This document discusses gender inequality in the workplace. It provides statistics showing the increasing number of women in the workforce over time. However, it also notes that a pay gap persists, with women earning on average 77% of what men earn, which is attributed to factors like occupational segregation and discrimination. The document examines challenges women face in reaching executive positions due to the "glass ceiling" effect, though some progress has been made with more women leading major corporations. It also discusses challenges some men face and questions whether men can be considered oppressed in some ways.

1. Indian Government and
Politics
Name - Rishabh Rawat
Roll No. - 669
Course - BA (P)
Conclusion
Conclusion

2. Gender Inequality
The Workplace

3. Discrimination
• Patriarchy- a system in which men are
dominant over women.
• Sexism: set of beliefs, attitudes, norms
and values used to justify gender
inequality.
• This ideology has been used to justify
men’s leadership and power positions
in the economic , social, and political
spheres of society.

4. Workforce
• There has been a steady
increase in the number of
women who work outside the
home:
• 1940 1 out of 4 workers
were women
• 1960 1 out of 3 workers
were women
• http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=DxZ3A9giyIo&fea
ture=youtu.be
• Today 1 out of 2 workers
are women

5. Figure 11.4 Gender Changes in Professional Degrees
Source: Statistical Abstract 2002: Table 281.

6. Pay Gap
• The pay gap:
• Women who work full time average 77% of
what men are paid
• Exists in all age groups and education levels.
• http://www.thesociologicalcinema.com/1/pos
t/2012/07/do-men-really-earn-more-than-
women.html
Causes:
• “Career Choices”
• Occupational sex segregation: concentration
of women in lower-status positions
• Women typically choose lower-paying jobs
• Changing?
http://www.nytimes.com/video/2012/05/20
/business/100000001547050/donning-the-
pink-collar.html
• “Gender Discrimination”
• Equal qualifications but paid less

9. Figure 11.8 The Gender Gap Over Time:
What Percentage of Men’s Income Do Women Earn?
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract 1995: Table 739; 2002: Table 666, and earlier years.
Note: The income jump from 1990 to 1995 could be due to a statistical procedure. The 1995 source (for 1990 income)
uses “median income,” while the 1997 source (for 1995 income) merely says “average earnings.” How the “average” is
computed is not stated. For a review of this distinction, see Table 5.2. Broken lines indicate the author’s estimates.

10. Figure 11.5 Women’s and Men’s Proportion of the U.S. Labor Force
Sources: By the author. Based on 1969 Handbook on Women Workers, 1969: 10; Manpower Report to the President, 1971:
203, 205; Mills and Palumbo, 1980: 6, 45; Statistical Abstract 2002: Table 564.
Note: Pre 1940 totals include women 14 and over: totals for 1940 and after are for women 16 and over. Broken lines are the
author’s projections.

11. The Glass Ceiling
• The glass barrier that keeps women
from reaching the executive suite
• Men who dominate the corporate world
seek potential leaders who are like them
• Women are seen as weak and given
subordinate jobs
• Women lack mentors

12. The Glass Ceiling is Cracking
• More women are reaching the executive
jobs
• Of the nations 500 major corporations
2012 holds record at 18 headed by
women.
• 2011 – 12 women
• 2010 – 15 women
• They learn to play by men’s rules,
giving up sleep and time with their
families
• Presidential debate question:
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/
?id=50133278n
• http://www.thesociologicalcinema.com/1/post/2010/07/edwards-i-
wasnt-criticizing-hillary-for-emotional-moment.html
• John Edwards responds to Hillary Clinton comment
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qgWH89qWks&feature=relmf
u
• Hillary tearing up?

13. Glass Escalator
• The mostly invisible accelerators
that push men into higher-level
positions, more desirable work
assignments, and higher
salaries.
• The Stereotype that because
someone is male he is more
capable.
• This takes place in traditionally
female jobs: nurses, librarians,
elementary school teachers etc.

14. The “Mommy Track”
• To help resolve the conflict of taking care of the
children and being employed full time, female
workers may have the option of the “mommy track”
• Would emphasize both career and family
• Compared to the “fast track” that would require out of town
meetings and work down at night
• Has faced severe criticism
• Women may be encouraged to be satisfied with lower pay
etc.
• No “daddy track”

15. Sex and Gender
Men

16. Reexamining the Plight of Young
Males
• Research says that boys are in trouble
• Boy babies die in greater numbers in infancy and are more
fragile as babies than girls
• Boys are more likely than girls:
• To be told they have learning disabilities
• To be sent to the principal’s office
• To be given medication for ADHD disorder
• To be suspended from high school
• To commit crimes
• To be diagnosed as schizophrenic or autistic
• In adolescence, they commit suicide 5 times more often
than girls do
• In adulthood, they are being incarcerated at ever-
increasing rates, abandoning families, and becoming more
likely to be both the perpetrators and victims of violence.

17. Are men oppressed?
• In many ways yes….
1. Women outnumber men
2. Women live longer than men (7 years)
3. Men suffer from stress related problems more than women (although
increasing for women)
4. Men die of work-related injuries 20:1 over women
5. Men are drafted for wars, not women
6. Breast cancer research receives about 6 times more funding than prostate
cancer research even though men are only slightly less likely to die from
prostate cancer than women with breast cancer.
7. Men are twice as like to be victims of violent crimes; men are 3 times more
likely to be murdered.
• Can we as a society, change the way we raise our males so that they do not
fall into the male stereotype?