Pulse shaping filter plays an important in multirate signal processing for Software Defined Radio based wireless and mobile applications. In this paper Raised Cosine filter has been presented for pulse shaping using Kaiser and Gaussian window techniques. The raised cosine filter introduces group delay that causes ISI in wireless communication. The ISI due to group delay can be removed by delaying the input signal to the filter. The ISI can also be rejected by reduced roll off factor α which results in narrow transition width. The proposed filter has been designed and simulated using Matlab. The simulated results show that the performance of both window techniques are almost same but Gaussian window based pulse shaping filter provides improved stop band attenuation is better as compared to Kaiser window technique.
AREA EFFICIENT & COST EFFECTIVE PULSE SHAPING FILTER FOR SOFTWARE RADIOS ijasuc
In this paper area efficient and cost effective techniques for design of pulse shaping filter have been
presented to improve the computational and implementation complexity. Pulse shaping filters have been
designed and implemented by using Raised cosine filter, Nyquist filter and optimized half band filters for
software defined radio (SDR) based wireless applications. The performance of different filters is compared
in terms of BER and hardware requirements. The results show that the BER performance of the optimized
designs is almost identical to the Raised cosine filter with significant reduction in hardware requirements.
The hardware saving of 60% to 90% can be achieved by replacing the Raised cosine filter with proposed
filters to provide cost effective solution for wireless communication applications.
Performance evaluation of different spectrum sensing techniques for realistic...ijwmn
In this paper, the performance assessment of five different detection techniques from spectrum sensing
perspective in cognitive radio networks is proposed and implemented using the realistic implementation
oriented model (R-model) with signal processing operations. The performance assessment of the different
sensing techniques in the existence of unknown or imprecisely known impulsive noise levels is done by
considering the signal detection in cognitive radio networks under a non-parametric multisensory detection
scenario. The examination focuses on performance comparison of basic spectrum sensing mechanisms as,
energy detection (ED) and cyclostationary feature detection (CSFD) along with the eigenvalue-based
detection methods namely, Maximum-minimum eigenvalue detection (MMED), Roy’s largest Root Test
(RLRT) which requires knowledge of the noise variance and Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT)
which can be implemented as a test of the largest eigenvalues vs. Maximum-likelihood estimates a noise
variance. From simulation results it is observed that the detection performance of the GLRT method is
better than the other techniques in realistic implementation oriented model.
Implementation of Wide Band Frequency Synthesizer Base on DFS (Digital Frequ...IJMER
Wide Band Frequency Synthesizer has become essential components in wireless communication
systems. They are used as frequency synthesizers with precise and convenient digital control in both traditional
electronics, such as televisions and AM/FM radios, and modern consumer products among which cellular
mobile phone is a striking example.
IC fabrication technology advances have made monolithic integration possible. More and more
electronic devices can be put on the same chip to reduce the number of external components and then the costs.
Therefore, on a single chip we can accomplish many functions for which we might need to make several chips
work together a few years ago. A monolithic wide-band PLL is of great interests to wireless communication
applications due to both its low cost and convenience to switch between different communication standards.
The focus of this work is to implement a wide-band Frequency Synthesizer using as few as possible building
blocks and also as simple as possible structure.
AREA EFFICIENT & COST EFFECTIVE PULSE SHAPING FILTER FOR SOFTWARE RADIOS ijasuc
In this paper area efficient and cost effective techniques for design of pulse shaping filter have been
presented to improve the computational and implementation complexity. Pulse shaping filters have been
designed and implemented by using Raised cosine filter, Nyquist filter and optimized half band filters for
software defined radio (SDR) based wireless applications. The performance of different filters is compared
in terms of BER and hardware requirements. The results show that the BER performance of the optimized
designs is almost identical to the Raised cosine filter with significant reduction in hardware requirements.
The hardware saving of 60% to 90% can be achieved by replacing the Raised cosine filter with proposed
filters to provide cost effective solution for wireless communication applications.
Performance evaluation of different spectrum sensing techniques for realistic...ijwmn
In this paper, the performance assessment of five different detection techniques from spectrum sensing
perspective in cognitive radio networks is proposed and implemented using the realistic implementation
oriented model (R-model) with signal processing operations. The performance assessment of the different
sensing techniques in the existence of unknown or imprecisely known impulsive noise levels is done by
considering the signal detection in cognitive radio networks under a non-parametric multisensory detection
scenario. The examination focuses on performance comparison of basic spectrum sensing mechanisms as,
energy detection (ED) and cyclostationary feature detection (CSFD) along with the eigenvalue-based
detection methods namely, Maximum-minimum eigenvalue detection (MMED), Roy’s largest Root Test
(RLRT) which requires knowledge of the noise variance and Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT)
which can be implemented as a test of the largest eigenvalues vs. Maximum-likelihood estimates a noise
variance. From simulation results it is observed that the detection performance of the GLRT method is
better than the other techniques in realistic implementation oriented model.
Implementation of Wide Band Frequency Synthesizer Base on DFS (Digital Frequ...IJMER
Wide Band Frequency Synthesizer has become essential components in wireless communication
systems. They are used as frequency synthesizers with precise and convenient digital control in both traditional
electronics, such as televisions and AM/FM radios, and modern consumer products among which cellular
mobile phone is a striking example.
IC fabrication technology advances have made monolithic integration possible. More and more
electronic devices can be put on the same chip to reduce the number of external components and then the costs.
Therefore, on a single chip we can accomplish many functions for which we might need to make several chips
work together a few years ago. A monolithic wide-band PLL is of great interests to wireless communication
applications due to both its low cost and convenience to switch between different communication standards.
The focus of this work is to implement a wide-band Frequency Synthesizer using as few as possible building
blocks and also as simple as possible structure.
Reduction of Frequency offset Using Joint Clock for OFDM Based Cellular Syste...IJRST Journal
This project addresses the problem of clock synchronization between a base station (BS) and a mobile station (MS). A conventional technique for clock synchronization is that the MS clock is derived from the downlink signal originated from a base station. In cellular systems, a base station and mobile stations need to be synchronized before data exchange. Since the base station clock reference is more accurate, a mobile station typically derives its clock reference from the base station. But the carrier frequency offset due to Doppler shift may have harmful effects on the local clock derivation. This project proposes a joint clock and frequency synchronization technique between a base station and a mobile station, which is effective even with Doppler shift. We derive the joint estimation algorithm by analyzing the phase and the amplitude distortion caused by the sampling frequency offset and the carrier frequency offset. Simulation results showing the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm will also be presented.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Microstrip low pass filter designs using defected ground structureeSAT Journals
Abstract The microwave filters play an important role in most RF/microwave applications. They are designed to remove undesired harmonics to reduce the system noise or to remove spurious mixing products. DGS slot with an interdigital shape are introduced here in two elliptic low pass filter designs. Here a fifth order low pass filter was designed, simulated and fabricated for a cut off frequency of 3GHz. Finally a prototype model were designed based on the simulation results obtained. These prototype filter designs have more than 20 dB of stop band rejection and a good return loss in the pass band. The fabricated results proved to be better than the simulation results. In the first low pas filter design the central aperture was replaced with the interdigital slot structure which improved the stop band response at the resonant frequency around 7.8 GHz. To improve the stop band rejection two interdigital structures were introduced in the bottom layer (Ground). Key Words: Defected ground structure (DGS), low pass filters, microstrip filter, transmission zero.
BER Estimation for Laser Based Underwater CommunicationIJMER
Apart from land and air, sea has also become very important from defense strategic point of
view and is required to be integrated with network centric communication. In future it may play a very
important role in network centric warfare. Free space laser communications provide wide bandwidth
and high security capabilities to unmanned aircraft systems in order to successfully accomplish
intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance missions[l] Laser based
communication is emerging as a most promising solution for underwater communication. Most of laser
cannot penetrate through the sea due to be absorbed by the sea, but the blue-green laser (the
wavelength is about 470 ~ 570nm) has the minimum energy fading in the sea, whose fading rate is
about 0.155~0.5dB/m, this feature of blue-green laser in the sea is said the window effect[2]. Longrange
links use directed laser beams to transmit data, and can be used for building-to-building, groundto-aircraft,
or ground-to-satellite communication [3]. Laser communication throws quite different
challenges in water in respect to air. Laser attenuation in water is key bottleneck for underwater
communication as attenuation in water is roughly 1000 times as in air. This exponential variation plays
a very important role in determining the type of laser (CW or Q switched laser) and place a restriction
on the use of CW laser for longer distance because of impractical sizes. Turbulences and variation in
salt concentration in different part of a sea and in different seas imposes a dynamic challenge for
underwater laser communication. Issues at sea-air interface for aerial platform to underwater
communication also plays crucial role for establishing an uninterrupted communication link. All these
issues throttle the effective baud rate of transmission.
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction in NC-OFDM based Cognitive Radio.CSCJournals
This paper presents a novel technique for reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in non-contiguous bands spectrum of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based Cognitive Radio (CR). The proposed system exposed to carry the past channel information and the spectrum sensing to utilize the radio spectrum as well as achieving an appropriate PAPR reduction and maintaining end-to-end throughput performance by using a set of approaches in the current CR environment. The simulation results for PAPR reduction has shown that higher constellation modulation schemes are better compared to lower constellation modulation schemes.
Digital Implementation of Costas Loop with Carrier RecoveryIJERD Editor
Demodulator circuit is a basic building block of wireless communication. Digital implementation of
demodulator is attracting more attention for the significant advantages of digital systems than analog systems.
The carrier signal extraction is the main problem in synchronous demodulation in design of demodulator based
on Software Defined Radio. When transmitter or receiver in motion, it is difficult for demodulator to generate
carrier signal same in frequency and phase as transmitter carrier signal due to Doppler shift and Doppler rate.
Here the digital implementation of Costas loop for QPSK demodulation in continuous mode is discussed with
carrier recovery using phase locked loop.
Reduction of Frequency offset Using Joint Clock for OFDM Based Cellular Syste...IJRST Journal
This project addresses the problem of clock synchronization between a base station (BS) and a mobile station (MS). A conventional technique for clock synchronization is that the MS clock is derived from the downlink signal originated from a base station. In cellular systems, a base station and mobile stations need to be synchronized before data exchange. Since the base station clock reference is more accurate, a mobile station typically derives its clock reference from the base station. But the carrier frequency offset due to Doppler shift may have harmful effects on the local clock derivation. This project proposes a joint clock and frequency synchronization technique between a base station and a mobile station, which is effective even with Doppler shift. We derive the joint estimation algorithm by analyzing the phase and the amplitude distortion caused by the sampling frequency offset and the carrier frequency offset. Simulation results showing the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm will also be presented.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Microstrip low pass filter designs using defected ground structureeSAT Journals
Abstract The microwave filters play an important role in most RF/microwave applications. They are designed to remove undesired harmonics to reduce the system noise or to remove spurious mixing products. DGS slot with an interdigital shape are introduced here in two elliptic low pass filter designs. Here a fifth order low pass filter was designed, simulated and fabricated for a cut off frequency of 3GHz. Finally a prototype model were designed based on the simulation results obtained. These prototype filter designs have more than 20 dB of stop band rejection and a good return loss in the pass band. The fabricated results proved to be better than the simulation results. In the first low pas filter design the central aperture was replaced with the interdigital slot structure which improved the stop band response at the resonant frequency around 7.8 GHz. To improve the stop band rejection two interdigital structures were introduced in the bottom layer (Ground). Key Words: Defected ground structure (DGS), low pass filters, microstrip filter, transmission zero.
BER Estimation for Laser Based Underwater CommunicationIJMER
Apart from land and air, sea has also become very important from defense strategic point of
view and is required to be integrated with network centric communication. In future it may play a very
important role in network centric warfare. Free space laser communications provide wide bandwidth
and high security capabilities to unmanned aircraft systems in order to successfully accomplish
intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance missions[l] Laser based
communication is emerging as a most promising solution for underwater communication. Most of laser
cannot penetrate through the sea due to be absorbed by the sea, but the blue-green laser (the
wavelength is about 470 ~ 570nm) has the minimum energy fading in the sea, whose fading rate is
about 0.155~0.5dB/m, this feature of blue-green laser in the sea is said the window effect[2]. Longrange
links use directed laser beams to transmit data, and can be used for building-to-building, groundto-aircraft,
or ground-to-satellite communication [3]. Laser communication throws quite different
challenges in water in respect to air. Laser attenuation in water is key bottleneck for underwater
communication as attenuation in water is roughly 1000 times as in air. This exponential variation plays
a very important role in determining the type of laser (CW or Q switched laser) and place a restriction
on the use of CW laser for longer distance because of impractical sizes. Turbulences and variation in
salt concentration in different part of a sea and in different seas imposes a dynamic challenge for
underwater laser communication. Issues at sea-air interface for aerial platform to underwater
communication also plays crucial role for establishing an uninterrupted communication link. All these
issues throttle the effective baud rate of transmission.
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction in NC-OFDM based Cognitive Radio.CSCJournals
This paper presents a novel technique for reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in non-contiguous bands spectrum of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based Cognitive Radio (CR). The proposed system exposed to carry the past channel information and the spectrum sensing to utilize the radio spectrum as well as achieving an appropriate PAPR reduction and maintaining end-to-end throughput performance by using a set of approaches in the current CR environment. The simulation results for PAPR reduction has shown that higher constellation modulation schemes are better compared to lower constellation modulation schemes.
Digital Implementation of Costas Loop with Carrier RecoveryIJERD Editor
Demodulator circuit is a basic building block of wireless communication. Digital implementation of
demodulator is attracting more attention for the significant advantages of digital systems than analog systems.
The carrier signal extraction is the main problem in synchronous demodulation in design of demodulator based
on Software Defined Radio. When transmitter or receiver in motion, it is difficult for demodulator to generate
carrier signal same in frequency and phase as transmitter carrier signal due to Doppler shift and Doppler rate.
Here the digital implementation of Costas loop for QPSK demodulation in continuous mode is discussed with
carrier recovery using phase locked loop.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of Simulation Parameters of Pulse Shaping FIR Filter for WCDMAijsrd.com
The application of signal processing techniques to wireless communications is an emerging area that has recently achieved dramatic improvement in results and holds the potential for even greater results in the future as an increasing number of researchers from the signal process and communications areas participate in this expanding field. From an industrial viewpoint also, the advanced signal processing technology cannot only dramatically increase the wireless system capacity but can also improve the communication quality including the reduction of all types of interference. The present paper deals with simulation model of square root raised cosine pulse shaping filter for WCDMA with different parameters of the filter at 5Mhz.The present paper deals with study of Simulation Parameters (Number of Bits, Number of Errors) of Pulse Shaping FIR Filter at different value of group delay(2,4,6,8) to the calculate BER for WCDMA.
Bit Error Rate Assessment of Digital Modulation Schemes on Additive White Gau...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Capacity Improvement of Cellular System Using Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR)IJEEE
Today wireless communication is mostly used rather than wired communication, due to remote location reach ability, less fault occurrence, less time to commissioning and low cost etc. But wireless network has less frequency spectrum to cover the whole world. To improve the capacity of cellular system in a limited spectrum without major technological changes, frequency is reused in cells. But it offers interferences mostly for cell edge users. To solve the problem of spectral congestion and user capacity, fractional frequency reuse is used. This paper gives idea about different frequency reuse factors, fractional frequency reuse and super cell with sectoring to improve the capacity of cellular system.
Effects of filtering on ber performance of an ofdm systemeSAT Journals
Abstract In upcoming generations, wireless communication system requires a higher standard in order to provide high quality of services to customers. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient modulation technique of forthcoming wireless systems which can be implemented easily. In this paper, an effort has been made to analyze how well an OFDM system can perform when a signal is transmitted over an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel using 16 QAM modulation techniques. The performance of OFDM system with pulse shaping filters are also evaluated and results reveal that the pulse shaped OFDM improve the overall performance of the system in terms of BER. We use Different pulse shaping filters such asRaised cosine, FIR Nyquist and SQRT Raised Cosine for analyzingthe Bit Error Rate (BER) performance. Index Terms: AWGN, ICI, OFDM, Bit Error Rate.
Error Rate Analysis of MIMO System Using V Blast Detection Technique in Fadin...IJERA Editor
Wireless communication system with multi- antenna arrays has been a field of intensive analysis on the last years. The appliance of multiple sending antennas and Receiving Antennas either side will considerably enhance the data rate and rate. The review of the performance limitations of MIMO system becomes vital since it will provide lot ideas in understanding and planning the important life MIMO systems. Vertical Bell Laboratories layered space Time (V-BLAST). The thought behind Multiple Input and Multiple Output system is that the signals on the transmitter antennas at one finish and also the receiver antennas at the opposite finish are correlative in such how that the performance (Bit Error Rate or BER) or the info rate (bits/sec) of the wireless communication system for every MIMO subscriber are improved. During this paper we tend to are proposing a technique that evaluates the performance of V-BLAST MIMO system in several thought of Rayleigh attenuation surroundings to urge higher performance of the system. In V- BLAST MIMO system a number of linear detection techniques will be used for interference cancellation. At this point we are using MMSE-IC for the same. Our expected system provide higher error rate performance with the used of matched filter at receiver aspect .The projected system compared within the presence of AWGN. Now matched filter applied on V- BLAST MIMO with MMSE-IC system in fading diversity surroundings.
BER Analysis of OFDM Systems with Varying Frequency Offset Factor over AWGN a...rahulmonikasharma
The progressively escalating demand for tremendously high rate data transmission over wireless mediums needsresourcefulconcord of electromagnetic resources considering restrictions like power incorporation, spectrum proficiency, robustness in disparity to multipath propagation and implementation complication. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a favorable approach for upcoming generation wireless communication systems. However its susceptibility to the frequency offset triggered by frequency difference between local oscillator of transmitter and receiver or due to Doppler shift results to Inter Carrier Interference. This delinquent of ICI results inworsening performance of the wireless systems as bit error rate increaseswith increase in value of frequency offset. In this paper simulation results aredemonstratedfor analyzing the effect of varying frequency offset factor on system’s error rate performance.
COMPARISON OF BER AND NUMBER OF ERRORS WITH DIFFERENT MODULATION TECHNIQUES I...Sukhvinder Singh Malik
This paper provides analysis of BER and Number of Errors for MIMO-OFDM wireless communication system by using different modulation techniques. Wireless designers constantly seek to improve the spectrum efficiency/capacity, coverage of wireless networks, and link reliability. So the performances of the wireless communication systems can be enhanced by using multiple transmit and receive antennas, which is generally referred to as the MIMO technique. Here analysis will be carried out for an OFDM wireless communication system using different modulation techniques and considering the effect and the wireless channel like AWGN, fading. Performance results will be evaluated numerically and graphically using the plots of BER versus SNR and plots of number of errors versus SNR.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Wavelet transform is an essential method for preprocessing and analyzing non-stationary signal of power quality disturbances. Recently, power quality disturbances cause various effects which reduce the accuracy of the signal such as border distortion. This paper is presenting the comparative study on extension mode scheme to reduce border distortion effect in Discrete Wavelet Transform. The three different methods namely zero padding; smooth padding of order 1 and symmetrization mode have been carried to observe their capability on reducing border distortion effectively. The implementation of these modes has been carried out in Matlab Software version R2014a. The analysis is considering the decomposition coefficient at level 4 with mother wavelet type Daubechies. With the aid of soft- threshold function, the noise and unwanted signal is effectively removed to recover the original signal. The comparative study provides the best mode to reduce border distortion effect with the presence of transient voltage is smooth padding of order 1.
Similar to Design Analysis and Simulation of 25 TAP FIR Raised Cosine Filter (20)
A survey on Energy Efficient ProtocolsLEACH, Fuzzy-based approach and Neural ...IJEEE
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) plays a very important role in transmitting the data from source to destination but energy consumption is one of the major challenges in these networks. WSN consists of hundreds to thousands of nodes which consume energy while transmitting the information and with a span of time whole energy get consumed and network life time gets reduced. Clustering and Cluster head (CH) selection are important parameters used to enhance the lifetime of the WSN. Clustering use two methods: rotating CH periodically in every round to distribute the energy consumption among nodes and the node with more residual energy becomes CH.This research paper is focused on the performance of the techniques used to enhance the energy efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Low- Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Fuzzy- Based and Neural Network are some of the important techniques used. MATLAB simulation tool is considered in this paper.
Implementation of Back-Propagation Neural Network using Scilab and its Conver...IJEEE
Artificial neural network has been widely used for solving non-linear complex tasks. With the development of computer technology, machine learning techniques are becoming good choice. The selection of the machine learning technique depends upon the viability for particular application. Most of the non-linear problems have been solved using back propagation based neural network. The training time of neural network is directly affected by convergence speed. Several efforts are done to improve the convergence speed of back propagation algorithm. This paper focuses on the implementation of back-propagation algorithm and an effort to improve its convergence speed. The algorithm is written in SCILAB. UCI standard data set is used for analysis purposes. Proposed modification in standard backpropagation algorithm provides substantial improvement in the convergence speed.
Automated Air Cooled Three Level Inverter system using ArduinoIJEEE
The output voltage of a three level inverter is stepped voltage in which the output voltage have three possible values. Such systems can be used to interface renewable energy sources with the grid. Temperature has significant effect on performance of power MOSFETs. Typically, the MOSFETs used as power switches in such applications are a significant source of heat, and the heat energy dissipated by these components must be carefully controlled if operating temperatures are to be maintained. So for the system to work efficiently cooling of MOSFETs is required. This paper proposed an automated air cooled 3 level H-bridge inverter. The system consists of MOSFETs, LM 35 temperature sensor, Optocouplers for isolation. Arduino is used to control the on-off operation of fan. When temperature rises above certain level fan turns on to cool the MOSFETs.
In this work, a Split Ring Resonator (SRR) unit cell is simulated in a waveguide with electromagnetic field solver High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). Analytical calculations of the inductance and capacitance have been also carried out to obtain the resonant frequencies for SRR dimensions. A comparison between calculated and simulated resonance frequencies)) is done. A good correlation between simulated and measured resonance frequencies is achieved.
In this paper, we provide the average bit error probabilities of MQAM and MPSK in the presence of log normal shadowing using Maximal Ratio Combining technique for L diversity branches. We have derived probability of density function (PDF) of received signal to noise ratio (SNR) for L diversity branches in Log Normal fadingfor Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC). We have used Fenton-Wilkinson method to estimate the parameters for a single log-normal distribution that approximates the sum of log-normal random variables (RVs). The results that we provide in this paper are an important tool for measuring the performance ofcommunication links in a log-normal shadowing.
An Approach to Speech and Iris based Multimodal Biometric SystemIJEEE
Biometrics is the science and technology of human identification and verification through the use of feature set extracted from the biological data of the individual to be recognized. Unimodal and Multimodal systems are the two modal systems which have been developed so far. Unimodal biometric systems use a single biometric trait but they face limitations in the system performance due to the presence of noise in data, interclass variations and spoof attacks. These problems can be resolved by using multimodal biometrics which rely on more than one biometric information to produce better recognition results. This paper presents an overview of the multimodal biometrics, various fusion levels used in them and suggests the use of iris and speech using score level fusion for a multimodal biometric system.
An Overview of EDFA Gain Flattening by Using Hybrid AmplifierIJEEE
Data communication systems are increasingly engrossing optical fiber communication system as the transmission paths for the information, the information is in the form of light pulses sending from one place to another through the optical fiber. Several types of optical amplifiers have been developed in optical fiber communication system to amplify the optical signals. The erbium doped fiber amplifier is one of the optical fiber amplifiers which are used for long distance communication. The most significant points in any optical amplifier design are gain and noise figure. They are connected to one another. The other optical amplifier, Raman amplifier has wide gain bandwidth. The EDFA gain spectrum has variations over 1536 to 1552 nm, therefore the gain flattening is a research issue in recent years with the development of high capacity DWDM. The gain variation becomes a problem as the number of channels increases. The gain of EDFA depends on large number of device parameters such as, Erbium ion concentration, amplifier length, core radius, pump power. Raman amplifiers can be combined with EDFAs to expand the optical gain flattened bandwidth. This paper focuses on different methods used for the gain flattening.
Design and Implementation of FPGA Based Low Power Pipelined 64 Bit Risc Proce...IJEEE
This paper presents an efficient design and implementation of a 64 bit RISC Processor for Data Logging System. RISC is a design mechanism to reduce the amount of space, time, cost, power and heat etc. reduces the complexity of instruction. The processor is designed for both fixed and floating point number arithmetic calculation. A Data Logger is an electronic instrument that records environmental parameters such as temperature, Humidity, Wind Speed light intensity, water level and water quality. Data Loggers find its key application where automation and control is required. The necessary code written in the hardware description language Verilog HDL.
Design of Image Segmentation Algorithm for Autonomous Vehicle Navigationusing...IJEEE
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Design Analysis and Simulation of 25 TAP FIR Raised Cosine Filter
1. Int. Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Vol. 2, Spl. Issue 1 (2015) e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426
11 NITTTR, Chandigarh EDIT-2015
Design Analysis and Simulation of 25 TAP FIR
Raised Cosine Filter
Monika Singh1
, Rajesh Mehra2
1
ME Student, ECE Department, NITTTR, Chandigarh, India-160019
2
Faculty Member, ECE Department, NITTTR, Chandigarh, India-160019
1
monikasngh29@gmail.com, 2
rajeshmehra@yahoo.com
Abstract: Pulse shaping filter plays an important in multirate
signal processing for Software Defined Radio based wireless
and mobile applications. In this paper Raised Cosine filter
has been presented for pulse shaping using Kaiser and
Gaussian window techniques. The raised cosine filter
introduces group delay that causes ISI in wireless
communication. The ISI due to group delay can be removed
by delaying the input signal to the filter. The ISI can also be
rejected by reduced roll off factor α which results in narrow
transition width. The proposed filter has been designed and
simulated using Matlab. The simulated results show that the
performance of both window techniques are almost same but
Gaussian window based pulse shaping filter provides
improved stop band attenuation is better as compared to
Kaiser window technique.
Key Words: FIR, Gaussian window, Kaiser window, ISI, Raised
Cosine
I. INTRODUCTION
In today’s environment, however, digital transmission has
become a much more challenging proposition. The main
reason is that the number of bits that must be sent in a
given time interval i.e. data rate is continually increasing.
Unfortunately, the data rate is constrained by the
bandwidth available for a given application. Furthermore,
the presence of noise in communications system also puts a
constraint on the maximum error-free data rate. The wide
diffusion of wireless terminals like cellular phones is
opening new challenges in the field of mobile
telecommunications. Besides, the possibility to transmit
not only voice but even data between terminals and end
users of many kinds has fostered the development of new
technologies and new standards for cellular
communications [1].
Recently, there is increasingly strong interest on
implementing multi-mode terminals, which are able to
process different types of signals, e.g. WCDMA, GPRS,
WLAN and Bluetooth. These versatile mobile terminals
favor simple receiver architectures because otherwise
they’d be too costly and bulky for practical applications
[2].
As digital technology ramps up for this century, an ever-
increasing number of RF applications will involve the
transmission of digital data from one point to another. The
general scheme is to convert the data into a suitable
baseband signal that is then modulated onto an RF carrier.
Pulse shaping filters are used at the heart of many modern
data transmission systems like mobile phones, HDTV,
SDR to keep a signal in an allotted bandwidth, maximize
its data transmission rate and minimize transmission errors.
The ideal pulse shaping filter has two properties:
i. A high stop band attenuation to reduce the inter
channel interference as much as possible.
ii. Minimized inter symbol interferences (ISI) to achieve
a bit error rate as low as possible.
The RRC filters [3] are required to avoid inter-symbol
interference and constrain the amount of bandwidth
required for transmission. Root Raised Cosine (RRC) [4] is
a favorable filter to do pulse shaping as it transition band is
shaped like a cosine curve and the response meets the
Nyquist Criteria. The first Nyquist criterion states that in
order to achieve an ISI-free transmission, the impulse
response of the shaping filter should have zero crossings at
multiples of the symbol period. A time-domain sinc pulse
meets these requirements since its frequency response is a
brick wall but this filter is not realizable. We can however
approximate it by sampling the impulse response of the
ideal continuous filter. The sampling rate must be at least
twice the symbol rate of the message to transmit. That is,
the filter must interpolate the data by at least a factor of
two and often more to simplify the analog circuitry. In its
simplest system configuration, a pulse shaping interpolator
at the transmitter is associated with a simple down sampler
at the receiver. The FIR structure with linear phase
technique is efficient as it takes advantage of symmetrical
coefficients and uses half the required multiplications and
additions [5].
II. PULSE SHAPING FILTER
Before delving into the details of pulse shaping, it is
important to understand that pulses are sent by the
transmitter and ultimately detected by the receiver in any
data transmission system. At the receiver, the goal is to
sample the received signal at an optimal point in the pulse
interval to maximize the probability of an accurate binary
decision. This implies that the fundamental shapes of the
pulses be such that they do not interfere with one another
at the optimal sampling point. There are two criteria that
ensure noninterference. Criterion one is that the pulse
shape exhibits a zero crossing at the sampling point of all
pulse intervals except its own. Otherwise, the residual
effect of other pulses will introduce errors into the decision
making process. Criterion two is that the shape of the
pulses be such that the amplitude decays rapidly outside of
the pulse interval.
This is important because any real system will contain
timing jitter, which means that the actual sampling point of
the receiver will not always be optimal for each and every
pulse. So, even if the pulse shape provides a zero crossing
at the optimal sampling point of other pulse intervals,
timing jitter in the receiver could cause the sampling
instant to move, thereby missing the zero crossing point.
2. Int. Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Vol. 2, Spl. Issue 1 (2015) e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426
NITTTR, Chandigarh EDIT -2015 12
This, too, introduces error into the decision making
process. Thus, the quicker a pulse decays outside of its
pulse interval, the less likely it is to allow timing jitter to
introduce errors when sampling adjacent pulses. In
addition to the noninterference criteria, there is the ever-
present need to limit the pulse bandwidth, as explained
earlier.
The rectangular pulse, by definition, meets criterion
number one because it is zero at all points outside of the
present pulse interval. It clearly cannot cause interference
during the sampling time of other pulses. The trouble with
the rectangular pulse, however, is that it has significant
energy over a fairly large bandwidth. The unbounded
frequency response of the rectangular pulse renders it
unsuitable for modern transmission systems. This is where
pulse shaping filters come into play. If the rectangular
pulse is not the best choice for band-limited data
transmission, then what pulse shape will limit bandwidth,
decay quickly, and provide zero crossings at the pulse
sampling times? The raised cosine pulse is used to solve
this problem in a wide variety of modern data transmission
systems.
III. RAISED COSINE FILTER
The magnitude spectrum, P(ω) [6], of the raised cosine
pulse is given by:
(1)
The raised cosine pulse is shown in Fig.1 with different
roll off values.
Fig.1. Raised Cosine Pulse
The inverse Fourier transform of P(ω) yields the time-
domain response, p(t), of the raised cosine pulse. This is
also referred to as the impulse response and is given by:
Fig.3. Magnitude response of kaiser window
Fig.4. Impulse response of Kaiser window
IV. GAUSSIAN WINDOW
Fig.5.Magnitude response of Gaussian window
0 5 10 15 20
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Frequency(kHz)
Magnitude(dB)
MagnitudeResponse (dB)
25Tap Raised-cosineFIRWindow
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time(useconds)
Amplitude
Impulse Response
25TapRaised-cosineFIRWindow
0 5 10 15 20
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Frequency (kHz)
Magnitude(dB)
MagnitudeResponse(dB)
25TapRaisedCosineFIRusingGaussianWindow
)1(
0)(
)1()1(
2
sin1
2
)(
)1(
0
)(
for
P
for
P
for
P
)2(
2
1
cossin
)(
t
tt
c
tP
3. Int. Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Vol. 2, Spl. Issue 1 (2015) e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426
13 NITTTR, Chandigarh EDIT-2015
Fig.6.Impulse response of Gaussian window
Kaiser vs Gaussian window
Fig.8.Combined magnitude response of Kaiser and Gaussian
window
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, design analysis of 25 tap Raised Cosine pulse
shaping filter has been presented using two window
techniques namely Kaiser and Gaussian. The raised cosine
filter introduces group delay that causes ISI in wireless
communication. The ISI due to group delay can be
removed by delaying the input signal to the filter. The ISI
can also be rejected by reduced roll off factor α which
results in narrow transition width. It can be observed from
the simulated results that Gaussian window based raised
cosine pulse shaping filter shows marginally better
performance as compared to Kaiser window based raised
cosine filter.
REFERENCES
[1] Wang Wei, Zeng Yifang, Yan Yang, Efficient Wireless Digital Up
Converters Design Using System Generator” IEEE 9th
International
Conference on Signal Processing, pp.443-446, ICSP-2008.
[2] K. B. Huang, Y. H. Chew, and P. S. Chin “A Novel DS-CDMA Rake
Receiver: Architecture and Performance” IEEE International Conference
on Communications, pp-2904-2908, ICC-2004.
[3] K Macpherson, I Stirling, D Garcia, G Rice, Rstewart “ Arithmetic
Implementation Techniques and Methodologies for 3G Uplink Reception
in Xilinx FPGAs” IEE Conference on 3G Mobile Communication
Technologies, pp. 191-195, IEE-2002.
[4]N.M.Zawawi, M.F.Ain, S.I.S.Hassan, M.A.Zakariya, C.Y.Hui and
R.Hussin, “Implementing WCDMA Digital Up Converter In FPGA”
IEEE INTERNATIONAL RF AND MICROWAVE CONFERENCE, pp.
91-95, RFM-2008.
[5] J. Chandran, R. Kaluri, J. Singh, V. Owall and R. Veljanovski “Xilinx
Virtex II Pro Implementation of a Reconfigurable UMTS Digital Channel
Filter” IEEE Workshop on Electronic Design, Test and Applications,
pp.77-82, DELTA-2004.
[6] Rajesh Mehra, Dr. Swapna Devi, “FPGA Implementation of High
Speed Pulse Shaping Filter for SDR Applications” International
Conference on Networks & Communications, CCIS 90, pp. 214– 222,
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010.
[7] Rajesh Mehra, Dr. Swapna Devi, “AREA EFFICIENT & COST
EFFECTIVE PULSE SHAPING FILTER FOR SOFTWARE RADIOS”
International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing
(IJASUC) Vol.1, No.3, pp. 85-91, September 2010.
[8] Mathworks, “ Users Guide Filter Design Toolbox 4”, March-2007.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time(useconds)
Amplitude
ImpulseResponse
25TapRaisedCosineFIRusingGaussianWindow
0 5 10 15 20
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Frequency (kHz)
Magnitude(dB)
MagnitudeResponse(dB)
25Tap Raised CosineFIRusingKaiserWindow
25Tap Raised CosineFIRusingGaussian Window