For increase network security of messages sent on
internet the steganography is mostly preferred. To transmit data
secretly steganography is used in open system environment. In
this paper discussed the reviews of image steganography and the
general framework of image steganography using different
method. Steganography is nothing but art of hide information
behind the other information without leaving remarkable track
on original message.
Two New Approaches for Secured Image Steganography Using Cryptographic Techni...sipij
The science of securing a data by encryption is Cryptography whereas the method of hiding secret messages in other messages is Steganography, so that the secret’s very existence is concealed. The term ‘Steganography’ describes the method of hiding cognitive content in another medium to avoid detection by the intruders. This paper introduces two new methods wherein cryptography and steganography are combined to encrypt the data as well as to hide the encrypted data in another medium so the fact that a message being sent is concealed. One of the methods shows how to secure the image by converting it into cipher text by S-DES algorithm using a secret key and conceal this text in another image by steganographic method. Another method shows a new way of hiding an image in another image by encrypting the image directly by S-DES algorithm using a key image and the data obtained is concealed in another image. The proposed method prevents the possibilities of steganalysis also.
For increase network security of messages sent on
internet the steganography is mostly preferred. To transmit data
secretly steganography is used in open system environment. In
this paper discussed the reviews of image steganography and the
general framework of image steganography using different
method. Steganography is nothing but art of hide information
behind the other information without leaving remarkable track
on original message.
Two New Approaches for Secured Image Steganography Using Cryptographic Techni...sipij
The science of securing a data by encryption is Cryptography whereas the method of hiding secret messages in other messages is Steganography, so that the secret’s very existence is concealed. The term ‘Steganography’ describes the method of hiding cognitive content in another medium to avoid detection by the intruders. This paper introduces two new methods wherein cryptography and steganography are combined to encrypt the data as well as to hide the encrypted data in another medium so the fact that a message being sent is concealed. One of the methods shows how to secure the image by converting it into cipher text by S-DES algorithm using a secret key and conceal this text in another image by steganographic method. Another method shows a new way of hiding an image in another image by encrypting the image directly by S-DES algorithm using a key image and the data obtained is concealed in another image. The proposed method prevents the possibilities of steganalysis also.
LSB Based Image Steganography for Information Security Systemijtsrd
Information hiding in a cover file is one of the most modernized and effective ways for transferring secret message from sender to receiver over the communication channel. There are many steganographic techniques for hiding secret message in image, text, audio, video and so on. Image Steganography is also one of the common methods used for hiding the information in the cover image. In this research work, the secret message is hidden in a cover image file using image steganography. LSB is very efficient algorithm used to embed the information in a cover file. The LSB based image steganography with various file sizes is analyzed and illustrated their results. Bitmap .bmp image is used as a cover image file to implement the proposed system. The detail Least Significant Bit LSB based image steganography is introduced. In this paper, the new embedding algorithm and extracting algorithm are presented. While embedding the secret message in a cover image file, the starting embedded pixel is chosen according to public shared key between sender and receiver. The original cover image and embedded image with secret message are analyzed with PSNR values and SNR values to achieve security. The resulting embedded image shows the acceptable PSNR and SNR values while comparing with the original cover image. The proposed system can help the information exchanging system over communication media. Aung Myint Aye "LSB Based Image Steganography for Information Security System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18995.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/18995/lsb-based-image-steganography-for-information-security-system/aung-myint-aye
One of the reasons that intruders can be successful is that most of the information they acquire from a system is in a form that they can read and comprehend. Intruders may reveal the information to others, modify it to misrepresent an individual or organization, or use it to launch an attack. One solution to this problem is, through the use of Steganography. Steganography is a technique of hiding information in digital media. In contrast to cryptography, it is not to keep others from knowing the hidden information but it is to keep others from thinking that the information even exists. In this review paper we will understand what Steganography, Cryptography is and what are the advantages of using them? In last we will discuss our goal of this paper that what types of techniques worked on video Steganography?
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Drubbing an Audio Messages inside a Digital Image Using (ELSB) MethodIOSRJECE
It is mainly focused today to transfer the messages secretly between two communication parties. The message from the sender to receiver should be kept secret so that the information should not known by anyone. Secret is the important thing today. The technique that is used for secure communication is called as steganography and it means that to hide secret information into innocent data. Digital images are ideal for hiding secret information. An image containing a secret message is called a cover image. In this paper will discuss about secret transformation of audio messages. The audio messages are hidden inside a cover image so no one can hack the audio but the audio should be encrypted before hidden inside the image
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR CONCEALED DATA SHARING AND DATA EMBEDDING FOR SECURED CO...IJCSEA Journal
This paper introduces a new method of securing image using cryptographic and steganographic techniques. The science of securing a data by encryption is Cryptography whereas the method of hiding secret messages in other essages is Steganography, so that the secret’s very existence is concealed. The term ‘Steganography’ describes the method of hiding cognitive content in another medium to avoid detection by the intruders. The proposed method uses cryptographic and steganographic techniques to encrypt the data as well as hide the encrypted data in another medium so the fact, that a message being sent is concealed. The image is concealed by converting it into a iphertext using SDES algorithm with a secret key,which is also an image, and sent to the receiving end securely.
A SECURE BLOCK PERMUTATION IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY ALGORITHMijcisjournal
Steganography is the art of hiding confidential information (secret) within any media file (cover media) to
produce an amalgamated secret-cover media called stego media, so that the secret cannot be recognized or
recovered by unauthorized recipients. Many steganalysis techniques have been developed enabling
recognition of the existence of secrets within stego media and recovering it. Therefore, it is necessary to
develop more secure steganography algorithms. This paper presents a detailed description of a new secure
Block Permutation Image Steganography (BPIS) algorithm. The algorithm converts the secret message to a
binary sequence, divides the binary sequence into blocks, permutes the block using a key-based randomly
generated permutation, concatenates the permuted blocks forming a permuted binary sequence, and then
utilizes the Least-Significant-Bit (LSB) approach to embed the permuted binary sequence into BMP image
file. The algorithm performance is investigated through performing a number of experiments, and for each
experiment the PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio) between the stego and cover images is calculated. The
results show that the algorithm provides high image quality, and invisibility, and most importantly higher
security as secret cannot be recovered without knowing the permutation, which has a complexity of O(N!),
where N is the length of the permutation.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TEXT AND IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY WITH RSA ALGORITHM IN CL...ijseajournal
Cloud computing provides a lot of shareable resources payable on demand to the users. The drawback with
cloud computing is the security challenges since the data in the cloud are managed by third party. Steganography and cryptography are some of the security measures applied in the cloud to secure user data. The objective of steganography is to hide the existence of communication from the unintended users whereas cryptography does provide security to user data to be transferred in the cloud. Since users pay for
the services utilize in the cloud, the need to evaluate the performance of the algorithms used in the cloud to
secure user data in order to know the resource consumed by such algorithms such as storage memory, network bandwidth, computing power, encryption and decryption time becomes imperative. In this work, we implemented and evaluated the performance of Text steganography and RSA algorithm and Image steganography and RSA as Digital signature considering four test cases. The simulation results show that, image steganography with RSA as digital signature performs better than text steganography and RSA algorithm. The performance differences between the two algorithms are 10.76, 9.93, 10.53 and 10.53 seconds for encryption time, 60.68, 40.94, 40.9, and 41.85 seconds for decryption time, 8.1, 10.92, 15.2 and 5.17 mb for memory used when hiding data, 5.3, 1.95 and 17.18 mb for memory used when extracting data, 0.93, 1.04, 1.36 and 3.76 mb for bandwidth used, 75.75, 36.2, 36.9 and 37.45 kwh for processing power used when hiding and extracting data respectively. Except in test case2 where Text steganography and RSA algorithm perform better than Image Steganography and RSA as Digital Signature in terms of memory used when extracting data with performance difference of -5.09 mb because of the bit size of the image data when extracted. This research work recommend the use of image steganography and RSA as digital signature to cloud service providers and users since it can secure major data types such as text, image, audio and video used in the cloud and consume less system resources.
Abstract: Steganography is an art for hiding the secret information inside other information which are digitally cover. The definition of steganography can also be given as study of unseen communication that usually deals with existence of communicated message. The hidden message can be text, audio, image or video accordingly to that it can be cover from either image or video. In steganography, hiding information achieved to insert a message into cover image which generates a stego image. In this paper, we have analyze various steganography methods and also covered classification and applications.
WANT CODING just visit----------http://bit.ly/image_javaproject
Steganography is the art of hiding the fact that communication is taking place, by hiding information in other information. Many different carrier file formats can be used, but digital images
are the most popular because of their frequency on the Internet. For hiding secret information in
images, there exists a large variety of stenographic techniques some are more complex than others and all of them have respective strong and weak points.
LSB Based Image Steganography for Information Security Systemijtsrd
Information hiding in a cover file is one of the most modernized and effective ways for transferring secret message from sender to receiver over the communication channel. There are many steganographic techniques for hiding secret message in image, text, audio, video and so on. Image Steganography is also one of the common methods used for hiding the information in the cover image. In this research work, the secret message is hidden in a cover image file using image steganography. LSB is very efficient algorithm used to embed the information in a cover file. The LSB based image steganography with various file sizes is analyzed and illustrated their results. Bitmap .bmp image is used as a cover image file to implement the proposed system. The detail Least Significant Bit LSB based image steganography is introduced. In this paper, the new embedding algorithm and extracting algorithm are presented. While embedding the secret message in a cover image file, the starting embedded pixel is chosen according to public shared key between sender and receiver. The original cover image and embedded image with secret message are analyzed with PSNR values and SNR values to achieve security. The resulting embedded image shows the acceptable PSNR and SNR values while comparing with the original cover image. The proposed system can help the information exchanging system over communication media. Aung Myint Aye "LSB Based Image Steganography for Information Security System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18995.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/18995/lsb-based-image-steganography-for-information-security-system/aung-myint-aye
One of the reasons that intruders can be successful is that most of the information they acquire from a system is in a form that they can read and comprehend. Intruders may reveal the information to others, modify it to misrepresent an individual or organization, or use it to launch an attack. One solution to this problem is, through the use of Steganography. Steganography is a technique of hiding information in digital media. In contrast to cryptography, it is not to keep others from knowing the hidden information but it is to keep others from thinking that the information even exists. In this review paper we will understand what Steganography, Cryptography is and what are the advantages of using them? In last we will discuss our goal of this paper that what types of techniques worked on video Steganography?
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Drubbing an Audio Messages inside a Digital Image Using (ELSB) MethodIOSRJECE
It is mainly focused today to transfer the messages secretly between two communication parties. The message from the sender to receiver should be kept secret so that the information should not known by anyone. Secret is the important thing today. The technique that is used for secure communication is called as steganography and it means that to hide secret information into innocent data. Digital images are ideal for hiding secret information. An image containing a secret message is called a cover image. In this paper will discuss about secret transformation of audio messages. The audio messages are hidden inside a cover image so no one can hack the audio but the audio should be encrypted before hidden inside the image
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR CONCEALED DATA SHARING AND DATA EMBEDDING FOR SECURED CO...IJCSEA Journal
This paper introduces a new method of securing image using cryptographic and steganographic techniques. The science of securing a data by encryption is Cryptography whereas the method of hiding secret messages in other essages is Steganography, so that the secret’s very existence is concealed. The term ‘Steganography’ describes the method of hiding cognitive content in another medium to avoid detection by the intruders. The proposed method uses cryptographic and steganographic techniques to encrypt the data as well as hide the encrypted data in another medium so the fact, that a message being sent is concealed. The image is concealed by converting it into a iphertext using SDES algorithm with a secret key,which is also an image, and sent to the receiving end securely.
A SECURE BLOCK PERMUTATION IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY ALGORITHMijcisjournal
Steganography is the art of hiding confidential information (secret) within any media file (cover media) to
produce an amalgamated secret-cover media called stego media, so that the secret cannot be recognized or
recovered by unauthorized recipients. Many steganalysis techniques have been developed enabling
recognition of the existence of secrets within stego media and recovering it. Therefore, it is necessary to
develop more secure steganography algorithms. This paper presents a detailed description of a new secure
Block Permutation Image Steganography (BPIS) algorithm. The algorithm converts the secret message to a
binary sequence, divides the binary sequence into blocks, permutes the block using a key-based randomly
generated permutation, concatenates the permuted blocks forming a permuted binary sequence, and then
utilizes the Least-Significant-Bit (LSB) approach to embed the permuted binary sequence into BMP image
file. The algorithm performance is investigated through performing a number of experiments, and for each
experiment the PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio) between the stego and cover images is calculated. The
results show that the algorithm provides high image quality, and invisibility, and most importantly higher
security as secret cannot be recovered without knowing the permutation, which has a complexity of O(N!),
where N is the length of the permutation.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TEXT AND IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY WITH RSA ALGORITHM IN CL...ijseajournal
Cloud computing provides a lot of shareable resources payable on demand to the users. The drawback with
cloud computing is the security challenges since the data in the cloud are managed by third party. Steganography and cryptography are some of the security measures applied in the cloud to secure user data. The objective of steganography is to hide the existence of communication from the unintended users whereas cryptography does provide security to user data to be transferred in the cloud. Since users pay for
the services utilize in the cloud, the need to evaluate the performance of the algorithms used in the cloud to
secure user data in order to know the resource consumed by such algorithms such as storage memory, network bandwidth, computing power, encryption and decryption time becomes imperative. In this work, we implemented and evaluated the performance of Text steganography and RSA algorithm and Image steganography and RSA as Digital signature considering four test cases. The simulation results show that, image steganography with RSA as digital signature performs better than text steganography and RSA algorithm. The performance differences between the two algorithms are 10.76, 9.93, 10.53 and 10.53 seconds for encryption time, 60.68, 40.94, 40.9, and 41.85 seconds for decryption time, 8.1, 10.92, 15.2 and 5.17 mb for memory used when hiding data, 5.3, 1.95 and 17.18 mb for memory used when extracting data, 0.93, 1.04, 1.36 and 3.76 mb for bandwidth used, 75.75, 36.2, 36.9 and 37.45 kwh for processing power used when hiding and extracting data respectively. Except in test case2 where Text steganography and RSA algorithm perform better than Image Steganography and RSA as Digital Signature in terms of memory used when extracting data with performance difference of -5.09 mb because of the bit size of the image data when extracted. This research work recommend the use of image steganography and RSA as digital signature to cloud service providers and users since it can secure major data types such as text, image, audio and video used in the cloud and consume less system resources.
Abstract: Steganography is an art for hiding the secret information inside other information which are digitally cover. The definition of steganography can also be given as study of unseen communication that usually deals with existence of communicated message. The hidden message can be text, audio, image or video accordingly to that it can be cover from either image or video. In steganography, hiding information achieved to insert a message into cover image which generates a stego image. In this paper, we have analyze various steganography methods and also covered classification and applications.
WANT CODING just visit----------http://bit.ly/image_javaproject
Steganography is the art of hiding the fact that communication is taking place, by hiding information in other information. Many different carrier file formats can be used, but digital images
are the most popular because of their frequency on the Internet. For hiding secret information in
images, there exists a large variety of stenographic techniques some are more complex than others and all of them have respective strong and weak points.
This paper presents a general overview of the steganography. Steganography is the art of hiding the very presence of
communication by embedding secret messages into innocuous looking cover documents, such as digital images. Detection of
steganography, estimation of message length, and its extraction belong to the field of steganalysis. Steganalysis has recently received a
great deal of attention both from law enforcement and the media. In this paper review the what data types are supported, what methods
and information security professionals indetecting the use of steganography, after detection has occurred, can the embedded message
be reliably extracted, can the embedded data be separated from the carrier revealing the original file, and finally, what are some
methods to defeat the use of steganography even if it cannot be reliably detected.
DCT Based Secret Image Hiding In Video SequenceIJERA Editor
Internet which is ever more accessible to interference by not with authority people over the World. It is important to bring down a chance of Information being sensed while Transmitting is the major issue these days. To overcome these problems one of the solution is cryptography. There will be no solitude once it is decoded. So hiding data to make it confidential. Copyright is one of the ways for hiding data and it is security for digital media. Its significance and techniques used in executing hiding of data let us see in brief. The existing LSB modification technique as in this approach the bits are randomly distributes the bits of message in image so which will becomes complex for anonymous persons to extract original message information, it opens the gates for loosing important hidden information. Here hiding and extraction method is used for AVI (Audio Video Interleave). As Higher order coefficients maintains Secret message bits. The hidden information will be in the form of gray scale image pixel values. Grayscale value then converted into binary values .The resultant binary values will be assigned to the higher order coefficient values of DCT of AVI video frames. These experiments were successful. We can analyze the results using Mat lab simulation software.
A Steganography LSB technique for hiding Image within Image Using blowfish En...IJRES Journal
Steganography refers to information or a file that has been hidden inside a digital image, video
or audio file. There are different carrier file formats can be used such as Text Steganography, Image
Steganography, Audio/Video Steganography, but Image Steganography are the most popular because of their
frequency on the Internet. It is the first common methods used for hiding the information in the cover image.
The Least Significant Bit (LSB) steganography is one such technique in which least significant bit of the image
is replaced with data bit. steganographic algorithm for 8bit (gray scale) or 24 bit (colour image) is presented in
this paper. Sometime steganography will not cover the total security of secret massage. So an additional security
need to the secret massage. For this purpose blowfish encryption Algorithm is used in the proposed
Steganographic system This work is concerned with implementing Steganography for images, with an
improvement security and image quality.
The experimental result shows that the stego-image is visually indistinguishable from the original cover-image
It comes under the assumption that if the feature is visible, the point of attack is evident, thus the goal here is
always to cover up the very existence of the embedded data. and that the algorithm has a high capacity and a
good invisibility.
A Robust Technique to Encrypt and Decrypt Confidential Data within Imageinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
LSB Based Stegnography to Enhance the Security of an Imageijtsrd
Steganography is the technique of hiding a secret message or information in a cover message like an image, text or sound in such a way that only the desired or intended recipient knows about the existence of the secret data. It can be defined as the study of invisible communication which usually deals with the technique of hiding the existence of the secret message. The hidden message may be in the form of text, image, audio and video etc. An image after inserting the secret message into it by using a stego key is known as a stego image. Nowadays steganography is important due to an exponential growth in secret communication by potential computer users over the internet. In this paper we have analyzed the various steganography techniques and propose to enhance the security of the secret message by random selection of the keys to extract the secret message and working towards increasing the PSNR Peak Signal to Noise Ratio and decreasing the MSE Mean Square Error . Naveen Verma | Preeti Sondhi | Gargi Kalia ""LSB Based Stegnography to Enhance the Security of an Image"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25163.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/25163/lsb-based-stegnography-to-enhance-the-security-of-an-image/naveen-verma
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR CONCEALED DATA SHARING AND DATA EMBEDDING FOR SECURED CO...IJCSEA Journal
This paper introduces a new method of securing image using cryptographic and steganographic techniques. The science of securing a data by encryption is Cryptography whereas the method of hiding secret messages in other messages is Steganography, so that the secret’s very existence is concealed. The term ‘Steganography’ describes the method of hiding cognitive content in another medium to avoid detection by the intruders. The proposed method uses cryptographic and steganographic techniques to encrypt the data as well as hide the encrypted data in another medium so the fact, that a message being sent is concealed. The image is concealed by converting it into a ciphertext using SDES algorithm with a secret key,which is also an image, and sent to the receiving end securely.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Using SBR Algorithm To Hide The Data Into The JPEG ImageCSCJournals
Data hiding is the art of hiding data for various purposes such as--- to maintain private data, secure confidential data. Well known technique is the Steganography; Steganography has evolved into a digital strategy of hiding a file in some form of multimedia, such as an image, an audio file or even a video file. This paper presents a new Steganography technique in spatial domain for encoding extra information in an image by making small modifications to its pixels. The proposed method focuses on one particular popular technique, Least Significant Bit (LSB) Embedding. Instead of using the LSB-1 of the cover for embedding the message, LSB-2 has been used to increase the robustness of system. and protect the message against the external influences such as noise, filter, compression…etc.[Using SBR Algo].
For more protection to the message bits a Stego-Key has been used to permute the message bits before embedding it. An experimental result of the modified method shows that this paper helps to successfully hide the secret data into the image file with minimum distortion made to the image file.
Steganography is the technique of hiding secret data within an ordinary, non-secret, file or
message in order to avoid detection; the secret data is then extracted at its destination. The use of
steganography can be combined with encryption as an extra step for hiding or protecting data. The
word steganographyis derived from the Greek words steganos(hidden or covered) and the Greek root
graph(write).Steganography is dedicated for covert communication. It changes the image in such a way
that only the sender and the intended receiver can detect the message sent through it. Since it is
invisible, the detection of secret data is not simple.
A SECURE BLOCK PERMUTATION IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY ALGORITHMijcisjournal
Steganography is the art of hiding confidential information (secret) within any media file (cover media) to
produce an amalgamated secret-cover media called stego media, so that the secret cannot be recognized or
recovered by unauthorized recipients. Many steganalysis techniques have been developed enabling
recognition of the existence of secrets within stego media and recovering it. Therefore, it is necessary to
develop more secure steganography algorithms. This paper presents a detailed description of a new secure
Block Permutation Image Steganography (BPIS) algorithm. The algorithm converts the secret message to a
binary sequence, divides the binary sequence into blocks, permutes the block using a key-based randomly
generated permutation, concatenates the permuted blocks forming a permuted binary sequence, and then
utilizes the Least-Significant-Bit (LSB) approach to embed the permuted binary sequence into BMP image
file. The algorithm performance is investigated through performing a number of experiments, and for each
experiment the PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio) between the stego and cover images is calculated. The
results show that the algorithm provides high image quality, and invisibility, and most importantly higher
security as secret cannot be recovered without knowing the permutation, which has a complexity of O(N!),
where N is the length of the permutation.
In this paper, text information is encoded behind the Image cover object at the sender and decoded at the receiver, provided by additional security features in the application. In this paper, we propose an In this paper, we propose an In this paper, we propose an object by changing the least significant bits of the image pixels because the image acts as the best source to hide the message that is invisible to the human eye. In this application, the text message is encrypted on the back of the senders image card object and decoded on the receiver, which is provided with additional security features in the application. Ragul M | Dr. Lakshmi J. V. N "Android Based Image Steganography" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35733.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/35733/android-based-image-steganography/ragul-m
File Encryption and Hiding Application Based on AES and Append Insertion Steg...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Steganography is a method of hiding secret message in other innocuous looking object so that
its presence is not revealed. In this paper, a message, which is a computer file of any type and size, is
hidden in a selected cover or carrier, which is a computer file of certain types. The steganography method
used in this paper is called append insertion steganography method. This method is chosen as an attempt
to remove the limitation of message format, which appears in many popular steganography methods. To
scramble the meaning of the hidden message, AES-256 (Rijndael algorithm) is used to encrypt the
message with a secret passphrase. A special block of bytes is used to identify and verify the original
message so it can be recovered while retaining its integrity. The C# programming language and .NET
Framework are chosen to implement the algorithm into a Windows application. In this paper, one cover file
contains exactly one message file. In the testing, five random files are used as secret message. Their
integrity is calculated using SHA-256 before hiding and after recovery. In the testing, they all retain their
integrity, proven by exact hash values. Thus, the application as the implementation of proposed algorithm
is proven feasible but only for personal use as some improvements still have to be implemented.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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1. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-5, Issue-3, July 2016
9 www.erpublication.org
Abstract— Digital data communication is an important part of
everyone’s life. Data communication has some problems such as
internet security so to elude these problems, cryptography is
among one of the methods. However, encryption results in a
disordered and confusing message and can allure eaves droppers
easily. The technique used to keep the contents of a message
secret is called steganography. Proposed work consists of
embedding technique, retrieval technique and algorithms. the
confidentiality and data integrity are required to protect data in
case of unauthorized access and this resulted in an explosive
growth of the field of information hiding. To achieve this we
propose following assumptions: To embed the payload in the
cover image by exchanging LSB bits of cover image by the image
of the payload. The combined image is called stego-object(s).To
converting the stego-object from spatial domain to frequency
domain using DCT. To compress the frequency domain
stego-object using quantization and run length coding to
generate a secure stego-object.
General Terms—Lsb, Iinjection, Protocol, Generation, Tcp,
Ip, Udp, significant Bit, signal-to noise ratio
Index Terms— Steganography, Basic steganography Model,
Basics of embedding , Steganography Classification.
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1Introduction to steganography:
Digital data communication is an essential part of
everybody’s life. Data communications have some problems
name as internet security, copyright protection etc. To ignore
these problems, cryptography is one of the techniques.
Moreover, encryption results in a disordered and confusing
message and can attract snoopers easily. Steganography
methods overcome this problem by hiding the secret
information back of a cover media (video, audio or image)
because the existence of information cannot be noticed by any
attacker [1].The goal of steganography is to keep the
existence of a message secret Steganography is concealed
writing and is the technique of hiding confidential data within
a cover media such that it does not catch the attention of an
unauthorized person [2]. The most commonly used
steganographic method was bit insertion method where the
least significant Bit (LSB) of the pixel is modified and
projected [3]. There are two things that need to be considered
while designing the Steganographic system. (a) Unapparant:
Human eyes cannot distinguish the difference between
original and stego image. (b) Potential: The more data an
image can bear the better it is. However large embedded data
may degrade image quality significantly [4].
Deepika kulshreshtha, MVVEC, JAGADHRI
Kamal kumar, MVVEC, JAGADHRI
FIGURE 1.1 STEGANOGRAPHY
Digital steganography, or information-hiding schemes, can be
characterized by making use of the theories of communication
[5].The parameters of information secret, such as the number
of data bits that can be hidden and the unseenable of the
message and its resistance to removal, can be related to the
characteristics of communication systems: potential, signal-to
noise ratio (SNR), and jamming margin. The notion of
capacity in data hiding specify the total number of bits secret
and successfully recovered by the stego system.The signal-to
noise ratio serves as a measure of invisibility, or detect ability.
1.1.1 The four basic techniques used for Steganography
are:
LSB method: The LSB of bearer medium is directly
inserted with the message bit. So LSB of the carrier
medium contains the payload.
Injection: Hiding data in segments of a file that are
ignored by the processing application. Therefore
ignore modifying those file bits that are adjacent to
an end perfectly usable.
Substitution: Replacement of the least significant bits
of information that deduce the meaningful content of
the original file with new data in a way that generates
the least amount of deformation.
Generation: Not like injection and substitution, this
does not require an existing cover file but produces a
cover file for the sole purpose of hiding the message.
High Capacity and lossless Steganography using
Discrete Cosine Transform
Deepika kulshreshtha, Kamal kumar
2. High Capacity and lossless Steganography using Discrete Cosine Transform
10 www.erpublication.org
1.2 Basic Steganography Model:
Message is the data that the sender wishes to keep it
confidential. It can be plain text, cipher text, other image, or
anything that can be implanted in a bit stream such as a
copyright mark, a covert communication, or a serial number.
Password is known as stego-key, which assure that only
recipient who knows the corresponding decoding key will be
able to separate the message from a cover-object. The
cover-object with the secretly embedded message is then
named as Stego-object. Retrieving message from a
stego-object requires the cover-object itself and a
corresponding decoding key if a stego-key was used through
the encoding process. The original image may or may not be
required in most applications to extract the message [6].
There are several suitable carriers below to be the
cover-object:
Network protocols name as TCP, IP and UDP
Audio that applying digital audio formats such as wav,
midi, avi, mpeg, mpi and voc
File and Disk that can hides and include files by using
the slack space
Text such as null characters, just alike morse code
containing html and java
Images file name as bmp, gif and jpg, where they can
be both color and gray-scale [7].
In general, the information hiding process separate redundant
bits from cover-object. The process consists of two steps:
1. Identification of duplicate bits in a cover-object.
Redundant bits are those bits that can be modified
without corrupting the quality or destroying the unity
of the cover-object.
2. Embedding process then selects the subset of the
redundant bits to be exchanged with data from a
secret message. The stego-object is created by
replacing the selected redundant bits with message
bits [8].
1.3 The Basics of embedding:
In embedding process, a key is often needed This can be in the
pattarn of public or private key so you can cryptograph the
secret message with your private key and the recipient can
decode it using your public key. In this way, it minimizes the
chance of a third party attacker getting hold of the stego object
and decoding it to find out the confidential information.
Figure 1.4: Generic form of image steganography.
After passage through the encoder, a stego object will be
produced. A stego object is the original cover object with the
secret information implanted inside it. This object should look
almost identical to the cover object otherwise a third party
attacker can see contained information. Having produced the
stego-object, it will then be sent off via some transmission
channel, such as email, to the intended recipient for decoding
it. The recipient must decode the stego object in order to view
the confidential information. At last, the decoding process is
reverse of the encoding process. It is simply the separation of
secret data from a stego object.
1.4Steganography Classification:
When we talk of digital steganography, we mean to call that,
digital media’s like Image, Audio /Video, Protocol are used as
innocent covers for hiding secret confidential messages.
Figure 1 shows the four main categories of file formats that
can be used for steganography. [9]
Figure1.5: Different types of Steganography
1.4.1 Hiding Information in Text:
Information can also be concealed in text files. The most
popular method was to hide a secret message in each nth letter
of each word of a text message [9]. A variety of various
techniques exist of hiding data in text files. Text
3. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-5, Issue-3, July 2016
11 www.erpublication.org
steganography having digital files is not used very frequently
since text files have a very small amount of redundant data.
1.4.2. Hiding information in images:
Images are very famous cover source for digital
steganography because of the large amount of redundant bits
exists in the digital representation of an image. This paper will
stresses on hiding information in images in the next sections.
1.4.3. Hiding Information in Audio Files:
Audio files can also be used for hiding secret data. One
different method unique to audio steganography is masking,
which exploits the features of the human ear to hide
information unnoticeably. A slight but audible sound
becomes inaudible in the presence of another louder audible
sound [9].This property generates a channel in which to hide
information. The larger size of meaningful audio files frame
them less popular to use than images [10].
1.5 Different Image Steganography Techniques:
1) LSB (Least Significant Bit) method
It is one of the most usual and easiest methods for message
hiding. In this method, message is concealed in the least
significant bits of image pixels [11] .Changing the LSB of the
pixels does not introduce great difference in the image and
thus the stego image looks alike to the original image. In case
of 24-bit images three bits of pixel can be used for LSB
substitution as every pixel has separate components for red,
green and blue [12].
Advantages:
1.) Simplest and contended to implement.
2.) Chances of message placing are 100%.
Drawbacks:
1.) Not vulnerable to different attacks.
2.) Invader can easily guess and change the LSB’s of the
image pixels, thus original message gets destroyed[13].
2) Masking and Filtering
Basically, this method is used for 24-bit and grey scale
images. It is similar to placing watermarks on the image [12].
Steganography only hides the information where as
watermarks becomes part or attribute of the image [13]. This
method is more robust than LSB in terms of some image
processing like - compression, cutting which makes it ideal in
lossy JPEG images. Masking images includes changing the
luminance of the masked area.
Advantages:
1.) Immune to image manipulation
2.) Durable technique
Drawbacks:
This method is mostly used for only 24 bit and grayscale
images [11].
II. RELATED WORK
The research work performed in this field by different
researchers is presented as follows:
Gowtham Dhanarasi et.al [1] in this paper a block
complexity analysis for transform domain image
stegonagraphy is invented. The algorithm proposed here acts
on the wavelet transform coefficients which embedded the
confidential data into the original image. The technique
implemented which are efficient of producing a
secret-embedded image that is identical from the actual image
to human eye. This can be attained by retaining integrity of the
wavelet coefficients at high capacity embedding. This
development to capacity-quality trading –off interrelation is
analyzed in detailed and experimentally explained in the
paper.
Inderjeet Kaur et.al [2] The technique proposed in this
paper is a integration of steganography and watermarking
which provides copyright preventive to the information being
transmitted confidentially. The suggested technique is a
transform domain based method with the aid of segmentation
and watermarking (TDSSW). It is noticed that the proposed
technique comes up with fine PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise
Ratio) and enhanced Security.
G. Arun Karthick et.al [3]this paper gives a new scheme
which is hybrid in nature, combines two distinct domains.1)
Steganography (Integration of Image + cryptography) and 2)
Image Fusion – combining two images. Steganography
implant the digital data message along with the media file
where digital information may be text, image or hybrid.
Although both Cryptography and steganography are
integrated to provide security in some criteria yet advanced
system of security is required to share information without
any interference. To remove the real world problem a novel
algorithm called StegFuse is proposed in this paper where
cryptography and steganography is implemented on two
various images, after implementing steganographic technique
both the images are force to image combination in order to get
the fused image. Wavelet transform is applied on both the
image during fusion. Conventional cryptographic techniques
are used for encryption of digital data and steganographic
algorithms are used to conceal the encrypted data in the
images.
S.Shanmugasundaram[4] The proposed method uses both
Cryptography and Steganography to enhance the security of
the message. The secret message is first encrypted using RSA
algorithm and then randomized using OAEP. This encoded
message is then embedded in the bitmap cover image using
frequency domain approach. For embedding the encrypted
message, initially skin tone regions of the cover image are
detected using HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) model.
Thereafter, a region from skin detected area is selected, which
is known as the cropped region. In this cropped region secret
message is embedded using DD-DWT (Double Density
Discrete Wavelet Transform). DD-DWT overcomes the
intertwined shortcomings of DWT (like poor directional
selectivity, Shift invariance, oscillations and aliasing). Hence
the image obtained after embedding secret message (i.e. Stego
image) is far more secure and has an acceptable range of
PSNR. The terms of PSNR and robustness against various
noises (like Poisson, Gaussian, salt and pepper, rotation,
translation etc.).
Inderjeet Kaur et.al [6] The technique proposed is a
combination of steganography and watermarking (TDSSW)
which provides copyright security to the information being
transmitted secretly over communication channel. The
suggested technique is a transform domain based technique.
At end it was noticed that the proposed technique comes up
4. High Capacity and lossless Steganography using Discrete Cosine Transform
12 www.erpublication.org
with good PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) value and
enhanced Security.
2.1 PROPOSED WORK
2.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION
The rising possibilities of modem transmission need the
special means of security especially on computer networking.
The network security seems more important as the number of
data being exchanged on the Internet increases. So, the
confidentiality and data integrity are necessary to protect data
against unauthorized access and this resulted in an explosive
growth of the field of information hiding. Information secret
techniques are receiving much attention today due to fear of
encryption services getting illicit and copyright owners who
want to track confidential and intellectual property, copyright
safety against unauthorized access and use in digital materials
(music, film, book and software) through the use of digital
watermarks. Advance security is not prolonged by the
password protection but it is gained by hiding the presence of
the data which can only be done by Steganography.
Proposed Work
In proposed work we do the following assumptions: Cover
image, payload object (confidential message) are raw images
of any arbitrary size. The LSB’s of cover image is used to
embed the payload. Let, Cover image be A: Cover image (A),
B be the hidden image: Hidden Image (B), C be the
stego-image: Stego image (C) Input: Cover Image (A) and a
Hidden Image (B) Output: Encoded Stego Image(S) Repeat:
Read first byte of A and B, Execute LSB (), Compute DCT (),
Perform Quantization (), Copy the output as stego image.
III. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
MATLAB is used as simulator to execute the techniques of
steganography. MATLAB provides highly computing
environment and advanced in-built function for image
processing. An image is nothing but a matrix or set of matrices
which define the pixels value of the image, That a grey scale
value in black and white images, and Red, Green and Blue or
Hue, Saturation and Intensity values in color images. imread
function in MATLAB is used for taking input image.
graythresh fun computes a global threshold (level) that can be
used to convert an intensity image to a binary image with
im2bw. A level is a normalized intensity value that lies in the
range [0, 1].
Figure 4.1 Original Image
Description: This is our cover Image in which we have to
embed our secret image.
Figure 4.2 Message to be hidden.
Description: These are the secret images that need to be
hidden in RGB plane.
Figure 4.3 Stego image obtained
Description: Stego Image obtained after embedding the
secret image inside cover medium.
Figure 4.4 Comparison of Original image and stego image
from proposed work.
Figure 4.5 Quality Factor
Description: Image quality measurement between original
image and compressed image.
Figure 4.6 Resulted Image
Description: After applying DCT compression the resulted
image is shown in figure.
Figure 4.7 Recovered image from R-plane.
Figure 4.8 Recovered image from G-plane.
5. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-5, Issue-3, July 2016
13 www.erpublication.org
Figure 4.9 Recovered image from B-plane.
Figure 5.10 Comparison between Quality vs Compression
ratio, Quality vs SNR, Compression ratio vs SNR.
Description:
1. Quality Vs Compression ratio: Image quality is the
measure of how accurately our image matches the source
image. Generally as the quantity of compression increases,
quality decreases.
2. Quality Vs Signal to Noise Ratio: SNR parameter
controls the sharpness of the restoration result. It compares
the level of desired/ wanted signal to the level of background
noise. At 100% quality we get 48% SNR.
3. Compression ratio Vs SNR: The Compression ratio is
used to measure the ability of data compression by relating the
size of the image being compressed to the size of original
image.
Table 4.1: Parameters comparison between different image
quality measurements.
5.1 Calculating PSNR and MSE:
Comparative analysis of LSB based & DCT Based
steganography has been done on basis of parameters like
PSNR & MSE on different images and the results are
assessed. If PSNR ratio is high then images are best of quality.
Figure 4.11 Calculating PSNR and MSE between original
image and stego image.
Description: After applying substitution method the PSNR
and MSE is calculated.
Resulted Output:-
Result analysis:
From the above images we have concluded that
Steganography is very efficient technique. Without
compromising quality factor we can compress our image. The
mean square error comes out to be zero.
IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
The objective of steganography is to communicate secretly
using open channel. The technique proposed here is To
develop an image based steganography framework to enhance
security & quality of payload object. The stego image
obtained was to be made secure by applying Huffman
compression. Image quality is the measure of how accurately
our image matches the source image. Generally as the amount
of compression increases, quality decreases. SNR parameter
controls the sharpness of the restoration result. It compares
the level of desired/ wanted signal to the level of background
noise. At 100% quality we get 48% SNR. The Compression
ratio is used to measure the ability of data compression by
comparing the size of the image being compressed to the size
of original image. Comparative analysis of LSB based & DCT
Based steganography has been done on base of parameters
like PSNR & MSE on different images and the results are
evaluated. If PSNR ratio is high then images are best of
quality. After applying this technique we concluse that
Steganography is very efficient technique. Without
compromising quality factor we can compress our image. The
mean square error comes out to be zero.
V. REFERENCES
[1] GOWTHAM DHANARASI, Dr.A. Mallikarjuna Prasad,” IMAGE
STEGANOGRAPHY USING BLOCK COMPLEXITY ANALYSIS”,
Vol. 4, No.07, July 2012.
[2] Inderjeet Kaur,Rohini Sharma, Deepak Sharma,” TRANSFORM
DOMAIN BASED STEGANOGRAPHY USING SEGMENTATION
AND WATERMARKING”, Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2013.
[3] G. Arun Karthick,K. Kavitha, V. Sivakumar, D. Surender,” A HYBRID
METHOD FOR COVERT COMMUNICATION USING
STEGANOGRAPHY AND IMAGE FUSION”, May, 2014.
[4] S.Shanmugasundaram,” A Highly Secure Skin Tone Based Optimal
ParityAssignment Steganographic Scheme Using DoubleDensity
Discrete Wavelet Transform”, Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2014.
[5] K B Raja, R.K.Chhotary, K.B.Shiva Kumar,” Coherent Steganography
using Segmentation and DCT”, IEEE 2010.