom with sculptures showing status differences and the innovations of Imhotep, the Middle Kingdom with rock-cut tombs, and the New Kingdom featuring the grand mortuary temples of Hatshepsut and Ramses II along with the distinctive Amarna style during Akhenaten's reign.
Archaeology in Ancient Egypt spans over 4,000 years of history along the Nile River valley. Early settlements developed around 3500 BC along the fertile banks of the Nile, relying on annual floods for agriculture. Egyptian civilization emerged with the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt in the Archaic Period. Egypt's history is divided into 30 dynasties by the Egyptian historian Manetho. Modern Egyptology was born from Napoleon's expedition to Egypt in the late 18th century and Jean-François Champollion's deciphering of hieroglyphics using the Rosetta Stone.
1. The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Egyptian art and culture from the Predynastic period through the Late Period, focusing on funerary architecture and sculpture. It describes the evolution of burial monuments from mastabas and stepped pyramids to true pyramids and rock-cut tombs.
2. Notable monuments discussed include the stepped pyramid and mortuary complex of Djoser, the Great Pyramids of Giza, and the rock-cut tombs at Beni Hasan. Sculptural styles are examined, ranging from stylized figures to more naturalistic portraits.
3. Major historical periods like the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom are addressed in
This document provides an overview of the content to be covered regarding ancient Mediterranean art from 3500 BCE to 300 CE. It will focus on four subunits: Ancient Near East, Ancient Egypt, Aegean/Ancient Greek, and Etruscan/Ancient Roman art. For the Aegean/Ancient Greek section, it provides a brief introduction to Aegean art of the Bronze Age, including the key Cycladic, Minoan, and Mycenaean cultures and time periods. It also outlines the major artistic periods of ancient Greece: Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic. The document concludes by stating that the Etruscan/Ancient Roman section will cover material
This is ninth paper in a series of research papers exploring the history of mechanical engineering during the
Ancient Egypt era. The paper investigates the industry of pottery in Ancient Egypt over periods from Predynastic
to Old Kingdom. The paper presents samples of pottery ware and tries to analyze each sample showing its
characteristics and location if known. The designs of each pottery ware is outlined. The decorations of the pottery
ware are outlined with emphases on the innovations in the pottery industry during the studied periods. The
manufacturing technique of pottery ware is stresses from point of view of mass production.
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OF GODS AND MEN:
EGYPT’S OLD KINGDOM
Wayne B. Chandler
And, I say unto you, that through the inspirational writings
of him who is my word unto the nations, shot! tlte land of
Khem be caused to give forth those secrets to mankind
which 1 shall cause to be hidden there . .
Osiris, The Book of Truth
In this chapter! hope to demonstrate that the origin of the civilization ofEgypt
(Khem) was black African, specifically Ethiopian or Anti. In order to understand
the progression of events which I hope wilt lead us to the revision of Egypt’s
history, I wilt give an overview of archaeology in Egypt. In orderfor the reader
to fully appreciate the achievements of Egyptian civilization, I will summarize
the notable accomplishments of the early Egyptians.
For centuries, countries too numerous to mention have competed for the right
to lay c)aim to Egypt, the birthplace of science, philosophy, art, and yes, the
very genesis of civilization as we know it. Those origins which have become
most popular over the centuries are India, Sumeria, Mesopotamia, and Arabia.
Ironically, with the advent of the archaeologist, the historical perspectives be
came even more confusing. For this pioneering school, trying to solve the ar
chaic mysteries of this culture became more a cause of frustration than a source
of adventure. Too often were archaeologists confronted with pieces of a puzzle
that did not seem to fit. In what finally became an historical frenzy to make sense
of data accumulated from temple, tomb, and terrain, archaeologists committed
the cardinal sin of sanding square pegs so they might fit into round holes.
Personal bias and racial prejudice prevented most of these scientists, many of
whom were great scholars, from seeing the obvious—that Egypt was born a ...
This document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian art from the Predynastic period through the Old Kingdom. It describes key developments like the unification of Egypt under King Narmer, the evolution of tomb architecture from mastabas to step pyramids and true pyramids, and important artistic conventions like frontalism. Major artworks discussed include the Narmer Palette, the Step Pyramid and mortuary of Djoser, statues of Khafre and Menkaure, and wall paintings from Saqqara tombs. The document also outlines Egyptian contributions to mathematics, shipbuilding, and other areas.
This document lists farmers markets in Baltimore City, Baltimore County, Calvert County, and Carroll County in Maryland. It provides the addresses and contact information for 27 different farmers markets, including locations, days and hours of operation, and what programs each market accepts such as FMNP (Farmers Market Nutrition Program), FVC (Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program), and SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, formerly known as food stamps). The markets operate between March and December, with most open Saturday mornings and Wednesday or Thursday afternoons.
CÔNG TY TNHH THIẾT BỊ ĐIỆN AP
22 Lê Văn Khương, xã Đông Thạnh, Huyện Hóc Môn, tp. Hồ Chí Minh
Tel : (84.8) 37115015 - Fax : (84.8) 37115029
Email : apelectricalequipment@gmail.com <mailto:apelectricalequipment> ; sales@giconduit.com <http: />
Website: www.ongthepluondaydien.com <http: />
Hơn 5 năm kinh nghiệm trong lĩnh vực cung cấp vật tư thiết bị địên cho các khách hàng là các nhà thầu thi công cơ điện cũng như chủ đầu tư, Công ty AP với thương hiệuAP được biết đến như một đối tác cung cấp vật tư uy tín, hiệu quả và đã đồng hành với các nhà thầu thi công cơ diện tham gia cung cấp vật tư thiết bị điện cho hầu hết các công trình lớn nhỏ trên toàn quốc.
Chúng tôi chuyên cung cấp :
► Ống GI Panasonic( Made in Thailand ) theo các tiêu chuẩn :
o JIS ( Japanese Industrial Standards ) : E type, C type
o ANSI ( America National Standard Institute ) : EMT type, IMC type, BS ( British Standard ) : BS-31, BS-4568
► Ống GI AP (Vietnam) theo các tiêu chuẩn :
o BS ( British Standard ) :
o BS-4568: http://giconduit.com/index.php?site=product&searchst=category|66 <http: />
o ANSI ( American National Standard Institute ) :
o EMT type: http://giconduit.com/index.php?site=product&searchst=category|64 <http: />
o IMC type: http://giconduit.com/index.php?site=product&searchst=category|65 <http: />
o UL ( Under Laboratory ) : UL 797, UL 1242
o JIS ( Japanese Industrial Standard)
o Loại E trơn: http://giconduit.com/index.php?site=product&searchst=category|70 <http: />
o Các chủng loại ống GI mạ màu dùng cho các lĩnh vực chuyên d ụng như PCCC, M&E, Comunication, v.v
► Ống GI loại mềm ( Flexible Conduit ) với lớp vỏ bọc nhựa và không bọc nhưa : http://giconduit.com/index.php?site=product&searchst=category|69 <http: />
► Đầy đủ các chủng loại phụ kiện thi công dùng cho ống GI :
o Coupling ( khớp nối ) : Thread type, Threadless type
o Saddle ( móc kẹp ống )
o Junction box ( Hộp đấu nối ống ) : 1,2,3,4 way.
o Elbow ( co cong 90 độ )
o Flexible connector (đầu nối ống mềm )
o Box connector (đầu nối ống EMT )
o Locknut (đai nối )
o Bushing (đai chặn - chống trầy xướt cáp khi kéo trong ống )
► Hệ treo ống điện/PCC thi công dùng cho ống GI :http://giconduit.com/index.php?site=product&searchst=category|67 <http: />
• Thanh chống đa năng (Unistrut/C-Channel) & phụ kiện
• Ty ren
• Kẹp Xà gồ ( Beam Clamp, Purpling Clamp)
Hãy liên hệ ngay với chúng tôi khi quý khách có nhu cầu :
Với những dự án lớn chúng tôi luôn có chính sách ưu đãi với mức giá tốt nhất. Liên hệ tr
Must is used to talk about certainty in the past and to express something that is prohibited or not allowed. Have to expresses obligation or necessity in the present or future. While must and have to can both express certainty, they have different meanings in the negative - must indicates something is prohibited while have to expresses a lack of obligation.
This document lists upcoming weeks for assignments with week 5, 8, and 9 mentioned. Week 5 has an assignment due while weeks 8 and 9 are also noted but no details are provided about deliverables for those weeks.
Gangguan Metabolisme dan Penyesuaian Dosis Antimikroba pada HIV /AIDSSoroy Lardo
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang HIV/AIDS dan penanganannya. HIV dapat menyebabkan berbagai masalah kesehatan karena menurunkan kekebalan tubuh. Penanganan HIV meliputi terapi antiretroviral dan pengobatan infeksi sekunder. Pemberian dosis antimikroba yang tepat sangat penting pada pasien AIDS karena gangguan metabolisme yang ditimbulkannya.
This document provides an abstract for an international workshop on pottery production in Eretria, Greece from the Early Helladic to Hellenistic periods. The workshop will take place on March 2-3, 2017 at Lausanne University. It will include presentations on pottery analyses from various periods, including the Hellenistic, Geometric, Classical, Middle Helladic, and Early Helladic periods. The analyses involve macroscopic, petrographic, and chemical studies of pottery samples to characterize fabric groups and determine local versus non-local production. The goal is to better understand pottery craftsmanship and trade in the area over time.
Here are the key steps for processing pottery retrieved from archaeological excavations according to the system developed by the author:
1. Sort pottery into diagnostic and non-diagnostic fragments. Diagnostic fragments allow deducing the original vessel form.
2. Classify diagnostic fragments according to the site's typology and record them on pottery forms.
3. Separately sort and weigh non-diagnostic bread mold pieces and other non-diagnostic sherds, then discard sherds.
4. Select pots for scale drawings and store separately.
5. Photograph diagnostic pots from multiple angles to document complete forms, shapes, decoration, and markings.
6. Photograph clay fabric in pottery wall breaks.
This document provides a preface and table of contents for a two volume work on "A History of Art in Ancient Egypt" by Georges Perrot and Charles Chipiez. The preface discusses the scope of the work, which aims to trace the evolution of art from the Pharaohs to the Roman Empire. It highlights the work's comprehensive treatment of Egyptian art and architecture and how it builds on previous scholarship. The table of contents outlines the chapters to come on Egyptian civilization, architecture, sepulchral architecture, and sacred architecture.
The paper investigates the development of the stone vessels industry in Ancient Egypt during the periods from the
Middle Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period. The paper presents samples of the stone vessels during those periods and tries to
analyze each sample showing its characteristics and location if known. The design of each stone vessel is outlined and the
decoration (if any) is investigated. The development aspects of the stone vessels industry is investigated highlighting the
innovations of the designs and their manufacturing. The maximum development of stone vessels in the 18th dynasty is outlined
with example models from the rein of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.
Alum In Ancient Egypt The Written EvidenceJeff Nelson
This book contains the proceedings of the 9th conference of the research group 'Textiles from the Nile Valley', which took place in Antwerp in 2015 and focused on textile finds from excavations in Egypt. The book includes 18 articles covering textiles excavated from sites such as Deir el-Banat, Wadi Sarga, Matmar, and Fag el-Gamus, as well as studies on textile techniques, iconography, dyeing, and collections. The conference and publication were supported by Katoen Natie and various individuals who contributed to editing and organizing the book.
NOTES - Module 3 Module Notes Ancient Aegean World and Emergence o.docxpoulterbarbara
NOTES - Module 3: Module Notes: Ancient Aegean World and Emergence of Greek Civilization
Module 3 presents two cultures of the Aegean: the Minoans of Crete, and the Mycenaean people on the Greek mainland. The rarity of written evidence from this period forces historians to rely on architectural remains and artifacts to interpret the cultures. We will do the same.
Two vibrant Aegean civilizations existed that were concurrent with Middle and New Kingdom Egypt. These were the cultures of the Minoans, based on the large island of Crete (c.1900-c.1450), and the Mycenaean people, based on today’s mainland Greece (c.1600-c.1100 BCE). These were not Greeks, but pre-Greek peoples. Very few written records survive, and so we do not have the same full picture of history here that we do for the Egyptians. Archaeological evidence, however, shows these cultures to be prosperous groups whose wealth was based on seafaring trade.
Late 19th and early 20th century digs have uncovered important citadel or palace complexes related to these groups. For the Minoans, the text concentrates on the Palace of Knossos on Crete. This labyrinthine structure included living quarters, mercantile areas, courtyards, a processional corridor, theaters and religious spaces. Surviving wall paintings have an informal, even playful quality. Pottery, an important art and export item, show painted motifs whose curling, free-floating forms derive from sea life and other nature subjects.
For the Mycenaean culture, the text concentrates on the hilltop site of Mycenae, for which this culture is named. Here, you will find massive defensive walls, evidence of palace architecture, and shaft graves which held gold funerary masks and decorative items of wealth, incorporating the same playful Minoan imagery.
In this module, you will also be introduced to the Greeks. These people migrated onto the Greek peninsula between 1200 and 1100 BCE, ending Mycenaean dominance there. History is sparce for several hundred years, but a strong Greek culture emerged around 800 BCE. We saw how important tradition and persistent conventions were to the Egyptians. The Greek culture contrasts with this traditionalism by embracing experimentation and exploration in everything from political systems, to philosophical ideas, to empirical science. Competition between the separate Greek city states helped spur on their seemingly modern notion of progress. In art, we also see experimentation and evolution of style. In this module, we can focus on pottery alone to see rapid style changes that form a traceable, linear progression. The four Greek pottery phases are Geometric, Orientalizing, Black Figure and Red Figure. Each style presents beautiful representation of Greek myths and legends, along with athletic events and secular Greek life.
Now that you have completed the module readings, please move to the next learning activity, Dissecting a Palace in Search of Minoan Culture.
Assignment -
The written documen ...
1) The document outlines the evolution of Egyptian art and architecture from the Predynastic period through the New Kingdom, including the development of royal tombs from mastabas to pyramids and the stylistic conventions that remained consistent over thousands of years.
2) Notable periods discussed include the Old Kingdom with sculptures showing status differences and the innovations of Imhotep, the Middle Kingdom with rock-cut tombs, and the New Kingdom featuring the grand mortuary temples of Hatshepsut and Ramses II along with the distinctive Amarna style during Akhenaten's reign.
Archaeology in Ancient Egypt spans over 4,000 years of history along the Nile River valley. Early settlements developed around 3500 BC along the fertile banks of the Nile, relying on annual floods for agriculture. Egyptian civilization emerged with the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt in the Archaic Period. Egypt's history is divided into 30 dynasties by the Egyptian historian Manetho. Modern Egyptology was born from Napoleon's expedition to Egypt in the late 18th century and Jean-François Champollion's deciphering of hieroglyphics using the Rosetta Stone.
1. The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Egyptian art and culture from the Predynastic period through the Late Period, focusing on funerary architecture and sculpture. It describes the evolution of burial monuments from mastabas and stepped pyramids to true pyramids and rock-cut tombs.
2. Notable monuments discussed include the stepped pyramid and mortuary complex of Djoser, the Great Pyramids of Giza, and the rock-cut tombs at Beni Hasan. Sculptural styles are examined, ranging from stylized figures to more naturalistic portraits.
3. Major historical periods like the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom are addressed in
This document provides an overview of the content to be covered regarding ancient Mediterranean art from 3500 BCE to 300 CE. It will focus on four subunits: Ancient Near East, Ancient Egypt, Aegean/Ancient Greek, and Etruscan/Ancient Roman art. For the Aegean/Ancient Greek section, it provides a brief introduction to Aegean art of the Bronze Age, including the key Cycladic, Minoan, and Mycenaean cultures and time periods. It also outlines the major artistic periods of ancient Greece: Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic. The document concludes by stating that the Etruscan/Ancient Roman section will cover material
This is ninth paper in a series of research papers exploring the history of mechanical engineering during the
Ancient Egypt era. The paper investigates the industry of pottery in Ancient Egypt over periods from Predynastic
to Old Kingdom. The paper presents samples of pottery ware and tries to analyze each sample showing its
characteristics and location if known. The designs of each pottery ware is outlined. The decorations of the pottery
ware are outlined with emphases on the innovations in the pottery industry during the studied periods. The
manufacturing technique of pottery ware is stresses from point of view of mass production.
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OF GODS AND MEN:
EGYPT’S OLD KINGDOM
Wayne B. Chandler
And, I say unto you, that through the inspirational writings
of him who is my word unto the nations, shot! tlte land of
Khem be caused to give forth those secrets to mankind
which 1 shall cause to be hidden there . .
Osiris, The Book of Truth
In this chapter! hope to demonstrate that the origin of the civilization ofEgypt
(Khem) was black African, specifically Ethiopian or Anti. In order to understand
the progression of events which I hope wilt lead us to the revision of Egypt’s
history, I wilt give an overview of archaeology in Egypt. In orderfor the reader
to fully appreciate the achievements of Egyptian civilization, I will summarize
the notable accomplishments of the early Egyptians.
For centuries, countries too numerous to mention have competed for the right
to lay c)aim to Egypt, the birthplace of science, philosophy, art, and yes, the
very genesis of civilization as we know it. Those origins which have become
most popular over the centuries are India, Sumeria, Mesopotamia, and Arabia.
Ironically, with the advent of the archaeologist, the historical perspectives be
came even more confusing. For this pioneering school, trying to solve the ar
chaic mysteries of this culture became more a cause of frustration than a source
of adventure. Too often were archaeologists confronted with pieces of a puzzle
that did not seem to fit. In what finally became an historical frenzy to make sense
of data accumulated from temple, tomb, and terrain, archaeologists committed
the cardinal sin of sanding square pegs so they might fit into round holes.
Personal bias and racial prejudice prevented most of these scientists, many of
whom were great scholars, from seeing the obvious—that Egypt was born a ...
This document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian art from the Predynastic period through the Old Kingdom. It describes key developments like the unification of Egypt under King Narmer, the evolution of tomb architecture from mastabas to step pyramids and true pyramids, and important artistic conventions like frontalism. Major artworks discussed include the Narmer Palette, the Step Pyramid and mortuary of Djoser, statues of Khafre and Menkaure, and wall paintings from Saqqara tombs. The document also outlines Egyptian contributions to mathematics, shipbuilding, and other areas.
This presentations is a brief introduction to the Ancient Greek pottery, and includes all the main styles that flourished while the Greek empire existed.
The whole list of pottery styles discussed are:
- Minoan Pottery
- South Italian Pottery
- Geometric Pottery
- Corinthian Pottery
- Black Figure Pottery
- White Ground Pottery
- Red Figure Pottery
I really hope you find it interesting and useful!
The document discusses boat models from ancient Egypt spanning from the Predynastic Period to the New Kingdom. It describes 9 boat models in detail, providing images and information on the time period, purpose, design features and occupants of each boat model. The models show evolution in boat design from a Naqada II crocodile boat to 12th Dynasty funerary boats. The models demonstrate the ancient Egyptians' mechanical engineering expertise in developing watercraft suited for transportation, fishing and religious purposes.
This document provides information about Greek art and the lost wax process of metal casting. It discusses key Greek sculptural works from the 5th century BC made of marble and bronze. The document also examines the debate around the Elgin Marbles and whether cultural heritage is national or universal. Various Greek architectural styles (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian) are defined and the attitudes of Athenian society reflected in 5th century BC sculpture and architecture are explored.
Egyptian art emphasized continuity, order, and endurance as seen in structures like the Great Sphinx. The Palette of King Narmer established basic rules that governed Egyptian art for 3000 years by depicting figures in a standardized way. Sculptures like the Seated Scribe were symmetrical and depicted dignity. Wall paintings showed skill and precision in illustrating hunting scenes. The Egyptians preserved their art by burying valuable objects with the dead.
Greek art is known for sculptures, pottery, and architecture that influenced later Western art. Temple architecture was perfectly planned, using marble. Vase painting featured elaborate geometric designs. Kouros sculptures evolved from rigid cubic forms to more naturalistic poses. Hellenistic art saw innovations
The Achaemenid Persian empire greatly influenced 5th century Athenian culture and politics through trade and the Persian Wars. Trade introduced Athenians to Persian pottery, textiles, and other goods. The Persian Wars led to the development of radical democracy in Athens, where ordinary citizens had greater political power. This included voting in the Assembly and serving as officials by lot. Radical democracy established benefits like free speech, equality, and civic participation that still influence democracies today.
This document provides information on the Aegean and Archaic Greece from an archaeological perspective. It summarizes excavations of important sites from the Minoan civilization like Knossos and the Mycenaean civilization. Key figures who pioneered archaeological work are mentioned like Evans, Schliemann and Blegen. Architectural features of Minoan and Mycenaean palaces are described along with artworks and artifacts found. The document also outlines the transition from Mycenaean to Archaic Greece and the development of the Doric architectural order in this period.
The evolution of tombs in ancient Egypt ssusera531b5
بحث يصف تطور عمارة المقابر الملكية في مصر القديمة من بداية استخدام المصاطب و حتي مقابر وادي الملوك
Research describes the evolution of tombs from Mastaba to Pyramids in ancient Egypt
1. Martin, Mario A. S. (2011) Egyptian-Type Pottery in the Late Bronze Age Southern Levant. With
contributions by Yaniv Agmon, John D.M. Green, Karin Kopetzky, Nava Panitz-Cohen, Valentine
Roux, Yossi Salmon and Ragna Stidsing. (Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern
Mediterranean Volume XXIX). Edited by Manfried Bietak and Hermann Hunger.
Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: Vienna. 68 Pottery Plates, 121 Figures, 117 Tables.
The intended purpose of this monograph is to provide chronological correlations between New Kingdom
Egypt and the southern Levant using the Egyptian-type or Egyptian-inspired pottery types excavated at
numerous Levantine sites. While the study does not add significantly to our understanding of chronology
in the Late Bronze Age (1500-1200 B.C.E), it does for the first time amass a large amount of ceramic data
on the Egyptian types and fabrics found at Levantine sites and more importantly, broadens our
understanding of Egyptian and Levantine ceramic technological traditions. Egyptian-type or Egyptian-inspired
pottery is found in large quantities in the Late Bronze IIB and Iron 1, corresponding to the the
Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties at Egyptian garrison or administrative sites in the Levant and was
manufactured using local Levantine clays in shapes that are commonly excavated in Egypt. Prior to this
study, discussions of Egyptian pottery were site-specific and inconsistent in fabric and technological
details.
Part I of the study broadly describes the morphological types that comprise the Egyptian-type pottery
assemblage found in the Levant which includes bowls, jars, amphorae and luxury wares such as pilgrim
flasks and zoomorphic vessels. Martin states from the outset that the typological framework places vessel
form above fabric in order to include both locally made and imported forms (24), as imported forms
generally fall into a single ceramic type – storage containers. By far, Egyptian-type bowls with flat bases
appear to comprise the majority of the vessels in the Late Bronze Age Levant, in contrast to the
occurrence of this vessel type with rounded bases in Egypt during the Ramesside period (28). Another
morphological type of note is the perforated Egyptian beer jar which is found in large quantities at
Levantine sites in the Ramesside Period. While the function of these jars is debated, Mesopotamian texts
may provide a clue with mention of how beer drips out of perforated fermentation vessels (Homan 2004:
89)
Part II, entitled Fabrics, Formation Techniques and Decoration provides the most interesting section for
ceramicists with a comprehensive study of the fabric and technology of Egyptian-inspired ceramics in the
southern Levant, which tend to reflect a domestic assemblage. They are manufactured using local
Levantine clays, which Martin suggests are meant to imitate the coarse and brittle Nile clays. Imported
container vessels and smaller jars and cups from Egypt are manufactured in Marl clays or mixed marl-and-
silt clays during the Ramesside Period. This trend changes in the Iron Age Levant when Nile clay
vessels are actually imported into the region (97).
Martin explores the question of Egyptian ethnicity by looking to aspects of the manufacturing process or
chaînes opératoire that reflects Egyptian potting traditions. A widely-held perception is that straw temper
in pottery signifies an Egyptian technological trait, but Martin correctly states that this is also a Canaanite
tradition that has deep roots in the Southern Levant. In addition, straw has functional properties that make
the clay easier to work with by raising its plasticity, reducing shrinkage during drying and reducing firing
time, thus saving on fuel. What is significant is that at several sites – Tel Beth-Shean, Tel Mor and Tel
Sera` in strata corresponding with the increased Egyptian presence in the region, an ever-increasing
2. quantity of straw temper emerges in the thirteenth to mid-twelfth centuries BCE , with Egyptian-inspired
vessels showing more straw temper than their Canaanite counterparts (98-99). This data leads Martin to
conclude that temper can be considered a marker of Egyptian potters or Egyptian potting influence at
these sites. The pots-equals-people scenario is not as clear-cut as Martin would suggest and there is
contradicting ceramic evidence, as I have suggested in my Ph.D. dissertation (Duff 2010) from other sites,
namely Lachish and Ashkelon, where Egyptian influence was evident but show no discernible differences
in straw temper in Canaanite or Egyptian-inspired ceramics.
An important technological trait visible on Egyptian-inspired bowls in the southern Levant is the
secondary trimming in the leather-hard state, which erased signs of the vessel being string cut from the
turning device. Secondary trimming is well-known in the Canaanite potting tradition and was only
introduced in Egypt in the Seventeenth Dynasty, according to Egyptian ceramicist Dorothea Arnold in the
manual on the Egyptian potting tradition entitled An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery (1993:63,
66).
Of particular significance in Martin’s monograph is Chapter 9B, which details the results of a pilot study
of fifty vessels that were analyzed according to the method of manufacture by Valentine Roux from the
CNRS, University of Paris. Egyptian-inspired, like their Canaanite counterparts were wheel coiled. This
involves an initial coil of clay to form the base with subsequent coils used to build up the height of the
vessel walls, while wheel turning permitted the thinning and shaping of the vessel. After reaching a
leather-hard state the vessel was placed back on the turning device for secondary trimming and smoothing
of the exterior walls and base (114). A difference was noted in the smaller size of the coils with Canaanite
bowls having coils measuring 0.5 cm high and placed in a beveling fashion as opposed to the horizontal
placement of coils in Egyptian-inspired vessels. These findings contradict earlier assumptions that suggest
Egyptian bowls were mass produced and thrown on a fast wheel while Canaanite vessels were wheel-coil
or even handmade. Martin concludes that the distinctiveness in the size and placement of coils in addition
to the secondary smoothing of the exterior vessel walls on Canaanite bowls reveals that Egyptian and
Canaanite potters were working at Ramesside Tel Beth-Shean. The co-existence of craftspeople in
antiquity, who originate from different regions is supported by the textual evidence. Cuneiform texts from
Kültepe in Anatolia mention coppersmiths bearing Assyrian and Anatolian names who work at the k ārum
or commercial district during the height of the Assyrian copper trade the 19th century BCE (Derckson
1996: 71)
Part III of the study assembles all of the Egyptian-inspired and imported vessels found in Southern
Levantine sites in the Late Bronze Age and Iron I Periods within their stratigraphic contexts. By
analyzing the large quantity and variety of pottery from sites like Tel Beth-Shean, Megiddo, Tel Aphek,
Tel Mor, Ashkelon, Deir el-Balah, Lachish, Tell el-`Ajjul, and Tell es-Sa`idiyeh, Tel Sera` and Tell el-
Far`ah (south), Martin explores the nature of Egyptian involvement in the Southern Levant at the height
of Egyptian influence during the Ramesside Period. Martin draws some welcome conclusions about the
dynamic nature of this relationship rather than try to fit the data naively into a narrative that sees an
Egyptian presence as signifying total cultural domination or hegemony. Instead, he observes correctly that
the full range of Canaanite vessels also appear at Egyptianized sites in the southern Levant, leading him to
conclude that the Egyptian-inspired forms were intended to supplement the local Canaanite assemblage,
perhaps to meet the needs of Egyptians who resided at specific garrison sites (256).
3. While this technological study provides interesting insights into how indigenous peoples and Egyptians
engaged with one another and their material world in the southern Levant, the study falls short especially
in light of recent scholarship on the relationship between technology and society and how technology can
construct or contest existing social relationships. This is partly due to Martin’s adherence to a widely-popular
techno-functionalist approach which views aspects of technology as being constrained or limited
by the environment, while social meaning is seen to reside mainly in decorative features (Berg 2007:235).
While the study engages aspects of the chaînes opératoire or production sequence, it never fully explores
the wide range of options available to the potter within the production cycle, whereby social meaning is
reflected, reproduced and negotiated. For example, distinct technological differences that were noted in
the size and placement of clay coils in Egyptian versus indigenous vessel construction can signify group
identity and ethnicity since primary forming techniques reflect specialized skills and motor habits that are
least resistive to change (Gosselain 2000 and Berg 2007). In contrast, the selection of similar local temper
and clays and secondary forming techniques for both Egyptian- inspired and indigenous vessels are
aspects of the chaînes opératoire that are easily visible to other potters and therefore, likely to be
influenced by economic and social practices.
Arnold, Dorothea and Janine Bourriau
1993 An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.
Berg, Ina
2007 “Meaning in the Making: The Potter’s Wheel at Phylakopi, Melos (Greece).
Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26:234-252.
Derckson, Jan Gerrit.
1996 The Old Assyrian Copper Trade in Anatolia. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-
Archaeologisch Instituut.
Duff, Catherine
2010 Ceramic Continuity and Change at Shechem (Tell Balatah): Assessing the Impact
of Egyptian Imperialism in the Central Hill Country. Ph.D. Dissertation.
University of Toronto.
Gosselain, Olivier P.
2000 “Materializing Identities: An African Perspective.” Journal of Archaeological
Method and Theory 7(3): 187-217.
Homan, Michael
2004 “Beer and its Drinkers: An Ancient Near Eastern Love Story.” Near Eastern
Archaeology 67(2): 84-95.