The document describes a proposed method for parallelizing 2D stencil computations across multiple FPGAs. The key points are:
1) The data set is divided into blocks and assigned to each FPGA, with boundary values communicated between neighbors.
2) Computation is performed in parallel by updating grid points in a specific order that increases the acceptable communication latency between FPGAs.
3) This method ensures a margin of about one iteration between communications, allowing latency to scale with problem size.
4) The architecture and implementation are described, including how the data subset is stored in block RAM memory and computed in parallel using multiply-add (MADD) units over 8 cycles per stencil point.
D I G I T A L I C A P P L I C A T I O N S J N T U M O D E L P A P E R{Wwwguest3f9c6b
This document contains eight questions related to digital integrated circuits and applications. The questions cover topics such as CMOS and TTL gates, VHDL programming, counters, decoders, arithmetic circuits, memories and programmable logic devices. Students are instructed to answer any five of the eight questions, which can include circuit design problems, writing VHDL code using different styles, and analyzing and explaining the operation of digital components.
This document provides information about assembly language and data movement instructions for microprocessors. It discusses conventions for moving data between registers and memory using instructions like MOV, PUSH, and POP. It also covers related topics like the stack organization, segment overrides, logical and arithmetic operations, data types including signed and unsigned integers, and examples of simple assembly language programs. The document is presented as lecture slides with definitions, syntax examples, and illustrations to explain key concepts in assembly language programming for microprocessors.
This document summarizes four problems completed in a lab using a Tiva C Series microcontroller. Problem 1 introduced the microcontroller and Code Composer Studio software. Problem 2 described header files used in the code. Problem 3 explored adjusting clock speeds. Problem 4 provided an overview of the microcontroller platform, peripheral drivers library, and GPIO module. The code caused three LEDs to blink by writing pin values using delays timed based on clock speed.
The document proposes a new optimized design for a binary coded decimal (BCD) adder using reversible logic gates. It summarizes the basic definitions of reversible logic and describes commonly used reversible gates like CNOT, Toffoli, Peres, TR, and MTSG gates. It then presents the conventional design of a BCD adder and proposes a new design using MTSG gates that has lower quantum cost, fewer gates, and less delay compared to existing designs. The proposed 4-bit reversible BCD adder requires only 10 gates and has a quantum cost of 40.
This document presents the implementation of an optimized floating point adder on an FPGA that follows the IEEE 754-2008 standard for decimal floating point numbers. It uses a densely packed decimal encoding scheme. The design uses a low power equal bypass adder to reduce power consumption and delay. Testing showed the design has a maximum delay of 45ns and operates in a single clock cycle on a Virtex-5 FPGA. The optimized adder design can help reduce power usage in larger floating point arithmetic units.
The document discusses polymorphic heterogeneous multi-core systems as a solution to limitations in instruction-level parallelism (ILP) and thread-level parallelism (TLP) approaches for improving single-core performance. It proposes an architecture with cores that can dynamically reconfigure their internal structure and collaborate to best match software requirements. The cores are connected to a reconfigurable fabric that implements custom instructions to further speed up programs. Experimental results show this approach achieves speedups and better load balancing compared to homogeneous multi-core systems. Future work is needed to study overhead and implement dynamic scheduling.
ZVxPlus Presentation: Characterization of Nonlinear RF/HF Components in Time ...NMDG NV
This document describes the ZVxPlus extension kit for Rohde & Schwarz ZVA and ZVT vector network analyzers. ZVxPlus enables these VNAs to perform large-signal network analysis, characterizing nonlinear RF/HF components in both the time and frequency domains. It provides a single connection for both small- and large-signal measurements of devices like diodes, transistors, and amplifiers. This allows for better, more complete nonlinear device characterization compared to traditional techniques.
Design and implementation of Parallel Prefix Adders using FPGAsIOSR Journals
Abstract: Adders are known to have the frequently used in VLSI designs. In digital design we have half adder and full adder, main adders by using these adders we can implement ripple carry adders. RCA use to perform any number of addition. In this RCA is serial adder and it has commutation delay problem. If increase the ha&fa simultaneously delay also increase. That’s why we go for parallel adders(parallel prefix adders). IN the parallel prefix adder are ks adder(kogge-stone),sks adder(sparse kogge-stone),spaning tree and brentkung adder. These adders are designd and implemented on FPGA sparton3E kit. Simulated and synthesis by model sim6.4b, Xilinx ise10.1.
D I G I T A L I C A P P L I C A T I O N S J N T U M O D E L P A P E R{Wwwguest3f9c6b
This document contains eight questions related to digital integrated circuits and applications. The questions cover topics such as CMOS and TTL gates, VHDL programming, counters, decoders, arithmetic circuits, memories and programmable logic devices. Students are instructed to answer any five of the eight questions, which can include circuit design problems, writing VHDL code using different styles, and analyzing and explaining the operation of digital components.
This document provides information about assembly language and data movement instructions for microprocessors. It discusses conventions for moving data between registers and memory using instructions like MOV, PUSH, and POP. It also covers related topics like the stack organization, segment overrides, logical and arithmetic operations, data types including signed and unsigned integers, and examples of simple assembly language programs. The document is presented as lecture slides with definitions, syntax examples, and illustrations to explain key concepts in assembly language programming for microprocessors.
This document summarizes four problems completed in a lab using a Tiva C Series microcontroller. Problem 1 introduced the microcontroller and Code Composer Studio software. Problem 2 described header files used in the code. Problem 3 explored adjusting clock speeds. Problem 4 provided an overview of the microcontroller platform, peripheral drivers library, and GPIO module. The code caused three LEDs to blink by writing pin values using delays timed based on clock speed.
The document proposes a new optimized design for a binary coded decimal (BCD) adder using reversible logic gates. It summarizes the basic definitions of reversible logic and describes commonly used reversible gates like CNOT, Toffoli, Peres, TR, and MTSG gates. It then presents the conventional design of a BCD adder and proposes a new design using MTSG gates that has lower quantum cost, fewer gates, and less delay compared to existing designs. The proposed 4-bit reversible BCD adder requires only 10 gates and has a quantum cost of 40.
This document presents the implementation of an optimized floating point adder on an FPGA that follows the IEEE 754-2008 standard for decimal floating point numbers. It uses a densely packed decimal encoding scheme. The design uses a low power equal bypass adder to reduce power consumption and delay. Testing showed the design has a maximum delay of 45ns and operates in a single clock cycle on a Virtex-5 FPGA. The optimized adder design can help reduce power usage in larger floating point arithmetic units.
The document discusses polymorphic heterogeneous multi-core systems as a solution to limitations in instruction-level parallelism (ILP) and thread-level parallelism (TLP) approaches for improving single-core performance. It proposes an architecture with cores that can dynamically reconfigure their internal structure and collaborate to best match software requirements. The cores are connected to a reconfigurable fabric that implements custom instructions to further speed up programs. Experimental results show this approach achieves speedups and better load balancing compared to homogeneous multi-core systems. Future work is needed to study overhead and implement dynamic scheduling.
ZVxPlus Presentation: Characterization of Nonlinear RF/HF Components in Time ...NMDG NV
This document describes the ZVxPlus extension kit for Rohde & Schwarz ZVA and ZVT vector network analyzers. ZVxPlus enables these VNAs to perform large-signal network analysis, characterizing nonlinear RF/HF components in both the time and frequency domains. It provides a single connection for both small- and large-signal measurements of devices like diodes, transistors, and amplifiers. This allows for better, more complete nonlinear device characterization compared to traditional techniques.
Design and implementation of Parallel Prefix Adders using FPGAsIOSR Journals
Abstract: Adders are known to have the frequently used in VLSI designs. In digital design we have half adder and full adder, main adders by using these adders we can implement ripple carry adders. RCA use to perform any number of addition. In this RCA is serial adder and it has commutation delay problem. If increase the ha&fa simultaneously delay also increase. That’s why we go for parallel adders(parallel prefix adders). IN the parallel prefix adder are ks adder(kogge-stone),sks adder(sparse kogge-stone),spaning tree and brentkung adder. These adders are designd and implemented on FPGA sparton3E kit. Simulated and synthesis by model sim6.4b, Xilinx ise10.1.
The document discusses the instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor. It is divided into 7 sections that cover: 1) data transfer instructions like MOV, IN, OUT, PUSH, and POP; 2) arithmetic/logical instructions; 3) branch instructions; 4) shift and rotate instructions; 5) string manipulation instructions; 6) flag manipulation and processor control instructions; and 7) machine control instructions. Examples are provided for each type of instruction to illustrate their operation and effect on registers or memory locations.
The document describes the instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor. It discusses the different types of instructions including data transfer instructions like MOV, PUSH, POP, XCHG, IN, OUT, and XLAT. It also covers addressing modes, instruction formats, and the various registers used by the 8086 microprocessor like the stack pointer and flag register. In total there are 14 different data transfer instructions described that are used to move data between registers, memory, ports, and the flag and stack pointers.
This document proposes a calibration technique for sigma-delta analog-to-digital converters (ΣΔADCs) that uses histogram test methods. The technique can calibrate errors in the flash subADC as well as other components, including the DAC and accumulator. It works by applying an analog signal with a known probability distribution to the converter input and recording the number of occurrences of digital output codes. Differences between the actual and expected output distributions are used to estimate linearity, gain, and offset errors, which can then be corrected. Simulation results show the technique improves the effective number of bits from 6.6 to 11.3 while correcting for large introduced errors, demonstrating its robustness.
This document contains the contents and program descriptions for various programs to be completed as part of a Microprocessor Lab course. There are 23 interfacing programs and 20 8085 microprocessor programs described, including programs to transfer data blocks with and without overlap, add/multiply/divide numbers, implement counters, check codes, and interface with keyboards, displays, and other peripherals.
The document discusses the instruction set of the 8085 microprocessor. It contains 13 categories of instructions - data transfer, arithmetic, logical, branching, and control instructions. The data transfer instructions include MOV, MVI, LDA, STA, etc. The arithmetic instructions perform operations like addition, subtraction, increment, decrement. Some examples of instructions and their operations are provided.
Here are the steps:
1. MUL BL
- AL (85H) is multiplied by BL (35H)
- The 16-bit result (1B89H) is stored in AX, with the lower byte in AL and the higher byte in AH
So after the multiplication, AX = 1B89H.
Ex2: Assume that each instruction starts from these values:
DX:AX = 1234H, BX = 57H
1. DIV BX → Quotient in AX, Remainder in DX
This document presents information about the instruction set of the 8086 processor. It is divided into several sections that classify the different types of instructions: data transfer instructions like MOV, XCHG, PUSH, and POP; arithmetic instructions such as ADD, SUB, INC, and DEC; program execution transfer instructions including CALL, RET, JMP, and conditional jumps; string instructions like MOVS, SCAS, and REP; and processor control instructions like STC, CLC, and CLD. Examples are provided for many of the instructions. The presentation is made to the lecturer by 5 students, whose names and student IDs are listed.
This document provides an overview of the different types of instructions in the 8086 microprocessor architecture. It discusses data transfer, arithmetic, logical, string, control transfer, and processor control instructions. For each type, it provides examples of common instructions and explains how they work and affect registers or flags. The document is intended as a guide to understanding the instruction set of the 8086.
Compaan Design is a provider of services that accelerate the execution of compute-intensive applications by existing software on specialized high-performance compute systems using FPGAs. They deliver complete hardware and software solutions to customers that improve performance, quality, and reduce time-to-market compared to multicore, GPU or other solutions. Their technology was developed over 5 years of EU R&D projects and is applied to healthcare, communications, financial, automotive and other industries.
The document discusses the instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor. It describes the different types of instructions including data transfer, arithmetic, logic, shift/rotate, branch, loop, and string instructions. It provides details on common instructions like MOV, ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV, CMP, INC, DEC, NEG, CBW and CWD. Examples of assembly language programs are given to perform operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, comparison etc. of 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit numbers.
D I G I T A L C O M M U N I C A T I O N S J N T U M O D E L P A P E R{Wwwguest3f9c6b
This document contains questions from a digital communications exam for a B.Tech course. The questions cover topics like PCM systems, delta modulation, digital modulation techniques, error probability analysis, information theory concepts, channel capacity, block codes and conventional codes. There are 8 questions in total with sub-questions on analyzing and comparing communication systems and coding schemes.
instruction set of 8086 microprocessor has following categories:
-Data transfer instructions
-Arithmetic instructions
-Logical instructions
-Flag manipulation instructions
-shift and rotate instructions
-String instructions
-8086 assembler directives
The document contains chapters from a digital fundamentals textbook covering topics such as combinational logic circuits, Karnaugh maps, universal gates, and pulsed waveforms. It provides examples of implementing sum-of-products expressions using AND-OR gates, converting circuits to NAND or NOR form, reading logic expressions from Karnaugh maps, and analyzing the output of combinational circuits with pulsed inputs. It also contains several practice problems with answers.
The document discusses the various types of instructions in the 8086 microprocessor, including:
1) Data transfer instructions such as MOV, PUSH, and POP for moving data between registers and memory.
2) Arithmetic instructions like ADD, SUB, MUL, and DIV for mathematical operations.
3) Bit manipulation and logic instructions including AND, OR, XOR, and shift instructions.
4) Program flow control instructions like CALL, RET, JMP, and conditional jumps.
5) String instructions for comparing and moving blocks of data efficiently.
6) Processor control instructions that set processor modes and flags.
3bOS: A flexible and lightweight embedded OS operated using only 3 buttonsRyohei Kobayashi
This presentation describes 3bOS, a simple and customizable embedded operating system that runs on the MieruEMB educational kit using only three push buttons. 3bOS is designed for educational purposes, with around 800 lines of code, making it easy for users to understand and modify. It loads programs from an SD card filesystem and runs them, restoring the operating system interface after they exit. Key aspects of the 3bOS design include its small memory footprint, simple input/output interfaces, and support for executing ELF files from the SD card.
Hystor is a hybrid storage system that manages both SSDs and HDDs as a single block device with minimal changes to existing OS kernels. It monitors I/O access patterns at runtime to identify high-cost data blocks, such as those resulting in long latencies or containing critical metadata. It uses these blocks to effectively leverage the performance advantages of SSDs. The paper presents Hystor's design and implementation in the Linux kernel, which can identify high-cost blocks using a metric based on access frequency and request size, and maintain detailed access histories efficiently using a block table structure.
FACE: Fast and Customizable Sorting Accelerator for Heterogeneous Many-core S...Ryohei Kobayashi
The document describes a proposed sorting accelerator for heterogeneous many-core systems. The accelerator uses a sorting network and merge sorter tree to sort data in parallel. It reads unsorted data from DRAM, processes it through the sorting network and merge sorter tree on an FPGA, and writes the sorted data back to DRAM. An example is provided of sorting 256 elements step-by-step through the sorting network and merge sorter tree to fully sort the data.
The document discusses the instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor. It is divided into 7 sections that cover: 1) data transfer instructions like MOV, IN, OUT, PUSH, and POP; 2) arithmetic/logical instructions; 3) branch instructions; 4) shift and rotate instructions; 5) string manipulation instructions; 6) flag manipulation and processor control instructions; and 7) machine control instructions. Examples are provided for each type of instruction to illustrate their operation and effect on registers or memory locations.
The document describes the instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor. It discusses the different types of instructions including data transfer instructions like MOV, PUSH, POP, XCHG, IN, OUT, and XLAT. It also covers addressing modes, instruction formats, and the various registers used by the 8086 microprocessor like the stack pointer and flag register. In total there are 14 different data transfer instructions described that are used to move data between registers, memory, ports, and the flag and stack pointers.
This document proposes a calibration technique for sigma-delta analog-to-digital converters (ΣΔADCs) that uses histogram test methods. The technique can calibrate errors in the flash subADC as well as other components, including the DAC and accumulator. It works by applying an analog signal with a known probability distribution to the converter input and recording the number of occurrences of digital output codes. Differences between the actual and expected output distributions are used to estimate linearity, gain, and offset errors, which can then be corrected. Simulation results show the technique improves the effective number of bits from 6.6 to 11.3 while correcting for large introduced errors, demonstrating its robustness.
This document contains the contents and program descriptions for various programs to be completed as part of a Microprocessor Lab course. There are 23 interfacing programs and 20 8085 microprocessor programs described, including programs to transfer data blocks with and without overlap, add/multiply/divide numbers, implement counters, check codes, and interface with keyboards, displays, and other peripherals.
The document discusses the instruction set of the 8085 microprocessor. It contains 13 categories of instructions - data transfer, arithmetic, logical, branching, and control instructions. The data transfer instructions include MOV, MVI, LDA, STA, etc. The arithmetic instructions perform operations like addition, subtraction, increment, decrement. Some examples of instructions and their operations are provided.
Here are the steps:
1. MUL BL
- AL (85H) is multiplied by BL (35H)
- The 16-bit result (1B89H) is stored in AX, with the lower byte in AL and the higher byte in AH
So after the multiplication, AX = 1B89H.
Ex2: Assume that each instruction starts from these values:
DX:AX = 1234H, BX = 57H
1. DIV BX → Quotient in AX, Remainder in DX
This document presents information about the instruction set of the 8086 processor. It is divided into several sections that classify the different types of instructions: data transfer instructions like MOV, XCHG, PUSH, and POP; arithmetic instructions such as ADD, SUB, INC, and DEC; program execution transfer instructions including CALL, RET, JMP, and conditional jumps; string instructions like MOVS, SCAS, and REP; and processor control instructions like STC, CLC, and CLD. Examples are provided for many of the instructions. The presentation is made to the lecturer by 5 students, whose names and student IDs are listed.
This document provides an overview of the different types of instructions in the 8086 microprocessor architecture. It discusses data transfer, arithmetic, logical, string, control transfer, and processor control instructions. For each type, it provides examples of common instructions and explains how they work and affect registers or flags. The document is intended as a guide to understanding the instruction set of the 8086.
Compaan Design is a provider of services that accelerate the execution of compute-intensive applications by existing software on specialized high-performance compute systems using FPGAs. They deliver complete hardware and software solutions to customers that improve performance, quality, and reduce time-to-market compared to multicore, GPU or other solutions. Their technology was developed over 5 years of EU R&D projects and is applied to healthcare, communications, financial, automotive and other industries.
The document discusses the instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor. It describes the different types of instructions including data transfer, arithmetic, logic, shift/rotate, branch, loop, and string instructions. It provides details on common instructions like MOV, ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV, CMP, INC, DEC, NEG, CBW and CWD. Examples of assembly language programs are given to perform operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, comparison etc. of 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit numbers.
D I G I T A L C O M M U N I C A T I O N S J N T U M O D E L P A P E R{Wwwguest3f9c6b
This document contains questions from a digital communications exam for a B.Tech course. The questions cover topics like PCM systems, delta modulation, digital modulation techniques, error probability analysis, information theory concepts, channel capacity, block codes and conventional codes. There are 8 questions in total with sub-questions on analyzing and comparing communication systems and coding schemes.
instruction set of 8086 microprocessor has following categories:
-Data transfer instructions
-Arithmetic instructions
-Logical instructions
-Flag manipulation instructions
-shift and rotate instructions
-String instructions
-8086 assembler directives
The document contains chapters from a digital fundamentals textbook covering topics such as combinational logic circuits, Karnaugh maps, universal gates, and pulsed waveforms. It provides examples of implementing sum-of-products expressions using AND-OR gates, converting circuits to NAND or NOR form, reading logic expressions from Karnaugh maps, and analyzing the output of combinational circuits with pulsed inputs. It also contains several practice problems with answers.
The document discusses the various types of instructions in the 8086 microprocessor, including:
1) Data transfer instructions such as MOV, PUSH, and POP for moving data between registers and memory.
2) Arithmetic instructions like ADD, SUB, MUL, and DIV for mathematical operations.
3) Bit manipulation and logic instructions including AND, OR, XOR, and shift instructions.
4) Program flow control instructions like CALL, RET, JMP, and conditional jumps.
5) String instructions for comparing and moving blocks of data efficiently.
6) Processor control instructions that set processor modes and flags.
3bOS: A flexible and lightweight embedded OS operated using only 3 buttonsRyohei Kobayashi
This presentation describes 3bOS, a simple and customizable embedded operating system that runs on the MieruEMB educational kit using only three push buttons. 3bOS is designed for educational purposes, with around 800 lines of code, making it easy for users to understand and modify. It loads programs from an SD card filesystem and runs them, restoring the operating system interface after they exit. Key aspects of the 3bOS design include its small memory footprint, simple input/output interfaces, and support for executing ELF files from the SD card.
Hystor is a hybrid storage system that manages both SSDs and HDDs as a single block device with minimal changes to existing OS kernels. It monitors I/O access patterns at runtime to identify high-cost data blocks, such as those resulting in long latencies or containing critical metadata. It uses these blocks to effectively leverage the performance advantages of SSDs. The paper presents Hystor's design and implementation in the Linux kernel, which can identify high-cost blocks using a metric based on access frequency and request size, and maintain detailed access histories efficiently using a block table structure.
FACE: Fast and Customizable Sorting Accelerator for Heterogeneous Many-core S...Ryohei Kobayashi
The document describes a proposed sorting accelerator for heterogeneous many-core systems. The accelerator uses a sorting network and merge sorter tree to sort data in parallel. It reads unsorted data from DRAM, processes it through the sorting network and merge sorter tree on an FPGA, and writes the sorted data back to DRAM. An example is provided of sorting 256 elements step-by-step through the sorting network and merge sorter tree to fully sort the data.
A High-speed Verilog HDL Simulation Method using a Lightweight TranslatorRyohei Kobayashi
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document appears to be an exam question paper for a Digital Logic Circuits course. It contains 15 multiple choice and long answer questions covering various topics in digital logic design including:
- Logic simplification using K-maps
- Half adder and full adder circuit design
- Flip flop circuit design including JK, T and binary counter circuits
- Finite state machine design and state reduction
- Programmable logic array and read only memory circuit design
- Hardware description language modeling of digital circuits
This document discusses programmable logic devices including PLA, PAL, and ROM. It provides examples of implementing logic functions using a PLA and converting between BCD and gray code using a PLA. ROM is described as a programmable logic device that can also be viewed as a memory, with the inputs serving as addresses and the outputs as stored data. An example is given of designing a BCD to 7-segment display controller using a ROM.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) given by Saransh Choudhary. The presentation covered the introduction, architecture, applications and conclusion of FPGAs. It discussed the components of an FPGA including configurable logic blocks, input/output blocks and programmable interconnects. A case study demonstrated how FPGAs can efficiently implement Monte Carlo option pricing simulations. Applications mentioned included digital signal processing, image processing, radar systems and supercomputers.
This document discusses programmable logic devices (PLDs), including their structure, programming, advantages, and examples. PLDs contain programmable logic elements like gates and flip-flops that can be configured by the user to implement different logic functions. This reduces components compared to using separate ICs, lowering costs and improving reliability. The document examines the structures of programmable array logic (PAL) and programmable logic arrays (PLA), how they are programmed, and provides examples of implementing logic functions with each. It also discusses more complex PLDs and field programmable gate arrays, which provide even more programmable logic resources.
These slides are a series of "best practices" for running on the Cray XT line of supercomputers. This talk was presented at the HPCMP meeting at SDSC on 11/5/2009
This document provides information about an ECAD & VLSI lab course, including course objectives, outcomes, and list of experiments. The objectives are to learn HDL programming, simulation of basic gates and circuits, synthesis and layout of CMOS circuits. The outcomes are the ability to simulate and synthesize digital and CMOS circuits. The list of experiments involves designing logic gates, decoders, encoders, multiplexers using CAD tools and verifying designs through simulation and testing on FPGA boards. The document also provides background on logic gates and an example experiment to design a 2-to-4 decoder in Verilog.
GPGPU Programming @DroidconNL 2012 by AltenArjan Somers
This document discusses using graphics processing units (GPUs) to perform general purpose calculations on Android devices. It begins with an introduction to GPGPU programming and its history using GPUs for parallel processing. The document then covers how to parallelize code, pack data, implement OpenGL ES 2.0 shaders, and perform input/output operations for GPGPU on Android. It provides an example of using a GPU to implement the AES encryption algorithm on an Android device in parallel compared to a non-parallel CPU implementation. The document aims to explain what GPGPU is, how it can be done on Android, and when it is useful to use a GPU for general computations.
The document discusses the architecture of CPLDs and FPGAs. It begins by explaining the problems with using basic logic gates on PCBs and introduces programmable logic devices as a solution. It then describes different types of PLDs including PLA, PAL, GAL, CPLD and FPGA. CPLDs have a complexity between FPGAs and basic PLDs, containing non-volatile memory and supporting larger logic than PLDs. FPGAs contain logic cells, interconnects, and can implement thousands of gates. The document provides examples of implementing logic with different PLDs and describes the architecture and programming of CPLDs and FPGAs.
This document provides information about an e-CAD lab manual for a third year electronics and communication engineering course. It outlines the course objectives, which include learning HDL programming, simulating basic and complex digital circuits using programming languages, and synthesizing and designing analog and digital CMOS circuits. The course outcomes are also listed. The document then provides a list of experiments to be completed as part of the course, which involve programming and simulating various digital components and circuits using HDL, as well as layout design, verification, placement and routing of circuits. Example programs for simulating basic logic gates using Verilog HDL are also included, along with sample output waveforms.
The document discusses reconfigurable computing architectures and FPGA internals. It covers two main types of reconfigurable computing - microprocessor-based using dynamically joined multi-core processors, and FPGA-based using programmable logic blocks connected to processors. The internals of FPGAs are described including lookup tables, logic blocks, and configurable logic blocks. Performance evaluation considers mapping designs to logic blocks and calculating timing.
1. The document discusses the design of a carry-ripple adder. It defines the generate, propagate, and kill functions used for each bit in the adder.
2. The carry for each bit is calculated by grouping the generate and propagate functions of lower order bits. The sum is calculated using the generate and propagate functions as well as the carry in.
3. The critical path in a carry-ripple adder goes through a chain of AND-OR gates rather than majority gates when using the grouped generate-propagate approach.
This document discusses different types of programmable logic devices including PLA, PAL, and ROM. PLAs are programmable logic arrays that contain a matrix of AND gates and OR gates that can be programmed to implement different logic functions. PALs are similar but have a fixed OR array. ROMs can also implement logic functions and act as a memory device where the address inputs select the output values. Examples are given of implementing logic functions using PLA, PAL, and ROM structures.
High Performance FPGA Based Decimal-to-Binary Conversion SchemesSilicon Mentor
Here we represent high performance FPGA based decimal to binary conversion scheme to support BCD arithmetic based on binary hardware .The architecture presented here requires less LUTs as compare to others and delay is also reduced by the help of shifters in place of multipliers.
For more info visit us at:
http://www.siliconmentor.com/
This document provides information about using high-level programming languages to generate hardware implementations on FPGAs. It discusses how high-level synthesis (HLS) can be used to synthesize register transfer level (RTL) descriptions from C/C++ or Python code. This allows hardware to be programmed at a higher level of abstraction without having to manually write RTL code. Specific HLS tools mentioned include Xilinx Vivado HLS, Altera OpenCL, Veriloggen for Python, and synthesizing hardware from languages like C, C++, Java, and Python.
The document describes simulating and implementing various digital logic circuits using an XC3S400 FPGA kit, including:
1) Logic gates using Verilog code in a FPGA module.
2) Half adders, full adders, half subtractors, and full subtractors using Verilog code.
3) Parallel adders and subtractors using Verilog code to add and subtract 4-bit inputs.
4) Carry look-ahead adders using Verilog code.
5) CMOS logic gates like inverters, NOR gates, and XOR gates using Verilog code.
GPGPU: что это такое и для чего. Александр Титов. CoreHard Spring 2019corehard_by
GPGPU -- это использование графического процессора (GPU) для выполнения общих вычислений, которые обычно проводит центральный процессор (CPU). Благодаря большим вычислительным ресурсам GPU, данный подход позволяет ускорить некоторые приложения в десятки раз по сравнению с традиционным CPU. Принимая во внимание, что GPU есть во множестве современных устройств, данный подход может стать полезных инструментом для программиста, заботящегося о производительности своих программ. Доклад является введением в технологию GPGPU. В ходе презентации, обсуждаются различия между CPU и GPU на аппаратном уровне и объясняется, как эти различия привели к разным моделям программирования этих устройств. Будут рассмотрены классы задач, которые хорошо ускоряются при помощи GPGPU, и когда GPU может оказаться медленнее чем CPU. Доклад не фокусируются на каком-то определенном GPGPU API (OpenCL, CUDA и т.д.) и не требует от слушателей предварительных знаний аппаратуры GPU или CPU.
Resource to Performance Tradeoff Adjustment for Fine-Grained Architectures ─A...Fahad Cheema
Resource to Performance Tradeoff
Adjustment for Fine-Grained Architectures
─A Design Methodology
When implementing computation-intensive algorithms on finegrained
parallel architectures, adjustment of resource to
performance tradeoff is a big challenge. This paper proposes a
methodology for dealing with some of these performance tradeoffs
by adjusting parallelism at different levels. In a case study,
interpolation kernels are implemented on a fine-grained
architecture (FPGA) using a high level language (Mitrion-C).
For both cubic and bi-cubic interpolation, one single-kernel, one
cross-kernel and two multi-kernel parallel implementations are
designed and evaluated. Our results demonstrate that no single
level of parallelism can be used for trade-off adjustment. Instead,
the appropriate degree of parallelism on each level, according to
available resources and the performance requirements of the
application, needs to be found. Basing the design on high-level
programming simplifies the trade-off process. This research is a
step towards automation of the choice of parallelization based on
a combination of parallelism levels.
This document summarizes common issues encountered when developing FPGA projects. It introduces FPGAs, the development process, and applications. Key issues discussed include timing violations from negative slack, hardware configuration errors affecting ADCs, DDR3 interface problems from hardware design faults like improper impedance matching, and excessive resource usage from unnecessary registers. Solutions involve optimizing code and hardware design, as well as adjusting compiler options.
This document describes an FPGA-based error generator for PROFIBUS DP networks that can be used to stress test networks or diagnosis tools by deterministically generating errors. The system architecture uses an FPGA and microcontroller, with the FPGA handling real-time signal decoding, analysis, and fault generation due to its parallel processing capabilities. The FPGA design was validated through simulation and testing. The error generator can be fully configured to generate faults of different types, durations, and repetition patterns to simulate various error scenarios.
Similar to CMPP 2012 held in conjunction with ICNC’12 (20)
1. 2012/12/07 The Third International Conference on Networking and Computing
International Workshop on Challenges on Massively Parallel Processors (CMPP) (11:00-11:30)
25-minute presentation and 5-minute question and discussion time
Towards a Low-Power Accelerator of
Many FPGAs for Stencil Computations
☆Ryohei Kobayashi†1 Shinya Takamaeda-Yamazaki†1 †2 Kenji Kise†1
†1 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
†2 JSPS Research Fellow, Japan
3. FPGA Based Accelerator
Growing demand to perform scientific computation in low-
power and high performance
Designed various accelerators to solve scientific computing
kernels by using FPGA
► CUBE Mencer, O SPL.2009
◇Systolic array of 512 FPGAs
◇For encryption, pattern matching
► Stencil computation accelerator composed of 9 FPGAs
◇Scalable streaming-Array with constant memory-bandwidth
Sano, K., IEEE 19th Annual International Symposium
on Field-Programmable
Custom Computing Machines, (2011).
2
4. 2D Stencil Computation
Iterative computation updating data set by using nearest
neighbor values called stencil
One of methods to obtain approximate solution of partial
differential equation (e.g. Thermodynamics, Hydrodynamics,
Electromagnetism …)
v1[i][j] =
(C0 * v0[i-1][j]) + (C1 * v0[i][j+1]) +
(C2 * v0[i][j-1]) + (C3 * v0[i+1][j]);
v1[i][j] is updated by the summation of four values.
Cx : weighting factor
Time-step k
Update data set
3
6. ScalableCore System *Takamaeda-Yamazaki, S., (ARC 2012) (2012).
Tile architecture simulator by Multiple low end FPGAs
► High speed simulation environment for many-core processors
research
► We use hardware components of the system as an infrastructure for
HPC hardware accelerators.
One FPGA node
FPGA
PROM SRAM
5
7. Our Plan
One node 4 nodes(2×2) 100 nodes(10×10)
Final goal
Now implementing
6
9. Block Division and Assigned to Each FPGA
:grid-point
:data subset communicated Group of grid-points
:communication
with neighbor FPGAs assigned one FPGA
・Data set is divided into several blocks according to the number of FPGAs
・Each FPGA performs stencil computation in parallel
8
10. The Computing Order of Grid-points on FPGA
Proposed method
Our proposed method increases the acceptable communication latency!
Now, let’s compare (a)’s model with proposed method
9
11. Comparison between (a) and (b) (1/2)
・”Iteration” : a sequent process to compute all the grid-points at a time-
step
・Now we suppose a computation updating a value of one grid-point takes
just a cycle.
・Each FPGA updates the assigned data of sixteen grid-points (from 0 to 15)
during every Iteration.
A0 A1 A2 A3 C12 C13 C14 C15
FPGA(A)
FPGA(C)
A4 A5 A6 A7 C8 C9 C10 C11
A8 A9 A10 A11 C4 C5 C6 C7
A12
B0
A13
B1
A14
B2
A15
B3
vs C0
D0
C1
D1
C2
D2
C3
D3
FPGA(B)
FPGA(D)
B4 B5 B6 B7 D4 D5 D6 D7
B8 B9 B10 B11 D8 D9 D10 D11
B12 B13 B14 B15 D12 D13 D14 D15
(a) (b) Proposed method 10
13. Comparison between (a) and (b) (2/2)
A0 A1 A2 A3
First Iteration end
0 16
FPGA(A)
A4 A5 A6 A7
A8 A9 A10 A11 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 A0 A1
A12 A13 A14 A15 …
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 B13 B14 B15 B0 B1
B0 B1 B2 B3
In order not to stall the computation
FPGA(B)
B4 B5 B6 B7
of B1, the value of A13 must be
B8 B9 B10 B11
communicated within three cycles
(a) B12 B13 B14 B15 (14, 15, 16) after the computation…
Proposed C12 C13 C14 C15 0 First Iteration end 16
method
FPGA(C)
C8 C9 C10 C11 C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C0 C1
C4 C5 C6 C7 …
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D0 D1
C0 C1 C2 C3
D0 D1 D2 D3
FPGA(D)
D4 D5 D6 D7
D8 D9 D10 D11
(b) D12 D13 D14 D15 12
14. Comparison between (a) and (b) (2/2)
A0 A1 A2 A3
First Iteration end
0 16
FPGA(A)
A4 A5 A6 A7
A8 A9 A10 A11 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 A0 A1
A12 A13 A14 A15 …
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 B13 B14 B15 B0 B1
B0 B1 B2 B3
In order not to stall the computation
FPGA(B)
B4 B5 B6 B7
of B1, the value of A13 must be
B8 B9 B10 B11
communicated within three cycles
(a) B12 B13 B14 B15 (14, 15, 16) after the computation…
Proposed C12 C13 C14 C15 0 First Iteration end 16
method
FPGA(C)
C8 C9 C10 C11 C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C0 C1
C4 C5 C6 C7 …
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D0 D1
C0 C1 C2 C3
D0 D1 D2 D3
FPGA(D)
D4 D5 D6 D7
In order not to stall the
D8 D9 D10 D11 computation of D1 of Iteration 2
(17th cycle), the margin to send
(b) D12 D13 D14 D15 13
value of C1 (1st cycle) is 15 cycles
15. Comparison between (a) and (b) (N×M grid-points)
N If the N×M grid-points are assigned to a
single FPGA, every shared value must be
communicated within N–1cycles
FPGA
M Iteration end
… …
FPGA
(a) N-1 cycles
If the N×M grid-points are assigned to a
Proposed N
single FPGA, every shared value must be
method
communicated within N×M–1cycles
FPGA
M Iteration end
… …
FPGA
N×M-1 cycles 14
(b)
16. Comparison between (a) and (b) (N×M grid-points)
N If the N×M grid-points are assigned to a
single FPGA, every shared value must be
communicated within N–1cycles
FPGA
M Iteration end
Proposed method gives
… …
increase acceptable
FPGA
(a)
latency N×M grid-points are assigned to a
If the
of N-1 cycles
Proposed N
method communication N×M–1cycles be
!!
single FPGA, every shared value must
communicated within
FPGA
M Iteration end
… …
FPGA
N×M-1 cycles 15
(b)
17. Computing Order Applied Proposed Method
:computation order
This method ensures margin of about one Iteration.
As the number of grid-points increases, acceptable latency is scaled.
16
19. System Architecture
from North from South
from East
from West
mux2
Memory unit (BlockRAMs)
Computation unit
Configuration
ROM JTAG port
mux mux mux mux mux mux mux mux
XCF04S
MADD MADD MADD MADD MADD MADD MADD MADD
FPGA
Spartan-6
GATE[0]
mux8 GATE[3] Clock
to West to East
GATE[1] GATE[2]
Reset
to North to South to/from
Adjacent
Units
Ser/Des
Ser/Des
Ser/Des
Ser/Des
18
20. Relationship between The Data Subset and
BlockRAM(Memory unit)
BlockRAM: low-latency SRAM which each FPGA has.
FPGA array 4×4 BlockRAMs
(Data is assigned)
The data set which assigned to each FPGA is split in the
vertical direction, and is stored in each BlockRAM (0~7)
If the data set of 64×128 is assigned to one FPGA, the split data set
(8×128) is stored in each BlockRAM (0~7).
19
21. Relationship between MADD and
BlockRAM(Memory unit)
・The data set stored in each
BlockRAM is computed by each MADD.
・Each MADD performs the
computation in parallel
・The computed data is stored in
BlockRAM.
20
22. MADD Architecture(Computation unit)
MADD
► Multiply: seven pipeline stages
► Adder: seven pipeline stages
► Both multiply and adder are single precision floating-point unit which
conforms to IEEE 754.
21
33. MADD Pipeline Operation (in cycles 0〜7)
The computation of grid-points 11~18 8
7
6
5
The grid-points 1~8 are loaded from 4
3
BlockRAM and they are input to the 2
1
multiplier in cycles 0~7. 8-stages
Input2(adder)
8-stages
Input1(adder)
32
34. MADD Pipeline Operation (in cycles 8〜15)
The computation of grid-points 11~18 17
16
15
14
13
The computation result is output from 12
11
multiplier, at the same times, grid-points 10
10~17 are input to the multiplier in 8 8-stages
7
cycles 8~15. 6
5
4
3
Input2(adder) 2 8-stages
1
Input1(adder)
33
35. MADD Pipeline Operation (in cycles 16〜23)
The computation of grid-points 11~18 19
18
17
16
The grid-points 12~19 are input to the 15
14
multiplier, at the same time, value of grid- 13
12
points 1〜8 and 10~17 multiplied by a 8 17
7 16 8-stages
weighting factor are summed in cycles 16~ 6 15
5 14
23. 4 13
3 12
2 11 8-stages
Input2(adder) 1 10
Input1(adder)
34
38. MADD Pipeline Operation (in cycles 40〜48)
The computation of grid-points 11~18 27
26
25
24
The computation results that data of up, down, 23
22
left and right gird-points are multiplied by a 21 18
20 17
weighting factor and summed are output in 16
cycles 40~48. 15 8-stages
14
13
Input2(adder) 12
11
8 17 19 28 8-stages
7 16 18 27
6 15 17 26
5 14 16 25
4 13 15 Input1(adder)
24
3 12 14 23
2 11 13 22
1 10 12 21
37
39. MADD Pipeline Operation(Computation unit)
The filing rate of the pipeline: (N-8/N)×100% (N is
cycles which taken this computation.)
► Achievement of high computation performance and the small circuit area
► This scheduling is valid only when width of computed grid is equal to the
pipeline stages of multiplier and adder.
38
40. Initialization Mechanism(1/2)
Master
(1,0) (2,0) (3,0)
(0,0)
(0,1) (1,1) (2,1) (3,1)
(0,2) (1,2) (2,2) (3,2)
・To determine the computation order
of each FPGA, every FPGA uses own
(0,3) (1,3) (2,3) (3,3) position coordinate in the system.
:x-coordinate + 1
:y-coordinate + 1
39
41. Initialization Mechanism(2/2)
FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA
・It is necessary for this array system
to be synchronized precisely the timing
FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA of start of computation in the first
Iteration.
・Because this array system is not able
FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA
to get the data of communication
region to be used for the next Iteration
if there is a skew.
FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA
Sending start signal of computation
40
43. Environment
FPGA:Xilinx Spartan-6 XC6SLX16
► BlockRAM: 72KB
Design tool: Xilinx ISE webpack 13.3
Hardware description language: Verilog HDL
Implementation of MADD:IP core generated by Xilinx core-generator
► Implementing single MADD expends four pieces of 32 DSP-blocks which a Spartan-6
FPGA has.
◇ Therefore, the number of MADD to be able to be implemented in single FPGA is
eight
SRAM is not used.
Hardware configuration of FPGA array ScalableCore board 42
44. Performance of Single FPGA Node(1/2)
Grid-size:64×128
Iteration:500,000
Performance and Power Consumption(160MHz)
► Performance:2.24GFlop/s
► Power Consumption:2.37W
Peak performance[GFlop/s]
Peak = 2×F×NFPGA×NMADD×7/8
Peak:Peak performance[GFlop/s]
F:Operation frequency[GHz]
NFPGA:the number of FPGA
NMADD:the number of MADD
7/8: Average utilization of MADD unit
→ The four multiplications and the three additions
v1[i][j] = (C0 * v0[i-1][j]) + (C1 * v0[i][j+1]) +
(C2 * v0[i][j-1]) + (C3 * v0[i+1][j]);
43
45. Performance of Single FPGA Node(2/2)
Performance and Performance par watt (160MHz)
► Performance:2.24GFlop/s
26% of Intel Core i7-2600 (single
thread, 3.4GHz, -O3 option)
► Performance par watt:0.95GFlop/sW
Performance/W value is about six-times
better than Nvidia GTX280 GPU card.
Nvidia GTX 280 card
Hardware Resource Consumption
► LUT: 50%
► Slice: 67%
► BlockRAM: 75%
► DSP48A1: 100% 44
46. Estimation of Effective Performance in 256 FPGA Nodes
Upper Limit of Effective Performance
► 573GFlop/s =(8 multipliers + 8 adders)× 256FPGA × 160MHz × 7/8
Performance par Watt
► 0.944GFlop/sW
1000
Freqency:0.16[GHz]
Effec ve performance[GFlop/s]
100
10
1
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256
Number of FPGA nodes
Estimation of effective performance improvement rate. 45
47. Conclusion
Proposition of high performance stencil computing method
and architecture
Implementation result (One-FPGA node)
► Frequency 160MHz (no communication)
► Effective performance 2.24GFlop/s. Power consumption 2.37W.
► Hardware resource consumption : Slices 67%
Estimation of performance in 256 FPGA nodes
► Upper limit of effective performance:573GFlop/s
► Effective performance par watt:0.944GFlop/sW
Low end FPGAs array system is promising ! (Better than Nvidia
GTX280 GPU card)
Future works
► Implementation and evaluation of more scaled FPGA array
► Implementation towards lower-power
46