This document provides an overview of the key components of hydroelectric power projects. It explains that hydroelectric power plants capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity using a turbine to convert kinetic energy to mechanical energy, and a generator to convert that to electrical energy. The major components include a dam/reservoir to create head, a water intake to divert water, a penstock to transport water to the powerhouse under pressure, and a powerhouse containing a turbine, generator, and other equipment to convert the energy and produce electricity. It then provides more details on components like trash racks, surge shafts, penstocks, spillways, desilting basins, draft tubes, and the turbine-generator assembly.

3. The Way It Works
1) Potential
4) Electrical
2) Kinetic 3) Mechanical

4. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECTS
•River Diversion Structures
•Dam
•Spillway
•Desilting Arrangements
•Power Intake Structure
•Headrace Tunnel/Channel
•Surge Shaft
•Penstock
•Power house
•Tailrace Tunnel/Channel
•Hydro mechanical works such as Gates, Hydraulic hoists
•Electromechanical works
Hydroelectric power plants capture the energy of falling water to
generate electricity. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling
water into mechanical energy. Then a generator converts the
mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy. It is
primarily the type & layout of the components, which leads
uniqueness to each project. Three basic elements are necessary in
order to generate power from water: a means of creating head, a
conduit to convey water and a power plant.

5. Dam / Barrage
Reservoir
Penstock
Water Conductor
Tail Race
Intake
Surge Shaft
Power House
COMPONENTS OF HYDRO POWER PROJECTS
COMPONENTS
OF
HYDROELECTRIC
PROJECT

8. Reservoir Scheme
Run of River Scheme
Pump Storage Scheme
Types of Hydroelectric Power Schemes

9. Rockfill dam
Clay core
Rock Rock

10. Power House
Power House is a building housing the turbines,
generator, control and protection equipments' and
other auxiliaries for operating the machines. A
Power House has following components in general,
for which hydel civil design should make adequate
arrangements;
Spiral case and wicket gates
Turbine
Draft tube
Tail Race Channel / Tunnel
Generator
Governors
Buswork, circuit breakers
Transformers
Switchyard
Auxiliary equipment

11. Trash racks
Trash rack is a screen provided at the
intake to prevent entry of floating debris like
grass, leaves, trees, timber etc., into the
water conductor system. Each screen
consists of vertical trash bars welded to
space bars consisting of flat/channel
sections.

12. Intake Structure
A water intake must be able to
divert the required amount of water
into the power canal or into the
penstock without producing a
negative impact on the local
environment and with the minimum
possible headloss.
Components of Intake Structure
•Trash rack
•Trash rack supporting structure
•Stop logs & control gates
•Anti-vortex arrangements
•Bell mouth & transition

13. Stop logs and control gates
Stop logs and control gates are
provided for regulation of flow into the
water conductor system. Stop logs are
used when the intake gate needs
maintenance and repairs. Grooves for
stop logs and gates are provided
generally in the intake body or piers.
Bell Mouth and transitions
The entrance is shaped in the form of
a bell mouth so as to have a smooth
flow and reduced losses. As already
mentioned, the intake may be inclined
or vertical with respect to the dam axis.

14. Surge Shaft / Tank
Surge Tank is provided in water conductor
system primarily to reduce the surge pressure
to be considered in the design of penstock /
pressure shaft. This economizes the design of
penstock / pressure shaft justifying the extra
cost in the provision of Surge Tank.

15. Penstock / Pressure Shaft
Conveys water from the intake structure to the
powerhouse A canal, pipe, or tunnel is required, where
the powerhouse is separated from the intake. A
penstock may be several miles long at diversion-type
projects. The remainder of the penstock, where most of
the drop in elevation occurs, would be a pressurized
tunnel or pipe. Because the cost of a pressurized tunnel
or pipe is much greater than that of a low-pressure
tunnel or pipe, it is usually desirable to minimize the
length of the high-pressure penstock.

16. Rammam Hydel Project, West
Bengal

17. Rammam Hydel Project, West
Bengal

18. Khandong Penstock Project, Assam

19. Chandil Dam Penstock, Bihar

20. Spillway
Stilling Basin / Flip Bucket
Energy dissipation arrangement
Spillway is to discharge surplus flow without damage to
the dam, powerhouse, or riverbed below the dam. The
most common type of spillway is the overflow. To permit
maximum use of storage volume, movable gates are
sometimes installed above the crest to control discharge.

21. Desilting Chamber / Basin
Most of the rivers carry heavy sediment load either in
suspension or as bed load. The suspended load,
especially the sharp edged fine sand (quartz) transported
by rivers in hilly terrain causes rapid wear of turbine runner
blades / buckets due to abrasion. This abrasion tendency
increases with the head. In course of time, this may result
in shut down of units for considerable duration thereby,
causing enormous loss of power and revenue. Therefore,
it is necessary to provide necessary arrangements for
exclusion of sediments from the water.

22. Cross- sectional view of
Turbine Generator
assembly

23. GEN SEC

24. TYPE OF
TURBINE
KAPLAN
FRANCIS
PELTON
REVERSIBLE
BULB
Turbine- converts the potential energy of water into
mechanical energy, which in turn drives the generator.

28. MACHINING OF RUNNERS

30. Bulb generators
32.6 MVA
78.9 rpm
76 poles
10.5 kV

31. Spiral case and wicket gates- to direct and control the water
entering the turbine runner. The spiral case is a steel-lined conduit
connected to the penstock or intake conduit, and it distributes flow
uniformly into the turbine. Wicket gates are adjustable vanes that
surround the turbine runner entrances and they control the area
available for water to enter the turbine.

32. National
Hydroelectric
Power
Corporation
Ltd.

34. BUTTERFLY VALVE

35. ASSEMBLY OF MIV

37. Draft tube- conveys the water from the discharge side of the turbine to the tailrace.
It is designed to minimize exit losses.
Tail Race Channel / Tunnel
The Channel/ Tunnel, through which the water returns to the river after passing
through the turbine is called Tail Race Channel / Tunnel. This is the last leg of the
journey of water to watts. Its design as a channel / Tunnel follows the same
principles as in the case of Head Race Channel / Tunnel, except that often it has
reverse slope. Another important criteria in design of Tail Race Channel / Tunnel is
the determination of Tail water Level, which actually determines the net available
head, and therefore, power generation potential.
Generator – converts the mechanical power produced by the turbine into electrical
power. The two major components of the generator are the rotor and stator, The rotor is
the rotating assembly, which is attached by a connecting shaft to the turbine, and the
stator is the fixed portion of the generator.
Governors- regulates the speed and output of turbine-generator units by controlling the
wicket gates to adjust water flow through the turbine.

38. Gate – Radial gate is to regulate the flow / discharge.
Vertical gates can be lowered or raised through a
tunnel, or across its entrance, to control the flow of
water through it. Gates are often constructed from steel.
A vertical gate
stored in the top of a
tower while water is
flowing through the
outlet below
The gate hoisting gear on
a floor above the gate

39. WICKET GATES
AND RUNNER

40. SPIRAL
CASE
WITH
GUIDE
VANES

41. Radial Gate – Srisailam project

42. Radial Gate – Srisailam project

43. High Pressure Radial Gate & Hydraulic
Hoist –Beas Project

44. Vertical Slide Gate – Tenom Pangi HEP,
Malaysia

45. SPIRAL CASE AND STAY RING
Spiral Case Inlet Dia 4.68m
Spiral Case Largest Dia. 4.68m
Distance b/w Spiral case inlet axis & unit axis 5.62m
Stay Ring height ~2.0m
Internal Dia. Of stay vanes 6.015m
No. of Stay vanes 20
Spiral case volume 500m3
weight of spiral case 240 Tons
Weight of stay ring 70Tons

46. Distributor
• Pitch Diameter 5.284m
• Wicket gate length 0.91m
• Wicket gate height 0.021m
• Distributor central line elevation 498m
• No. of wicket gates 20
• No. of upper guide bearing
• Wicket gate max. thickness 0.162m
• Weight of guide bearing 10 tons

47. Main shaft
• Outside diameter 0.17m
• Inside diameter 0.25m
• Length 4.53m
• Weight 45 Tons

48. MACHINING OF SHAFT

49. Lubricating & Governing oil
• Volume of guide bearing lubrication oil 2.0 m2
• Volume of governing oil 10.0m2

50. MAIN INLET VALVE
• No. of valves 4
• Type of valves butterfly, lattice
• Outlet diameter 5000mm
• Max. overflow to cut off 110% of max
turbine discharge
• Maximum overpressure 220 m.w.c.
• Opening & Closing time about 60sec

51. DISCUSSION