IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
A Serological Survey of Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIVs) among Children in...iosrjce
This study was done to carry out a survey of Human Parainfluenza Virus in children aged 1-12years
in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay Diagnostic kits. Of the 376
samples tested for IgG antibody of HPIV 1, 2 and 3, 288 were seropositive (76.6%). Risk and demographic
factors such as age of the children parental occupation, parental educational status, vitamin A deficiency,
frequency of eating, household size, duration of breastfeeding, environmental smoke, respiratory symptoms,
fever, sickle cell and underlying diseases were analysed. Age (χ2=17.408, p=0.001), parental occupation
(χ2=10.116, p=0.039), duration of breastfeeding (χ2=8.439, p=0.015), presence of respiratory symptoms
(χ2=5.116, p=0.024) were significantly associated with the infection. Observation from the study showed the
importance of Human Parainfluenza Virus as an agent of respiratory tract infection in children. As antiviral
drugs are not readily available, preventive measures should be adhered to in the control of the infection.
CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA PATIENT DATABASE DEVELOPMENT AND APPROBATIONLinda Veidere
LOR pulciņa dalībnieku Liānas Džavadovas un Karīnas Jelagovas ZPD "CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA PATIENT DATABASE DEVELOPMENT AND APPROBATION". Prezentēts RSU ISC 2016. Darba vadītāja Dr.Kitija Daina.
Provides detailed in formation on otitis media.It is subdivided into:
Table of content
Literature review
Patient information
medical and surgical management
nursing careplan
and it is well referenced.
It provides more information on better management of ENT patient.
Can be used by anyone in the medical or nursing field.
Common antibiotics prescribed for acute respiratory tract infected children i...iosrphr_editor
Background: Acute respiratory infection is a common disease in children. Most cases were due to upper respiratory tract infection. Early intervention and prompt treatment of acute respiratory infections are the easiest ways to prevent complications. Objective of the study: to determine the indications, frequency, and types of antibiotics used in hospitalized paediatric patients Messellata General Hospital , Messellata, Libya and to evaluate whether the prescribed antibiotics were based on the isolation of organism and their sensitivity. Study Design: Descriptive observational hospital based study. Results and discussion: A total of 200 child patients were included over 6 months of study period, in whom antibiotics were prescribed at the time of admission. The majority were between < 2 and 8 years of age. Fever was the commonest symptom. Out of 200 encounters for patients with various acute respiratory infections, acute pharyngotonsillits were (62.5%), followed by acute laringitis (26.5%). Acute pneumonia represented by (11%) of the total acute respiratory infection cases. Penicillins were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics for acute pharyngotonsillitis among children patients (40.8% of prescriptions), followed by cephalosporins (36.0%) and aminoglycosides (23.2%). A high percentage (59.1%) of children patients diagnosed with acute pneumonia was treated with cephalosporins, whereas (27.3%) of children patients with acute pneumonia were treated with penicillins. However, only (13.6%) of children patients with acute pneumonia often treated with aminoglycosides antibiotics. In case of acute laryngitis, the antibiotic prescription rates were as follow: Penicillins (58.5%), Cephalosporis (30.2%) and aminoglycosides (11.3%).
A Serological Survey of Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIVs) among Children in...iosrjce
This study was done to carry out a survey of Human Parainfluenza Virus in children aged 1-12years
in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay Diagnostic kits. Of the 376
samples tested for IgG antibody of HPIV 1, 2 and 3, 288 were seropositive (76.6%). Risk and demographic
factors such as age of the children parental occupation, parental educational status, vitamin A deficiency,
frequency of eating, household size, duration of breastfeeding, environmental smoke, respiratory symptoms,
fever, sickle cell and underlying diseases were analysed. Age (χ2=17.408, p=0.001), parental occupation
(χ2=10.116, p=0.039), duration of breastfeeding (χ2=8.439, p=0.015), presence of respiratory symptoms
(χ2=5.116, p=0.024) were significantly associated with the infection. Observation from the study showed the
importance of Human Parainfluenza Virus as an agent of respiratory tract infection in children. As antiviral
drugs are not readily available, preventive measures should be adhered to in the control of the infection.
CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA PATIENT DATABASE DEVELOPMENT AND APPROBATIONLinda Veidere
LOR pulciņa dalībnieku Liānas Džavadovas un Karīnas Jelagovas ZPD "CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA PATIENT DATABASE DEVELOPMENT AND APPROBATION". Prezentēts RSU ISC 2016. Darba vadītāja Dr.Kitija Daina.
Provides detailed in formation on otitis media.It is subdivided into:
Table of content
Literature review
Patient information
medical and surgical management
nursing careplan
and it is well referenced.
It provides more information on better management of ENT patient.
Can be used by anyone in the medical or nursing field.
Common antibiotics prescribed for acute respiratory tract infected children i...iosrphr_editor
Background: Acute respiratory infection is a common disease in children. Most cases were due to upper respiratory tract infection. Early intervention and prompt treatment of acute respiratory infections are the easiest ways to prevent complications. Objective of the study: to determine the indications, frequency, and types of antibiotics used in hospitalized paediatric patients Messellata General Hospital , Messellata, Libya and to evaluate whether the prescribed antibiotics were based on the isolation of organism and their sensitivity. Study Design: Descriptive observational hospital based study. Results and discussion: A total of 200 child patients were included over 6 months of study period, in whom antibiotics were prescribed at the time of admission. The majority were between < 2 and 8 years of age. Fever was the commonest symptom. Out of 200 encounters for patients with various acute respiratory infections, acute pharyngotonsillits were (62.5%), followed by acute laringitis (26.5%). Acute pneumonia represented by (11%) of the total acute respiratory infection cases. Penicillins were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics for acute pharyngotonsillitis among children patients (40.8% of prescriptions), followed by cephalosporins (36.0%) and aminoglycosides (23.2%). A high percentage (59.1%) of children patients diagnosed with acute pneumonia was treated with cephalosporins, whereas (27.3%) of children patients with acute pneumonia were treated with penicillins. However, only (13.6%) of children patients with acute pneumonia often treated with aminoglycosides antibiotics. In case of acute laryngitis, the antibiotic prescription rates were as follow: Penicillins (58.5%), Cephalosporis (30.2%) and aminoglycosides (11.3%).
inflammation of the ear, usually distinguished as otitis externa (of the passage of the outer ear), otitis media (of the middle ear), and otitis interna (of the inner ear; labyrinthitis).
Background & objectives: In Odisha, several cases of dengue virus infection were detected for the first time in 2010, the importance of dengue as a serious mosquito-borne viral infection was felt only in 2011 with the reporting of many more positive cases. This retrospective three year study was done to find out the seroprevalence of dengue Igm antibody and to know the predominant serotype of dengue virus among the patients suspected to have dengue virus infection in a tertiary care hospital in southern Odisha, India.
Methods: Blood samples from clinically suspected dengue cases admitted in the Medicine and Paediatrics departments of a tertiary care hospital were collected. These were processed for detection of dengue specific IgM antibody, carried out by the ELISA method. Dengue IgM antibody positive serum samples were tested for serotypic identification.
Results: of the 5102 samples tested, 1074 (21.05 %) were positive for dengue IgM. Maximum numbers of cases were found in 2012. Majority (47.86 %) of cases were detected in the month of September. The most common affected age group was 11 to 20 yr. DENV1 and DENV2 were the detected serotypes.
Interpretation & conclusions: Rapid increase in the dengue cases in 2012 became a public health concern as majority of cases were affecting the young adolescents. Most of the cases were reported in post-monsoon period indicating a need for acceleration of vector control programmes prior to arrival of monsoon.
Key words Dengue virus - IgM antibody - seroprevalence - serotype - vector control
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
inflammation of the ear, usually distinguished as otitis externa (of the passage of the outer ear), otitis media (of the middle ear), and otitis interna (of the inner ear; labyrinthitis).
Background & objectives: In Odisha, several cases of dengue virus infection were detected for the first time in 2010, the importance of dengue as a serious mosquito-borne viral infection was felt only in 2011 with the reporting of many more positive cases. This retrospective three year study was done to find out the seroprevalence of dengue Igm antibody and to know the predominant serotype of dengue virus among the patients suspected to have dengue virus infection in a tertiary care hospital in southern Odisha, India.
Methods: Blood samples from clinically suspected dengue cases admitted in the Medicine and Paediatrics departments of a tertiary care hospital were collected. These were processed for detection of dengue specific IgM antibody, carried out by the ELISA method. Dengue IgM antibody positive serum samples were tested for serotypic identification.
Results: of the 5102 samples tested, 1074 (21.05 %) were positive for dengue IgM. Maximum numbers of cases were found in 2012. Majority (47.86 %) of cases were detected in the month of September. The most common affected age group was 11 to 20 yr. DENV1 and DENV2 were the detected serotypes.
Interpretation & conclusions: Rapid increase in the dengue cases in 2012 became a public health concern as majority of cases were affecting the young adolescents. Most of the cases were reported in post-monsoon period indicating a need for acceleration of vector control programmes prior to arrival of monsoon.
Key words Dengue virus - IgM antibody - seroprevalence - serotype - vector control
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Understanding Ear Infection Causes What You Need To Know.pdfMedy Blog
Ear infections are a common problem that affects millions of people worldwide. Whether it's a child or an adult, these infections can cause discomfort and pain, making it difficult to carry out daily activities. Understanding the causes and symptoms of ear infections is crucial in seeking timely treatment and preventing further complications.
An ear infection is an inflammation of the middle ear, usually caused
by bacteria, that occurs when fluid builds up behind the eardrum.
Anyone can get an ear infection, but children get them more often than
adults. Three out of four children will have at least one ear infection
by their third birthday. In fact, ear infections are the most common
reason parents bring their child to a doctor. The scientific name for an
ear infection is otitis media (OM).
Otitis media is inflammation or infection located in the middle ear. Otitis media can occur as a result of a cold, sore throat, or respiratory infection.
Youtube link :- https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=medic+o+mania
Immunization clinic remains crucial regardless of what the media says. The relevance of
childhood vaccinations has been relegated to the background by the antivaccination
An ear infection (sometimes called acute otitis media) is an infection of the middle ear, the air-filled space behind the eardrum that contains the small vibrating bones of the ear. Children are more likely to get an ear infection than adults.
Because ear infections usually go away on their own, treatment can begin with pain control and monitoring of the problem. Sometimes antibiotics are used to kill the infection. Some people are prone to multiple ear infections. This can cause hearing problems and other serious complications.
alhajji1alhajji 2Jafar AlhajjiVaccines Safety and Effectiven.docxsimonlbentley59018
alhajji1
alhajji 2
Jafar Alhajji
Vaccines Safety and Effectiveness
Do you think vaccination is an important or just harmful substance forced by pharmaceutical companies cooperating with the governments to inject into people? Vaccine can be defined as “biological preparations that, when introduced into the body, cause an individual to acquire immunity to a specific disease” (Davidson. 7). So, for decades, vaccines have been considered one of the best revaluation in medical practice. A long time ago, people all around the world tried to fight with different kinds of fatal diseases by different ways, and one of the most Significant ways is to make a vaccine, to prevent such life- threatening diseases. The first vaccine was against the Smallpox disease. Smallpox is a highly contagious disease and caused a lot of fatalities all around the world, and it is transmitted between people by inhalation of droplets of virus or direct contact with smallpox lesion secretions (Davidson 25). It is a deadly disease, it caused blindness and permanent scars in the patients that survived. Finally, after several attempts to make a vaccine for Smallpox, Edward succeeded to produce an effective and safe vaccine in 1796 by using the cowpox vaccine to protect from smallpox. Cowpox is a disease cause by cows and transferred to human, and Jenner’s theory was based that whoever had cowpox will be immunized against smallpox (Davidson 29). “Edward Jenner was an English country doctor who introduced the vaccine for smallpox. Previously a keen practitioner of smallpox inoculation.”
Then, century after century, vaccine after vaccine was developed for different kinds of diseases. In the 20th century, one of the most known vaccines was Diphtheria and Tetanus vaccines. Diphtheria is a respiratory illness, causing the release of exotoxin from Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria which leads to death of mucus cells in the throat, mouth and nose, and as a result of cells accumulation the pseudo-membrane are build up and block the airways of the patients which causes death (Davidson 42) After years of experiments and trials to make a vaccine to fight this disease, Gaston Ramon a French veterinarian and biologist who realized that attenuated Diphtheria toxin is able to activate the immune system of people without causing serious side effects, and by 1927, the toxoid vaccine was freely used all around the world, and it succeeds to drop the number of cases of diphtheria. Then, by using the same way of toxoid, combined Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoid vaccines were produced. Tetanus can be described as a nerves system infection that leads to spasm and contract of body muscles, especially jaw muscles which make the patients unable to open their mouths (Davidson. 44)
Another example of one of the most significant vaccine is a Polio vaccine. Polio disease, mainly affecting children under 5 years old, and leading to paralysis and often to death due to immobilization of respi.
A Brief Study of Efficacy of Homoeopathic Medicines in Controlling Tonsilliti...IOSRJPBS
A Brief study of efficacy of homoeopathic medicines in controlling tonsillitis in paediatric age group, Sri ganganagar, (Raj) India. Background: Tonsillitis is one of the most common conditions in childhood with recurrent attacks which will result in sever complication. Homoeopathy is giving better result in treating tonsillitis both in acute and chronic recurrent episodes. The objective were to evaluate the constitutional remedial action in case of Tonsillitis and to analyze group of constitutional remedies effective in the treatment of tonsillitis in Paediatric age group. Methodology: A hospital based observational study was carried out on Sriganganagar Homoeopathic Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Sri Ganganagar, Raj. The study group of 30 was selected based on purposive sampling method. This is before and after without control type of experimental study. 30 diagnosed cases were considered. Data collected were analysed and inferred with T test used to calculate. Result: The overall response of the treatment with the help of 10 Homoeopathic medicines. It was observed that out of 30 patients, 18 (60%) patient were cured, 10 (33%) patients improved, 2 (7%) patients showed no response. This study reflects the predominance of Psoric Miasm in the cases of Tonsillitis. Out of 30 cases, 14 ( 46.67%) cases were purely Psoric, 13 (43.33%) cases were Sycosis, 1 (3.33%) cases were Tubercular, 2 ( 6.67%) cases were Syphilis. Conclusion: Homoeopathic constitutional remedies are very effective in treating tonsillitis in paediatric age group. There were no side effects during the treatment.
Alhajji 1
Alhajji 6
JafarAlhajji
Professor:
English homework
May 1, 2019
Vaccines safety and effectiveness
Do you think vaccination is an important or just harmful substance forced by pharmaceutical companies cooperating with the governments to inject into people? A vaccine can be defined as "biological preparations that, when introduced into the body, cause an individual to acquire immunity to a specific disease” (Davidson. 7). So, for decades, vaccines have been considered one of the best revaluation in medical practice. A long time ago, people all around the world tried to fight with different kinds of fatal diseases by different ways, and one of the most Significant ways is to make a vaccine, to prevent such life-threatening diseases. The first vaccine was against the Smallpox disease. Smallpox is a highly contagious disease and caused a lot of fatalities all around the world, and it is transmitted between people by inhalation of droplets of virus or direct contact with smallpox lesion secretions (Davidson 25). It is a deadly disease, it caused blindness and permanent scars in the patients that survived. Finally, after several attempts to make a vaccine for Smallpox, Edward succeeded to produce an effective and safe vaccine in 1796 by using the cowpox vaccine to protect from smallpox. Cowpox is a disease caused by cows and transferred to a human, and Jenner's theory was based that whoever had cowpox will be immunized against smallpox (Davidson29).“Edward Jenner was an English country doctor who introduced the vaccine for smallpox. Previously a keen practitioner of smallpox inoculation.”
Then, century after century, the vaccine after the vaccine was developed for different kinds of diseases. In the 20th century, one of the most known vaccines was Diphtheria and Tetanus vaccines. Diphtheria is a respiratory illness, causing the release of exotoxin from Corynebacterium diphtheria bacteria which leads to the death of mucous cells in the throat, mouth, and nose, and as a result of cells accumulation the pseudo-membrane are build up and block the airways of the patients which causes death (Davidson42) After years of experiments and trials to make a vaccine to fight this disease, Gaston Ramona French veterinarian and biologist who realized that attenuated Diphtheria toxin is able to activate the immune system of people without causing serious side effects, and by 1927, the toxoid vaccine was freely used all around the world, and it succeeds to drop the number of cases of diphtheria. Then, by using the same way of toxoid, combined Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoid vaccines were produced. Tetanus can be described as a nerves system infection that leads to spasm and contract of body muscles, especially jaw muscles which make the patients unable to open their mouths (Davidson. 44)
Another example of one of the most significant vaccine is a Polio vaccine. Polio disease, mainly affecting children under 5 years old, and leading to paralysis and often to .
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
Identification of Microorganism Associated With Otitis Media among Children in Ganawuri Area of Plateau State, Nigeria
1. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 14, Issue 12 Ver. V (Dec. 2015), PP 61-67
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141256167 www.iosrjournals.org 61 | Page
Identification of Microorganism Associated With Otitis Media
among Children in Ganawuri Area of Plateau State, Nigeria
Jik A.W1
, Ogundeji E.B1
, Maxwell I.K1
, Ogundeji A.O1
, Samaila J.M2
, Sunday
C.D1
, Gullek J.S2
, Baso L.A1
, Agbaje A.O3
and Onuoha M.N4
.
1.
Virology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute P.M.B 01 Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
2.
Parasitology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute P.M.B 01 Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
3.
Heamatology and blood transfusion Department, Ekiti State Teaching hospital. Nigeria.
4.
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medical Sciences University of Maiduguri, Nigeria.
Abstract: Out of the 182 samples of middle ear exudates examined 154 specimens contained bacterial
pathogens and 18 specimens were sterile. Table 4.1 shows the total Isolation rate of bacterial pathogens from
the 182 samples. A total of 53 of the isolates were confirmed as Staphylococcus aureus by Gram’s Method,
catalase and coagulase tests. And 34 of the isolates produced some greenish pigmentation on macConkey agar
medium and also gave a fishy or musty odour. They were also found to be motile at 37o
C strongly oxidase
positive and were confirmed as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Of the 154 total isolates, 25 showed some swarming
in several cases at 37o
c after 24 hours of incubation on blood agar and where confirmed as proteus mirabilis.
Apart from Haemophilus Infuenzae and Streptococcus Pyogenes which were identified, using X and V factors,
Satellitism test and bacitracin disc respectively, others such as Escherichia coli were identified biochemically to
species level. Of all the six different bacterial pathogen isolated staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent
accounting for 34.42%, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 22.08% and Proteous mirabilis with
16.23%, Streptococcus pyogenes 13.64%, Escherichia coli 8.44%, while the lowest prevalent rate was recorded
in Haemophilus influenza with 5.19%. Total positive sample recoded in female was 81 which is higher than 71
positive samples recorded in male but statistically there was no significant difference (p>0.05). out of 154
positive samples, Children between age group 1 – 3 were statistically significantly affected (p>0.05) with total
number of 59(38.31%) positive samples followed by age group 4 – 6 with 47(30.52%), age group 7 – 9 with
30(19.48%) and age group 10 – 12 with 18(11.69%).
Key words: otitis media, organism, ear discharge.
I. Introduction
The inflammation of the middle ear cavity in man is referred to as Otitis media. Otitis media can be
caused by infections, allergy, anatomic or functional deviations of the middle ear or Eustachian tube, Jawez [1].
The ear is a sense organ concerned with hearing and balance. Sound waves transmitted from outside enters the
ear. It is made up of three parts, the outer, middle and inner ear [2]. The ear infection can be acute (acute otitis
media) or chronic (chronic or supurative otitis media). Acute otitis media is a middle ear effusion (fluid)
associated with symptoms of pain, fever and irritability. Some children may also suffer from loss of appetite and
even vomiting. Recurrent otitis media is when there are three or more separate episodes of acute otitis media in
a six months period. Otitis media with effusion, often referred to as glue ear, describes fluid in the middle ear
with no sign of fever or inflammation of the ear drum [3].
The middle ear has no natural flora, normally sterile. The members of the normal flora are opportunists
and can cause disease when host defenses are impaired [1]. Children are much more susceptible to otitis media
since the Eustachian tube is short and at more of a horizontal angle than in the adult ear [4]. They also have not
developed the same resistance to bacteria, viruses and fungi as adults. The Eustachian tube is usually closed but
opens regularly to ventilate or replenish the air in the middle ear. This tube also equalizes middle ear air
pressure in response to air pressure changes in the environment. However, Eustachian tube that is blocked by
swelling of the lining or plugged with mucous from a cold or from other reason cannot open to ventilate the
middle ear [5].
The most common bacteria causes for acute otitis media are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus
influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. The incidence of penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae has risen,
but rates vary between countries. Others are Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidemidis etc. while the fungal
likely agents are; Aspergilus niger and Candida species. Viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and
tjose that cause common cold may also result in otitis media by damaging the normal defenses of the epithelial
cells in the upper respiratory tract [6]. Animals and vectors have no role in transmission of the agents
responsible for otitis media. Environmental factors are important in patients in whom allergy is the precipitating
2. Identification of Microorganism Associated With Otitis Media among Children in Ganawuri Area…
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141256167 www.iosrjournals.org 62 | Page
events [7]. 75% of children experience at least one episode of otitis media by the third birthday. Almost one-half
of these children will have three or more ear infections during their first three years of life [8].
Otitis media is often difficult to detect because most young children do not yet have sufficient speech
and language skills to tell someone what is bothering them. Common signs to look for are:
unusual irritability
difficulty sleeping
tugging or pulling at one or both ears
fever
fluid draining from the ear
not respond to soft sounds
turn up the television or radio
talk louder [4].
Acute bacteria otitis media can cause pain that lead to sleeplessness for both children and parents, can
also cause eardrum perforation, not all of which heals. It can spread to cause mastoilitis and or meningitis, brain
abscesses and eve death. If a severe infection goes untreated long enough, high fever can occur and cause febrile
seizures. Appropriate antibiotic administration prevents most of such complications [9]. When the middle ear
becomes acutely infected, pressure builds up behind the eardrum (lympanic membrane), frequently causing
pain. It may result in bullous myringitis in which the lympanic membrane is inflamed and blistered. In severe or
untreated cases, the lympanic membrane may rupture, allowing the pus in the middle ear space to drain into the
ear canal. Though the rupture of the lympanic membrane suggests a traumatic process, it is relief of pressure and
pain [10].
How the defense molecules and cells involved in immunity respond to bacteria and viruses that often
lead to otitis media is also under investigation. Scientists are evaluating the success of certain drugs currently
being used for the treatment of otitis media and are examining new drugs that may be more effective, easier to
administer and better at preventing new infections. Most importantly, research is leading to the availability of
vaccines that will prevent otitis media [8]. The Ad hoc committee on definition and classification of otitis media
in 1980 strictly defined otitis media as inflammation of the middle ear that may or may not be infectious and
may or may not be associated with effusion. Effusion when present may be serious, purulent or mucoid [11].
The acute inflammatory response to the initiating viral infection or allergic reaction changes the thin cuboidal
lining of the middle ear into a structure that is two or three times its normal thickness. As the swelling involves
the orifice of the Eustachian tube, the human becomes occluded and exudates accumulate. Pus that did not drain
out of the middle ear becomes a focus for organization leading to mucosal thickening. Round cell infiltration
and fibrosis of the middle ear mark chronic infection [12]
Aspiration of the middle ear fluid in the syndrome of acute otitis media yields a bacteriological sterile
fluid in about one of the cases. Respiratory syncytial virus, Influenza A, Coxsackie, Parainfluenza and
Adenoviruses have on occasions been isolated from this fluid but most attempt to isolate Mycoplasma have been
unsuccessful [13].
There are many reasons why children are more likely to suffer from otitis media than adults. Children
have more trouble fighting infection, this is because their immune system are still developing [14]. Infants in
whom otitis media with effusion develop in the first year of life have an increase risk of recurrent middle ear
infection. The overall prevalence of the disease tends to decrease with age especially after the age of 6 years.
The incidence is higher in males, lower socioeconomic groups, Eskimos, Americans, Indians, children with cleft
palate and is also higher in winter and early spring when viral respiratory diseases are frequent. Use of pacifiers
beyond age two is associated with substantial increase in otitis media. Other conditions that cause inflammation
of the nasal mucosa beside viral infections appear to play a role in some cases [15]. According to a study on the
correlation between otitis media and breast feeding infants by [16], they found out that short duration of breast
feeding is a risk factor for otitis media in early childhood and that feeding while lying down and early entry into
child care centers increase the duration of otitis media infection in the first few years of life. Other factors such
as overcrowding, poor nutrition, poor hygiene, and lack of attention to symptoms may also increase the
incidence, type and severity of otitis media.
The present study is aimed at isolating the prevalent bacterial agents responsible for otitis media among
children in Plateau Specialist Hospital Jos.
II. Objectives
To identify the possible causative agents to specie level.
To determine the most common bacterial organism that affects the population.
To access the level of otitis media among children and to suggest ways that should be used to minimize the
problems.
3. Identification of Microorganism Associated With Otitis Media among Children in Ganawuri Area…
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141256167 www.iosrjournals.org 63 | Page
III. Sample Collection
Samples were collected from 182 children with signs and symptoms of the Otitis media from Ganawuri
district of Riyom local government area in Plateau state, which comprises children between the ages 1to12.
The eardrum and surrounding ear canal of the subjects were sterilized with 70% alcohol. Normal saline
was used to irrigate the canal and removed any alcohol remnant, after which the ear was clean and dried with
sterile absorbent cotton wool. The specimen was collected by inserting and gentle rotation of sterile swab stick
into the middle ear.
IV. Isolation
Each case of otitis media was sample on two sterile swabs sticks one for culture and the other for direct
staining by Gram’s Method. The ear swabs were plated directly into two chocolate agar plats, two blood agar
plates, one Macconkey agar plate and one phenyl ethyl alcohol agar. One blood agar and chocolate agar plates
each ere incubated with about 10% carbon dioxide in a candle jar and others incubated aerobically at 370
c for 48
hours. The plates were read and the resultant colonies Grams stained were examined under the microscope using
the x100 objective. All agar plates that showed no growth after 48 hours of incubation were considered as
negative.
V. Identification
All colonies on chocolate agar, blood agar and Maccnkey agar plates were identical by colonies
appearances. Those on the chocolate and blood agar plates were stained by grams method. Catalase test were
performed on all the colonies that were gram positive cocci using Hydrogen peroxide.
The catalase positive colonies were further subjected to coagulase test using human plasma. The slide
and tube coagulase test were performed for confirmation of result. Those that were both catalase and coagulase
positive were identified as Staphylococcus aureus and the catalase negative as Staphylococcus species.
Identification of Staphylococcus species were done by using commercially prepared bacitracin and optochin
discs, and the types of haemolysis on the blood agar plate. Those that produced Beta-haemolysis and sensitive to
bacitracin were regarded as Staphylococcus pyogenes.
The following tests were carried out on the gram’s negative organisms. Oxidase test, using 1% solution
of tetraethyl P-Phenylene diamine dihydrochloride, motility tests, by the hanging drop technique and
biochemical test. Set of one percent sugar solutions of glucose, maltose, lactose, salicin, dulcitol, inositon, were
used. Peptone water and glucose phosphate peptone water were also used for indole and methyl red test
respectively. Christensen’s medium, koser’s citrate and potassium cyanide media were also used in the
biochemical reactions.
All the sugar solution were prepared in sterile Bijou and McCartney bottle and sterilized by
tantalization. The other media used in biochemical reaction were sterilized by autoclaving at 121Co
for 15
minutes. Durham tubes were placed in each of the McCartney bottles containing glucose for the detection of gas
production after fermentation.
Typical representative colonies were then inoculated in different peptone water bottles and incubated
aerobically at 37c
o
for 3-5 hours. A drop from each peptone water culture was aseptically inoculated into sets of
sugar solutions with sterile Pasteur pipettes. A straight wire used in inculcating Koser’s citrate and potassium
cyanide. After overnight incubation at 37c
o
, all the sugars were examined for fermentation by observing for
colour change of the Andrade’s indicator and for gas production. Others were examined for growth in them and
the results recorded. Those suspected to be Haemophilus species were identified by using x and v factor discs.
Those organisms sensitive to both x and v factors were identified as Haemophilus influenza satellitism test were
also carried out on the organisms susceptible to the x and v factors.
VI. Some Characterization Test Used For Screening Catalase Test
A drop of three percent hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was added to the centre of clean slide. The test
organism was mixed with it using a wire loop. Catalase positive was identified by immediate or active bubbling
of gas and negative when there was no release of bubbles or gas.
VII. Coagulase Test
Slide method (To detect bound coagulase). A drop of normal saline was placed at the centre of 2 slides.
The test organism was emulsified on each of the drops of saline, after which a drop of plasma was added to one,
with the other as control for granular appearance of the organism from true coagulase clumping. Coagulase
positive was identified by the clumping of the organism and negative when there was no clumping.
Tube method (To detect free coagulase).
1. 1
/10 dilution of the human plasma was prepared using normal saline (0.2ml of plasma with 1.8ml of normal
saline).
4. Identification of Microorganism Associated With Otitis Media among Children in Ganawuri Area…
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141256167 www.iosrjournals.org 64 | Page
2. Three test tubes were taken and labeled test, positives and negative controls.
3. 0.5ml of the diluted plasma was pipette into each tube.
4. 5 drops of the test organism in broth was then added to the tube labeled test, 5 drops to the positive and
negative control respectively.
5. They were mixed and incubated at 37c
o
for 1-6 hours, examined at time interval for 30 minutes after one
hour duration. Fibrin clot was recorded as positive and no fibrin clot as negative. That is no free coagulase
produced.
Gram Staining Technique
1. A smear was made, dried and fixed with gentle heat.
2. The fixed smear was covered with crystal violet stain for 60 seconds after which it was washed in running
tap-water,
3. The smear was again covered with lugol’s iodine for 60 seconds and washed in running tap water.
4. Using alcohol, the preparation was decolorized until no more colour appears to ooze out of the smear and
washed with water.
5. The smear was counterstained with neutral red stained for one minute, after which it was washed, blot
dried with filter paper and examined under the microscope. Gram positive bacteria were purplish or dark
blue in colour. Gram negative bacteria were pinkish or reddish in colour.
Urease Activity
A slope of urea agar was heavily inoculated and incubated at 37c
o
overnight. Red colour in the medium
indicated a positive reaction.
Motility Test
A bottle of peptone water was inoculated with the test organism and incubated for about 2-3 hours at
37c
o
after which was examined for motility by the hanging drop method using a high power dry objective and
reduced illumination motile organisms dashed across the field of view.
Satellitism Test
A loopful of the suspected Haemophilus growth in about 2ml sterile peptone water was mixed, and
inoculated on a nutrient agar and blood agar plates using a sterile swab stick. A pure culture of staphylococcus
aureus was stricked across each of the inoculated plates. Both plates were incubated at increased carbondioxide
(5-10%) environment at 37o
c overnight after which the plates were examined for growth and satellite colonies.
Indole Test
The suspected organism was inoculated in peptone water and incubated at 37o
c for 24hours; 1ml of
xylene was added followed by addition of 1ml of Ehrlich’s reagent after thorough shaking. A pink or red colour
indicates the presence of indole.
VIII. Result
Out of the 182 samples of middle ear exudates examined 154 specimens contained bacterial pathogens
and 18 specimens were sterile. Table 4.1 shows the total Isolation rate of bacterial pathogens from the 182
samples.
A total of 53 of the isolates were confirmed as Staphylococcus aureus by Gram’s Method, catalase and
coagulase tests. And 34 of the isolates produced some greenish pigmentation on macConkey agar medium and
also gave a fishy odour. They were also found to be motile at 37o
C strongly oxidase positive and were
confirmed as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Of the 154 total isolates, 25 showed some swarming in several cases at
37o
c after 24 hours of incubation on blood agar and where confirmed as proteus mirabilis. Apart from
Haemophilus Infuenzae and Streptococcus Pyogenes which were identified, using X and V factors, Satellitism
test and bacitracin disc respectively, others such as Escherichia coli were identified biochemically to species
level. Of all the six different bacterial pathogen isolated staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent
accounting for 34.42%, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 22.08% and Proteous mirabilis with 16.23%,
Streptococcus pyogenes 13.64%, Escherichia coli 8.44%, while the lowest prevalent rate was recorded in
Haemophilus influenza with 5.19%. Total positive sample recoded in female was 81 which is higher than 71
positive samples recorded in male but statistically there was no significant difference (p>0.05). out of 154
positive samples, Children between age group 1 – 3 were statistically significantly affected (p>0.05) with total
number of 59(38.31%) positive samples followed by age group 4 – 6 with 47(30.52%), age group 7 – 9 with
30(19.48%) and age group 10 – 12 with 18(11.69%).
5. Identification of Microorganism Associated With Otitis Media among Children in Ganawuri Area…
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141256167 www.iosrjournals.org 65 | Page
Table 1: Distribution of pathogen isolated from samples
Figure 1: Children with ear discharge
Table 2: Age distribution of bacterial isolates
Age group Number of Bacteria isolated Percentage of Bacteria Isolated
(%)
1 – 3
4 - 6
7 - 9
10 - 12
TOTAL
59
47
30
18
154
38.31
30.52
19.48
11.69
100
Table 3: Sex distribution of bacteria isolates and their percentage
Pathogen isolated Number of sample
Staphilococcus aureus
Psudomonas aeruginosa
Proteous mirabilis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Escherichia coli
Haemophilus influenza
TOTAL
53
34
25
21
13
8
154
Microbial agents Male(%) Female(%) Total(%)
Staphilococcus aureus
Psudomonas aeruginosa
Proteous mirabilis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Escherichia coli
Haemophilus influenza
TOTAL
23(32.39)
15(21.13)
14(19.72)
10(14.08)
6(8.45)
3(4.23)
71(46.10)
30(36.14)
19(22.89)
12(14.46)
10(12.05)
7(8.43)
5(6.02)
83(53.90)
53(34.42)
34(22.08)
26(16.23)
20(13.64)
13(8.44)
8(5.19)
154(100)
6. Identification of Microorganism Associated With Otitis Media among Children in Ganawuri Area…
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141256167 www.iosrjournals.org 66 | Page
Figure 1: Pie chart showing percentage prevalent rate of microbial agents.
Figure 2: Pie Chart showing the percentage rate of the organisms isolated
IX. Discussion
Out of 154 bacterial pathogens isolated from 182 samples of the middle ear aspirated fluid,
Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated (34.42%). The prevalent rate of other pathogens
isolated in decreasing frequency were Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 22.08% and Proteous mirabilis with
16.23%, Streptococcus pyogenes 13.64%, Escherichia coli 8.44%, while the lowest prevalent rate was recorded
in Haemophilus influenza with 5.19%, this is contrary to the findings of Philomena et al., 2013 who reported
Pseodomonas aeruginosa as the most prevalent aetiological agents of otitis media with 33.33% followed by
Staphylococcus aureus with 23.19%. Generally the findings from this study is higher compare to the the
findings in United States of America reported by Maharjan et al., 2006 [17]. It has been reported that the
prevalence of otitis media is higher in developing countries when compared to developed countries and the
possible reason may be due to local customs and beliefs harmful traditional practices, poor care facility and
treatment of acute cases by the first contact personel [18]. Anaerobic bacteria, Mycoplasma pneumonia, viruses
and Chlamydia trachomatis have been reported as possible pathogens of the middle ear [19],[20]. Specimens
were not processed to recover these agents. All the patients examined in this study had symptoms (fever,
irritability, pain, poor feeding) and the majority were between one to nine years (both sexes) with supparative
otitis media. It is obvious from this finding that females (with total percentage isolates of 54.16%) were more
susceptible to infection of the middle ear than the males (45.84%) although statistically, there was no significant
difference (p>0.05), this is in agreement with the research conducted in Kupa medical centre with prevalence
rates of 47.1% for males and 52.9% for females [21].
The peak incidence was seen in infants than in children and may possibly be as a result of the fact that
the immune system of the infants are still developing. The disease is known to be a childhood disease with high
incidence in the first three years of life [21], this is supported by the findings of a higher incidence in children
between 1 – 3 and 4-6 years of age in this work.
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