This document discusses various theoretical frameworks for distance education and ICT. It outlines three main categories of theories: independence and autonomy theories, theories of industrialization of teaching, and theories of interaction and communication. Specific theories discussed include the theories of independent study, Moore's theory of independent study, Peters' theory of industrialization of teaching, and theories emphasizing interaction and communication. The document also discusses applying these theories to designing distance learning environments using ICT and outlines pedagogical objectives for constructive learning environments.

1. ICT AND DISTANCE EDUCATION. THE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Dimitrios Gkotzos, PhD Candidate, University of Crete, Greece
Eirini Vemmou, M.Sc. ICT in Education, National and
Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
Aikaterini Vigkou, M.Sc. ICT in Education, National and
Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece

2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
MAIN THEORETICAL APPROACHES OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
ΑPPLICATION OF THEORIES IN THE DESIGNI OF A DISTANCE
LEARNING ENVIRONMENT USING ICT.
CONCLUDING REMARKS

3. ICT and distance education

4. MAIN THEORETICAL APPROACHES OF
DISTANCE EDUCATION

5. Classification of Theories
(Keegan,1986, Simonson, M et al. , 1999)
1) Independence 2) Theory of 3) Interaction and
and autonomy industrialization of communication
theories teaching theories

6. Theories of independence and autonomy.
American Theory of Independent Study - Theory of
Independent Studies of C. Wedemeyer (1981).
Features of the independent study systems:
1. Teacher and student are in different places.
2. Teaching and learning processes are carried out in writing or through some other medium.
3. Teaching is individualized.
4. Learning occurs through student’s activity.
5. Learning becomes convenient for the student, when it takes places in the student’s
own environment.
6. The learner takes responsibility for the pace of learning, with freedom to start and stop at
any time .

7. European Theory of Independent Study: M. Moore’s Theory of
Independent Study.
( Moore,1970)
Provision for two-way communication
(dialog)
distance
The extent to which a program is responsive to the
needs of the individual learner
In goal setting
autonomy In study methods
In evaluation

8. The theory of the industrialization of
teaching
(Οtto Peters, 1971, Keegan 1994, Naik, 2004 , Sclosser & Simonson 2006, Simonson et al, 1999 )
Change of
Scientific function
Mass control
Planning
production methods
Standardization
Preparatory Assembly line Rationalization
Organization
work
Formalization
Division of
Objectification Mechanization
labor

9. The theory of the industrialization of teaching
(Οtto Peters 1971, Simonson et al 1999)
Emphasis is given to:
Standardization of
Differentiating
Stage Planning and the course and
the role of distance Low financial cost Division of labor
of development organizing courses expectations
educators
of learners

10. The theory of interaction and communication
(Garcia Aretio 1986, Fernandez Brenes Espinoza, Holmberg)
enhances help achieve
a personal trainer-
students the objectives
trainee relationship
motivation of learning
Messages in the form of are easier to
dialogue understand
Friendly demanding, difficult
Personal relationship
conversation course

11. The theory of interaction and communication
(Garcia Aretio 1986, Fernandez Brenes Espinoza, Holmberg)
messages of a guided
didactic conversation the real of designers
in the issue of
the learners feel that learning
they contribute
personally to the
structure greater interest in
participation
personal relationship with the
designers / personal participation in the
matter of the course
greater motivation/
efficient learning

12. The equivalency theory
Distance Face – to – face
learning teaching

13. Application of theories in designing a distance
learning environment using ICT

14. Behaviorism
(Ally, 2008; Mishra & Jain, 2002; Bigus, 2004)
Take place
with a view to
promote
learning
self-assessment
of learners

15. Cognitive Theory
(Ally, 2008; Lara, 2001; Bigus, 2004)
Using learning strategies that
promote transfer of
information /stimuli in working memory
• The geometric proper placement of information on the
screen
• Difficulty level of material: student knowledge level
• Focus on the essential stimuli
• Focus on "critical" information
Evaluation of students and providing
feedback

16. Cognitive Theory
(Ally, 2008; Lara, 2001; Bigus, 2004)

17. Cognitive Theory
(Ally, 2008; Lara, 2001; Bigus, 2004)
Learning strategies promote the use of
metacognitive skills
Providing learning incentives for students
Promote the application of knowledge to
real-life situations

18. Constructivism
Αlly (2008)
Active Role of learners
Acquisition of knowledge: process of personal
interpretation & processing of sensory information
Transformative
Cognitive learning
Constuctivism
Theories theory of
Mezirow
Communication Student Self- Learning
Conceptual Commit process
Conditions Image Situation

19. Pedagogical objectives that should met in a
constructive learning environment
(Αlly 2008, Duffy & Kirkley, 2004,)
Involvement of the learners into the research
Provide support
Facilitate interaction and cooperation
Emphasis on the presentation
Transfer of knowledge into other contexts
Encourage cooperative, collaborative learning
Knowledge construction of the learners
Control allocation of the learning process
Learning which makes sense for the learners

20. Theory of Conversation
Pask (1975), Borrás (1997) , Luis Rodolfo Lara (2001), Vygotsky (1981)
Theory of zone of proximal
Conversation development
conversations learning

21. Theory of Conversation
Pask (1975), Borrás (1997) , Luis Rodolfo Lara (2001), Vygotsky (1981)
Community
Social Negotiation Critical Reflection
Cooperative Work
Self evaluation
Scripting
Microcosm

22. Theory of Hyperpersonal
Communication
(J. Walther,1996) J. Walther
Online Face to face
communication communication
Theory of
Online Face to face
Hyperpersonal communication communication
Communication
Great
strong intimacy
relations
strong
involvement

23. Theory of Hyperpersonal
Communication J. Walther
Strategies:
Asychronous Text based means A) highlight the group
learning of communication B) support the expectation of
future interactions

24. Sociocultural Theory
Cólas Bravo (2006), Pablos, Rebollo and Lebres (1999), Vygotsky (1981), Wersch (1993)
internalisation privilege
selection and
use of
appropriate
tools
appropriation possession
“Make something use of tools in teaching aids
appropriate.” different sectors social
creative
transformation
cultural are
various
tools translated to situations

25. -Lack of a single theory.
-Theoretical approaches from various fields.
-Effect on design / implementation of distance education using ICT.
THESIS:
flexible combination of theories

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