Abstract- Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) in routing concerns itself with the ability to route data from source to destination which is the fundamental ability all communication network must have. During the transmission of packets it has the fixed landmark so that only one path can be chosen. It cannot choose the alternative path, that path is considered to be as the best path. To solve this problem, an optimized inter – landmark data routing algorithm, namely DTN – FLOW which chooses the alternative path that is considered to be as the shortest and best path. The DTN – FLOW algorithm not only transmit packet with the use of landmark and inter – landmark. The information message will be performed in all the nodes so the performance of each and every node decreases by means of traffic. In order to increase the high throughput, node to node communication can be done effectively in DTN network.
Comparative Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols and Cluster Head Selection Te...IJERA Editor
Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a kind of wireless network. It is a backbone of new generation advanced communication technology. MANET is an ideal applicant for rescue and emergency situation due to its independence of connected devices of fixed wires. This paper represents a work on trust based system in MANET cluster that can be used to improve the performance of the network even in the existence of not trusted nodes. In the cluster architecture, cluster head and gateway nodes form a communication for routing among neighbouring clusters. But selection of cluster head is the important problem in dynamic Ad-hoc network because cluster head work as coordinator in clustered architecture. In this work, some values have used correspond to the threshold values of forward packet and dropped packet of each node within the network cluster. These values have been used dynamically updated every time and the node is selected as cluster head. In this technique of selecting the node as cluster head, the node which has maximum trusted value is elected as cluster head and this information is updated in every node’s trusted table. After implementation of our desired work, the proposed Dynamic Trust Evaluation of Cluster Head (DTE-CH) technique is analysed with traditional routing protocols and traditional clustering technique viz. Highest Degree Algorithm. The simulation is done by using network simulator software on the basis of different performance metrics throughput, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, packet drop, average end to end delay and remain energy. Simulation result presents that proposed DTE-CH technique improves the performance of network as compare to most suitable existing AODV MANET protocol based technique as well as traditional highest degree clustering technique.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Enhanced DSR Protocol for Improving QoS in MANETKhushbooGupta145
Ad hoc network is a network without centralized administration in which different users can communicate and exchange information. In such a structure, all the nodes participate in order to achieve the network and ensure the travel of the information. Hence, multihopping techniques are used to achieve this task. The communication reliability within an ad hoc network and how the different nodes act are managed by routing protocols. Nowadays, different types of protocols exist. Nevertheless, the source routing ones, based on information known at the source of the communication, seem to attract more studies. Source routing protocols had shown interesting results in realistic scenarios in areas such as military battlefields or airport stations.
This Paper deals with DSR Protocol and is focused on the multipath aspect of this routing protocol. Since, it is necessary to understand that multipath techniques enhance reliability and can ensure security. We have simulated a new multipath algorithm. The solution had been evaluated with the network Simulator 2. Since we want to know how our protocol reacts in different mobility cases, the random waypoint model which allows us to present relevant results, due to the fact this situation is taken into account.
Simulation results show that the multipath protocol behaves better than DSR, the main actual reactive protocol. The Proposed protocol MSR performs well in high mobility by using much less overhead than DSR. Additionally, it is interesting to see that DSR without any modifications manage poorly in high mobility situation.
Survey on Routing in Opportunistic Networks
this paper basically overviews and disused those potential methods and Techniques to select next hop to forward the packets (message) to destination.
This presentation covers some of the routing protocols for Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN) along with the overview of the Opportunistic Networking Environment which can be used for performance evaluation/comparison of/among these DTN protocols.
P.S. This presentation is for educational purpose only. It is not meant for any commercialization at all.
Comparative Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols and Cluster Head Selection Te...IJERA Editor
Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a kind of wireless network. It is a backbone of new generation advanced communication technology. MANET is an ideal applicant for rescue and emergency situation due to its independence of connected devices of fixed wires. This paper represents a work on trust based system in MANET cluster that can be used to improve the performance of the network even in the existence of not trusted nodes. In the cluster architecture, cluster head and gateway nodes form a communication for routing among neighbouring clusters. But selection of cluster head is the important problem in dynamic Ad-hoc network because cluster head work as coordinator in clustered architecture. In this work, some values have used correspond to the threshold values of forward packet and dropped packet of each node within the network cluster. These values have been used dynamically updated every time and the node is selected as cluster head. In this technique of selecting the node as cluster head, the node which has maximum trusted value is elected as cluster head and this information is updated in every node’s trusted table. After implementation of our desired work, the proposed Dynamic Trust Evaluation of Cluster Head (DTE-CH) technique is analysed with traditional routing protocols and traditional clustering technique viz. Highest Degree Algorithm. The simulation is done by using network simulator software on the basis of different performance metrics throughput, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, packet drop, average end to end delay and remain energy. Simulation result presents that proposed DTE-CH technique improves the performance of network as compare to most suitable existing AODV MANET protocol based technique as well as traditional highest degree clustering technique.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Enhanced DSR Protocol for Improving QoS in MANETKhushbooGupta145
Ad hoc network is a network without centralized administration in which different users can communicate and exchange information. In such a structure, all the nodes participate in order to achieve the network and ensure the travel of the information. Hence, multihopping techniques are used to achieve this task. The communication reliability within an ad hoc network and how the different nodes act are managed by routing protocols. Nowadays, different types of protocols exist. Nevertheless, the source routing ones, based on information known at the source of the communication, seem to attract more studies. Source routing protocols had shown interesting results in realistic scenarios in areas such as military battlefields or airport stations.
This Paper deals with DSR Protocol and is focused on the multipath aspect of this routing protocol. Since, it is necessary to understand that multipath techniques enhance reliability and can ensure security. We have simulated a new multipath algorithm. The solution had been evaluated with the network Simulator 2. Since we want to know how our protocol reacts in different mobility cases, the random waypoint model which allows us to present relevant results, due to the fact this situation is taken into account.
Simulation results show that the multipath protocol behaves better than DSR, the main actual reactive protocol. The Proposed protocol MSR performs well in high mobility by using much less overhead than DSR. Additionally, it is interesting to see that DSR without any modifications manage poorly in high mobility situation.
Survey on Routing in Opportunistic Networks
this paper basically overviews and disused those potential methods and Techniques to select next hop to forward the packets (message) to destination.
This presentation covers some of the routing protocols for Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN) along with the overview of the Opportunistic Networking Environment which can be used for performance evaluation/comparison of/among these DTN protocols.
P.S. This presentation is for educational purpose only. It is not meant for any commercialization at all.
T HE I MPACT OF TCP C ONGESTION W INDOW S IZE ON THE P ERFORMANCE E VA...ijwmn
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a temporary coll
ection of mobile nodes randomly moved within a
limited terrain area. The nodes are connected to fo
rm a wireless network without use any communication
infrastructure. Because of the limiting resources o
f MANET nodes, multiple hops
scheme is proposed for
data exchange
across the network. Varieties of mobile ad hoc rout
ing protocols have been developed to
support the multi-hop scheme of ad hoc networks. A
popular Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
provides a reliable connection in a computer networ
k environment; it sets its congestion window size i
n
response to the behavior of the network to achieve
the best performance. This work aims to investigate
and
compare the MANET protocol
performance, such as DSDV, AODV and DSR in terms of
network
throughput, average routing load, the packet delive
ry ratio (PDR), and average end-to-end delay by
varying the maximum congestion window size. Our si
mulation has been implemented using a well-known
NS-2.35 network simulator. The simulated results sh
ow that the demonstrates of the concepts of MANET
routing protocols with respect to TCP congestion wi
ndow size in MANET environment
A Simulated Behavioral Study of DSR Routing Protocol Using NS-2IJERA Editor
Mobile ad hoc network (MANETS) consists of wireless nodes communicating without any centralized administration .thus each node acts as a host and a router. There are many routing protocols designed for MANETS. The Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) is a simple and efficient Routing protocol designed specifically for use in multi-hop wireless mobile nodes. This paper describes the design the implementation of DSR protocol in NS-2 simulator environment. We also analyze the performance of the DSR for various performance matrixes such as average end to- end delay, throughput and packet delivery ratio. The analysis was made for different number of nodes using the NS-2 simulator.
Cost Effective Routing Protocols Based on Two Hop Neighborhood Information (2...Eswar Publications
Ad hoc networks are collections of mobile nodes communicating with each other using wireless media without any fixed infrastructure. During both route discovery and traversal of route-reply packets from destination to source,
broadcast of packets is required which incurs huge message cost. The present article deals with the message cost
reduction during transmission of route-reply from destination to source. Also the redundancy that is visible within the 2-hop neighborhood of a node is minimized during broadcasting of route-reply. This improves the average lifetime of network nodes by decreasing the possibility of network partition. The scheme of 2NI can be used with any reactive routing protocol in MANETs.
PRoPHET uses its delivery predictability of node encounters and transitivity to forward bundles to its neighbor node. Regardless of their distance, it faces delivery dilemmas in a source node and drawbacks of low delivery ratio and high delay in case two or more neighbor nodes carry equal delivery predictability. To solve such consequences, we propose a Distance and Probabilistic Routing Protocol using History of Encounters and Transitivity (DPRoPHET) with the use of cross layer implementation for distance value retrieval. Our simulation results show that, by adding distance metric to the existing delivery predictability vector, DPRoPHET outperforms PRoPHET.
LOAD BALANCING AND PROVIDING SECURITY USING RSA IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJARIIT
This paper presents load balancing and provides security using RSA algorithm. This is brief introduction to handle the traffic on node. This represents the converge-casting protocol in wireless sensor networks. The protocol is localized and distributed, and adapts efficiently to vary traffic. Graphs are analyzed using NS-2 simulator, here end-to-end packet latency, packet delivery ratio, throughput are analyzed. This is done for 30 nodes in NS-2 simulation.
Abstract— A MANETs is a self-configuring network is a collection of mobile hosts that are connected via a wireless link. Opportunistic data forwarding has drawn much attention in the research community of multihop wireless networks. Opportunistic data forwarding is the lack of an efficient, lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. In this project proposed to a lightweight proactive source routing (PSR) protocol. PSR can be maintained at different network topology information than distance vector (DV), link state (LS), optimized link State routing (OLSR), then reactive source routing [e.g., dynamic source routing (DSR)]. In this project concentrate on reducing the overhead at the base line protocols, then testing to the better data transportation. Network Simulator (NS-2) help in testing and implementing to this project for effectively reduced to the overhead in the data transportation.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF LINK, NODE AND ZONE DISJOINT MULTI-PATH ROUTING STR...ijwmn
The high-level contribution of this paper is a simulation-based analysis to evaluate the tradeoffs between
lifetime and hop count of link-disjoint, node-disjoint and zone-disjoint multi-path routes vis-à-vis singlepath minimum hop routes for mobile ad hoc networks. The link-disjoint, node-disjoint and zone-disjoint
algorithms proposed in this paper can be used to arrive at benchmarks for the time between successive
multi-path route discoveries, the number of disjoint paths per multi-path set and the hop count per multipath set. We assume a multi-path set exists as long as at least one path in the set exists. Simulation results
indicate that the number of zone-disjoint paths per multi-path set can be at most 2, which is far lower
than the number of node and link-disjoint paths available per multi-path set. Also, the time between zonedisjoint multi-path discoveries would be far lower than the time between node and link-disjoint multi-path
route discoveries and can be at most 45% more than the time between single minimum-hop path route
discoveries. However, there is no appreciable difference in the average hop counts per zone-disjoint,
node-disjoint and link-disjoint multi-path sets and it can be only at most 15% more than the average
minimum hop count determined using single-path routing. We also observe that even though the number
of link-disjoint paths per multi-path set can be as large as 35-78% more than the number of node-disjoint
paths per multi-path set, the time between two successive link-disjoint multi-path discoveries can be at
most 15-25% more than the time between two successive node-disjoint multi-path discoveries, without
any significant difference in the hop count per multi-path set.
IMPROVED NETWORK CONNECTIVITY IN MANETSIJCNCJournal
The growth in wireless communication technologies has resulted in a considerable amount of
attention given to mobile adhoc networks. All mobile hosts in an adhoc network are embedded with
packet forwarding capabilities. It is decentralized and is independent of infrastructure. Since mobile
hosts in an adhoc network usually move freely, the topology of the network changes dynamically and
disconnection occurs frequently. These characteristics require the routing protocols to find an
alternative path towards the destination for data transfer. The existing on-demand routing protocols
does the alternative path establishment only after the disconnection of links in the existing path. The
data sent by the source during alternate path establishment period will be lost leading to incomplete
data transfer. The network traffic will therefore increase considerably. This problem can be overcome
by establishing an alternative path when the existing path is more likely to be broken, by sending a
warning message to the source indicating the likelihood of disconnection. In this paper an attempt has
been made to analyze a protocol that improves the network connectivity by preempting the alternative
path before the existing link gets failed by monitoring the signal strength and ‘age of the path’.
EFFICIENT MULTI-PATH PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSijwmn
Wireless sensor networks are useful for streaming multimedia in infrastructure-free and hazardous environments. However, these networks are quite different from their wired counterpart and are composed of nodes with constrained bandwidth and energy. Multiple-path transmission is one of the methods for ensuring QoS routing in both wired and wireless environment. Directed diffusion, a well known wireless sensor network protocol, only routes packets through a single path, which barely meets the throughput requirement of multimedia data. Instead, we propose a multipath algorithm based on directed diffusion that reinforces multiple routes with high link quality and low latency. This algorithm retains the merits of the original directed diffusion algorithms, including its energy efficiency and scalability. A hybrid metric of link quality and latency is used as the criterion for path selection. In order to select disjoint paths, we propose a scheme for reinforced nodes to respond negatively to multiple reinforcement messages. We use the NS-2 simulation tool with video trace generated by Multiple Description Coding (MDC) to evaluate the performance. The results show that our algorithm gives better throughput and delay performance, i.e higher video quality, than standard directed diffusion that transmits over a single path, with low overheads and energy consumption.
Tree Based Proactive Source Routing Protocol for MANETspaperpublications3
bstract: A mobile adhoc network (MANET) is a wireless communication network and the node that does not lie within the direct transmission range of each other depends on the intermediate nodes to forward data. Opportunistic data forwarding has not been widely utilized in mobile adhoc networks (MANETs) and the main reason is the lack of an efficient lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. PSR protocol facilitates opportunistic data forwarding in MANETs. In PSR, each node maintains a breadth-first search spanning tree of the network rooted at it-self. This information is periodically exchanged among neighboring nodes for updated network topology information. Here added a Mobile sink to reduce the overhead in case of number of child node increases and also to reduce the delay.
THE IMPACT OF NODE MISBEHAVIOR ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MANETIJCNCJournal
MANET is a cooperative wireless network in which mobile nodes are responsible for routing and
forwarding packets from and to other nodes. Noncooperation is a challenge that definitely degrades the
performance of MANET. A misbehaving or selfish node may make use of other nodes in the network, but
decline to share its own resources with them. These selfish nodes may severely affect the performance of
routing protocols in MANET.
In this paper, we compare the performance of four routing protocols under security attack of node
misbehavior in MANET. We investigate AODV and DSR reactive routing protocols and OLSR and GRP
proactive routing protocols using Riverbed Modeler simulator. The performance comparison is carried out
using two types of misbehaving nodes. The metrics used are End-to-End delay, Packet Delivery Ratio, Data
dropped and the Load. The experimental results show that AODV routing protocol performs better than the
other routing protocols with higher packet delivery ratio. Further, OLSR routing protocol outperforms the
other routing protocols with minimum End-to-End delay.
T HE I MPACT OF TCP C ONGESTION W INDOW S IZE ON THE P ERFORMANCE E VA...ijwmn
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a temporary coll
ection of mobile nodes randomly moved within a
limited terrain area. The nodes are connected to fo
rm a wireless network without use any communication
infrastructure. Because of the limiting resources o
f MANET nodes, multiple hops
scheme is proposed for
data exchange
across the network. Varieties of mobile ad hoc rout
ing protocols have been developed to
support the multi-hop scheme of ad hoc networks. A
popular Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
provides a reliable connection in a computer networ
k environment; it sets its congestion window size i
n
response to the behavior of the network to achieve
the best performance. This work aims to investigate
and
compare the MANET protocol
performance, such as DSDV, AODV and DSR in terms of
network
throughput, average routing load, the packet delive
ry ratio (PDR), and average end-to-end delay by
varying the maximum congestion window size. Our si
mulation has been implemented using a well-known
NS-2.35 network simulator. The simulated results sh
ow that the demonstrates of the concepts of MANET
routing protocols with respect to TCP congestion wi
ndow size in MANET environment
A Simulated Behavioral Study of DSR Routing Protocol Using NS-2IJERA Editor
Mobile ad hoc network (MANETS) consists of wireless nodes communicating without any centralized administration .thus each node acts as a host and a router. There are many routing protocols designed for MANETS. The Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) is a simple and efficient Routing protocol designed specifically for use in multi-hop wireless mobile nodes. This paper describes the design the implementation of DSR protocol in NS-2 simulator environment. We also analyze the performance of the DSR for various performance matrixes such as average end to- end delay, throughput and packet delivery ratio. The analysis was made for different number of nodes using the NS-2 simulator.
Cost Effective Routing Protocols Based on Two Hop Neighborhood Information (2...Eswar Publications
Ad hoc networks are collections of mobile nodes communicating with each other using wireless media without any fixed infrastructure. During both route discovery and traversal of route-reply packets from destination to source,
broadcast of packets is required which incurs huge message cost. The present article deals with the message cost
reduction during transmission of route-reply from destination to source. Also the redundancy that is visible within the 2-hop neighborhood of a node is minimized during broadcasting of route-reply. This improves the average lifetime of network nodes by decreasing the possibility of network partition. The scheme of 2NI can be used with any reactive routing protocol in MANETs.
PRoPHET uses its delivery predictability of node encounters and transitivity to forward bundles to its neighbor node. Regardless of their distance, it faces delivery dilemmas in a source node and drawbacks of low delivery ratio and high delay in case two or more neighbor nodes carry equal delivery predictability. To solve such consequences, we propose a Distance and Probabilistic Routing Protocol using History of Encounters and Transitivity (DPRoPHET) with the use of cross layer implementation for distance value retrieval. Our simulation results show that, by adding distance metric to the existing delivery predictability vector, DPRoPHET outperforms PRoPHET.
LOAD BALANCING AND PROVIDING SECURITY USING RSA IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJARIIT
This paper presents load balancing and provides security using RSA algorithm. This is brief introduction to handle the traffic on node. This represents the converge-casting protocol in wireless sensor networks. The protocol is localized and distributed, and adapts efficiently to vary traffic. Graphs are analyzed using NS-2 simulator, here end-to-end packet latency, packet delivery ratio, throughput are analyzed. This is done for 30 nodes in NS-2 simulation.
Abstract— A MANETs is a self-configuring network is a collection of mobile hosts that are connected via a wireless link. Opportunistic data forwarding has drawn much attention in the research community of multihop wireless networks. Opportunistic data forwarding is the lack of an efficient, lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. In this project proposed to a lightweight proactive source routing (PSR) protocol. PSR can be maintained at different network topology information than distance vector (DV), link state (LS), optimized link State routing (OLSR), then reactive source routing [e.g., dynamic source routing (DSR)]. In this project concentrate on reducing the overhead at the base line protocols, then testing to the better data transportation. Network Simulator (NS-2) help in testing and implementing to this project for effectively reduced to the overhead in the data transportation.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF LINK, NODE AND ZONE DISJOINT MULTI-PATH ROUTING STR...ijwmn
The high-level contribution of this paper is a simulation-based analysis to evaluate the tradeoffs between
lifetime and hop count of link-disjoint, node-disjoint and zone-disjoint multi-path routes vis-à-vis singlepath minimum hop routes for mobile ad hoc networks. The link-disjoint, node-disjoint and zone-disjoint
algorithms proposed in this paper can be used to arrive at benchmarks for the time between successive
multi-path route discoveries, the number of disjoint paths per multi-path set and the hop count per multipath set. We assume a multi-path set exists as long as at least one path in the set exists. Simulation results
indicate that the number of zone-disjoint paths per multi-path set can be at most 2, which is far lower
than the number of node and link-disjoint paths available per multi-path set. Also, the time between zonedisjoint multi-path discoveries would be far lower than the time between node and link-disjoint multi-path
route discoveries and can be at most 45% more than the time between single minimum-hop path route
discoveries. However, there is no appreciable difference in the average hop counts per zone-disjoint,
node-disjoint and link-disjoint multi-path sets and it can be only at most 15% more than the average
minimum hop count determined using single-path routing. We also observe that even though the number
of link-disjoint paths per multi-path set can be as large as 35-78% more than the number of node-disjoint
paths per multi-path set, the time between two successive link-disjoint multi-path discoveries can be at
most 15-25% more than the time between two successive node-disjoint multi-path discoveries, without
any significant difference in the hop count per multi-path set.
IMPROVED NETWORK CONNECTIVITY IN MANETSIJCNCJournal
The growth in wireless communication technologies has resulted in a considerable amount of
attention given to mobile adhoc networks. All mobile hosts in an adhoc network are embedded with
packet forwarding capabilities. It is decentralized and is independent of infrastructure. Since mobile
hosts in an adhoc network usually move freely, the topology of the network changes dynamically and
disconnection occurs frequently. These characteristics require the routing protocols to find an
alternative path towards the destination for data transfer. The existing on-demand routing protocols
does the alternative path establishment only after the disconnection of links in the existing path. The
data sent by the source during alternate path establishment period will be lost leading to incomplete
data transfer. The network traffic will therefore increase considerably. This problem can be overcome
by establishing an alternative path when the existing path is more likely to be broken, by sending a
warning message to the source indicating the likelihood of disconnection. In this paper an attempt has
been made to analyze a protocol that improves the network connectivity by preempting the alternative
path before the existing link gets failed by monitoring the signal strength and ‘age of the path’.
EFFICIENT MULTI-PATH PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSijwmn
Wireless sensor networks are useful for streaming multimedia in infrastructure-free and hazardous environments. However, these networks are quite different from their wired counterpart and are composed of nodes with constrained bandwidth and energy. Multiple-path transmission is one of the methods for ensuring QoS routing in both wired and wireless environment. Directed diffusion, a well known wireless sensor network protocol, only routes packets through a single path, which barely meets the throughput requirement of multimedia data. Instead, we propose a multipath algorithm based on directed diffusion that reinforces multiple routes with high link quality and low latency. This algorithm retains the merits of the original directed diffusion algorithms, including its energy efficiency and scalability. A hybrid metric of link quality and latency is used as the criterion for path selection. In order to select disjoint paths, we propose a scheme for reinforced nodes to respond negatively to multiple reinforcement messages. We use the NS-2 simulation tool with video trace generated by Multiple Description Coding (MDC) to evaluate the performance. The results show that our algorithm gives better throughput and delay performance, i.e higher video quality, than standard directed diffusion that transmits over a single path, with low overheads and energy consumption.
Tree Based Proactive Source Routing Protocol for MANETspaperpublications3
bstract: A mobile adhoc network (MANET) is a wireless communication network and the node that does not lie within the direct transmission range of each other depends on the intermediate nodes to forward data. Opportunistic data forwarding has not been widely utilized in mobile adhoc networks (MANETs) and the main reason is the lack of an efficient lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. PSR protocol facilitates opportunistic data forwarding in MANETs. In PSR, each node maintains a breadth-first search spanning tree of the network rooted at it-self. This information is periodically exchanged among neighboring nodes for updated network topology information. Here added a Mobile sink to reduce the overhead in case of number of child node increases and also to reduce the delay.
THE IMPACT OF NODE MISBEHAVIOR ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MANETIJCNCJournal
MANET is a cooperative wireless network in which mobile nodes are responsible for routing and
forwarding packets from and to other nodes. Noncooperation is a challenge that definitely degrades the
performance of MANET. A misbehaving or selfish node may make use of other nodes in the network, but
decline to share its own resources with them. These selfish nodes may severely affect the performance of
routing protocols in MANET.
In this paper, we compare the performance of four routing protocols under security attack of node
misbehavior in MANET. We investigate AODV and DSR reactive routing protocols and OLSR and GRP
proactive routing protocols using Riverbed Modeler simulator. The performance comparison is carried out
using two types of misbehaving nodes. The metrics used are End-to-End delay, Packet Delivery Ratio, Data
dropped and the Load. The experimental results show that AODV routing protocol performs better than the
other routing protocols with higher packet delivery ratio. Further, OLSR routing protocol outperforms the
other routing protocols with minimum End-to-End delay.
Performance Analysis of Mobile Adhoc Network Routing Protocols Over Tcppijans
In order to reduce the communication cost and time we are looking forward for successful implementation
of an infrastructure less network like Mobile Ad Hoc Network in all arena of wireless mobile
communication. But still it is a challenge to decide a most appropriate routing protocol for MANET. In
MANET there is no fixed topology due to the mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation and
path loss. Since MANET does not use fixed infrastructure rather it always have to find suitable router and
routing path for each communication, existing established routing protocol is not suitable for MANET to
function properly. Different Routing protocols have been proposed to meet the challenges with MANETs.
This paper evaluates the performances of four MANET routing protocols which are DSDV, AODV, DSR
and TORA over TCP, a Transport Layer Protocol. The performance metrics which are considered in this
paper are packet delivery fractions, normalized routing overload, end to end delay and throughput. DSDV
is a proactive protocol and the others are reactive protocols.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Survey of Modified Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-hoc Networkijsrd.com
In last few years extensive research work has been done in the field of routing protocols for Ad-hoc Network. Various routing protocols have been evaluated in different network conditions using different performance metrics. A lot of research has been done how to modify standard routing protocol in ad-hoc network to improve its performance. The hop count is not only metric that gives efficient routing path. There are various modified protocols which make the use of other parameters along with hop count to select the best routing path to the destination. In standard Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol only hop count is used for selecting the routing path. In this paper we have studied variants of AODV protocols with modified routing metric.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The Effects of Speed on the Performance of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc...Narendra Singh Yadav
Mobile ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes communicating through wireless channels without any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. Because of the limited transmission range of wireless network interfaces, multiple "hops" may be needed to exchange data across the network. Consequently, many routing algorithms have come into existence to satisfy the needs of communications in such networks. Researchers have conducted many simulations comparing the performance of these routing protocols under various conditions and constraints. One question that arises is whether speed of nodes affects the relative performance of routing protocols being studied. This paper addresses the question by simulating two routing protocols AODV and DSDV. Protocols were simulated using the ns-2 and were compared in terms of packet delivery fraction, normalized routing load and average delay, while varying number of nodes, and speed.
Improving the scalability by contact information compression in routingijitjournal
The existence of reduced scalability and delivery leads to the development of scalable routing by contact
information compression. The previous work dealt with the result of consistent analysis in the performance
of DTN hierarchical routing (DHR). It increases as the source to destination distance increases with
decreases in the routing performance. This paper focuses on improving the scalability and delivery through
contact information compression algorithm and also addresses the problem of power awareness routing to
increase the lifetime of the overall network. Thus implementing the contact information compression (CIC)
algorithm the estimated shortest path (ESP) is detected dynamically. The scalability and release are more
improved during multipath multicasting, which delivers the information to a collection of target
concurrently in a single transmission from the source.
Study of Attacks and Routing Protocol in Wireless Networkijsrd.com
Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are attractive as a new communication paradigm. Ad hoc routing protocols for WMNs are classified into: (1) proactive, (2) reactive, and (3) hybrid approaches. In general, proactive routing is more suitable for a stationary network, while reactive routing is better for a mobile network with a high mobility. In many applications, a node in WMN is mobile but it can fluctuate between being mobile. Wireless mesh networks is an emergent research area, which is becoming important due to the growing amount of nodes in a network.
In this paper, prioritized sweeping confidence based dual reinforcement learning based adaptive network routing is investigated. Shortest Path routing is always not suitable for any wireless mobile network as in high traffic conditions, shortest path will always select the shortest path which is in terms of number of hops, between source and destination thus generating more congestion. In prioritized sweeping reinforcement learning method, optimization is carried out over confidence based dual reinforcement routing on mobile ad hoc network and path is selected based on the actual traffic present on the network at real time. Thus they guarantee the least delivery time to reach the packets to the destination. Analysis is done on 50 Nodes Mobile ad hoc networks with random mobility. Various performance parameters such as Interval and number of nodes are used for judging the network. Packet delivery ratio, dropping ratio and delay shows optimum results using the prioritized sweeping reinforcement learning method.
Beaglebone Black Webcam Server For SecurityIJTET Journal
Web server security using BeagleBone Black is based on ARM Cortex-A8 processor and Linux operating system
is designed and implemented. In this project the server side consists of BeagleBone Black with angstrom OS and interfaced
with webcam. The client can access the web server by proper authentication. The web server displays the web page forms
like home, video, upload, settings and about. The home web page describes the functions of Web Pages. The video Web page
displays the saved videos in the server and client can view or download the videos. The upload web page is used by the client
to upload the files to server. The settings web page is used to change the username, password and date if needed. The about web page provides the description of the project
Biometrics Authentication Using Raspberry PiIJTET Journal
Biometric authentication is one of the most popular and accurate technology. Nowadays, it is used in many real time
applications. However, recognizing fingerprints in Linux based embedded computers (raspberry pi) is still a very complex problem.
This entire work is done on the Linux based embedded computer called raspberry pi , in which database creation and management
using postgresql, web page creation using PHP language, fingerprint reader access, authentication and recognition using python were
entirely done on raspberry pi This paper discusses on the standardized authentication model which is capable of extracting the
fingerprints of individual and store that in database . Then I use the final fingerprint to match with others in fingerprints present in the
database (postgresql) to show the capability of this model.
Conceal Traffic Pattern Discovery from Revealing Form of Ad Hoc NetworksIJTET Journal
Number of techniques has been planned supported packet secret writing to safeguard the
communication in MANETs. STARS functioning supported stastical characteristics of captured raw traffic.
STARS discover the relationships of offer to destination communication. To forestall STAR attack associate
offer hidding technique is introduced.The pattern aims to derive the source/destination probability distribution.
that's the probability for each node to entire traffic captured with link details message source/destination and
conjointly the end-to-end link probability distribution that's the probability for each strive of nodes to be
associate end-to-end communication strive. thence construct point-to-point traffic originate and then derive the
end-to-end traffic with a set of traffic filtering rules; thus actual traffic protected against revelation attack.
Through this protective mechanism efficiency of traffic enlarged by ninety fifth from attacked traffic. For a lot of
sweetening to avoid overall attacks second shortest path is chosen.
Node Failure Prevention by Using Energy Efficient Routing In Wireless Sensor ...IJTET Journal
The most necessary issue that has to be solved in coming up with an information transmission rule for
wireless unplanned networks is a way to save unplanned node energy whereas meeting the wants of applications
users because the unplanned nodes are battery restricted. Whereas satisfying the energy saving demand, it’s
conjointly necessary to realize the standard of service. Just in case of emergency work, it's necessary to deliver the
information on time. Achieving quality of service in is additionally necessary. So as to realize this demand, Power -
efficient Energy-Aware routing protocol for wireless unplanned networks is planned that saves the energy by
expeditiously choosing the energy economical path within the routing method. When supply finds route to
destination, it calculates α for every route. The worth α is predicated on largest minimum residual energy of the trail
and hop count of the trail. If a route has higher α, then that path is chosen for routing the information. The worth of α
are higher, if the most important of minimum residual energy of the trail is higher and also the range of hop count is
lower. Once the trail is chosen, knowledge is transferred on the trail. So as to extend the energy potency any
transmission power of the nodes is additionally adjusted supported the situation of their neighbour. If the neighbours
of a node are closely placed thereto node, then transmission vary of the node is diminished. Thus it's enough for the
node to own the transmission power to achieve the neighbour at intervals that vary. As a result transmission power
of the node is cut back that later on reduces the energy consumption of the node. Our planned work is simulated
through Network machine (NS-2). Existing AODV and Man-Min energy routing protocol conjointly simulated
through NS-2 for performance comparison. Packet Delivery quantitative relation, Energy Consumption and end-toend
delay.
Prevention of Malicious Nodes and Attacks in Manets Using Trust worthy MethodIJTET Journal
In Manet the first demand is co-operative communication among nodes. The malicious nodes might cause security issues like grey hole and cooperative attacks. To resolve these attack issue planning Dynamic supply routing mechanism, that is referred as cooperative bait detection theme (CBDS) that integrate the advantage of each proactive and reactive defence design is used. In region attacks, a node transmits a malicious broadcast informing that it's the shortest path to the destination, with the goal of intercepting messages. During this case, a malicious node (so-called region node) will attract all packets by victimisation solid Route Reply (RREP) packet to incorrectly claim that “fake” shortest route to the destination then discard these packets while not forwarding them to the destination. In grey hole attacks, the malicious node isn't abs initio recognized in and of itself since it turns malicious solely at a later time, preventing a trust-based security resolution from detective work its presence within the network. It then by selection discards/forwards the info packets once packets undergo it. During this we have a tendency to focus is on detective work grey hole/collaborative region attacks employing a dynamic supply routing (DSR)-based routing technique.
Effective Pipeline Monitoring Technology in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJTET Journal
Wireless detector nodes are a promising technology to play three-dimensional applications. Even it
will sight correct lead to could on top of ground and underground. In solid underground watching system makes
some challenges are there to propagating the signals. The detector node is moving entire the underground
pipeline and sending information to relay node that's placed within the on top of ground. If any relay node is
unsuccessful during this condition suggests that it'll not sending the info. In this watching system can specially
designed as a heterogeneous networks. Every high power relay nodes most covers minimum 2 low power relay
node. If any relay node is unsuccessful within the network, the constellation can modification mechanically
supported the heterogeneous network. The high power relay node is change the unsuccessful node and sending
the condition of pipeline. The benefits are thought-about to be extremely distributed, improved packet delivery
Raspberry Pi Based Client-Server Synchronization Using GPRSIJTET Journal
A low cost Internet-based attendance record embedded system for students which uses wireless technology to
transfer data between the client and server is designed. The proposed system consist of a Raspberry Pi which acts as a
client which stores the details of the students in the database by using user login system using web. When the user logs
into the database the data is sent through GPRS to the server machine which maintains the records of the employees and
the attendance is updated in the server database. The GPRS module provides a bidirectional real-time data transfer
between the client and server. This system can be implemented to any real time application so as to retrieve information
from a data source of the client system and send a file to the remote server through GPRS. The main aim is to avoid the
limitations in Ethernet connection and design a low cost and efficient attendance record system where the data is
transferred in a secure way from the client database and updated in the server database using GPRS technology
ECG Steganography and Hash Function Based Privacy Protection of Patients Medi...IJTET Journal
Data hiding can hide sensitive information into signals for covert communication. Most data hiding
techniques will distort the signal in order to insert additional messages. The distortion is often small; the irreversibility is
not admissible to some sensitive techniques. Most of the applications, lossless data hiding is desired to extract the
embedded data and the original host signal. The project proposes the enhancement of protection system for secret data
communication through encrypted data concealment in ECG signals of the patient. The proposed encryption technique
used to encrypt the confidential data into unreadable form and not only enhances the safety of secret carrier information by
making the information inaccessible to any intruder having a random method. For that we use twelve square ciphering
techniques. The technique is used make the communication between the sender and the receiver to be authenticated is hash
function. To evaluate the effectiveness of ECG wave at the proposed technique, distortion measurement techniques of two
are used, the percentage residue difference (PWD) and wavelets weighted PRD. Proposed technique provides high security protection for patient data with low distortion is proven in this proposed system.
An Efficient Decoding Algorithm for Concatenated Turbo-Crc CodesIJTET Journal
In this paper, a hybrid turbo decoding algorithm is used, in which the outer code, Cyclic Redundancy Check code is
not used for detection of errors as usual but for error correction and improvement. This algorithm effectively combines the iterative
decoding algorithm with Rate-Compatible Insertion Convolution Turbo Decoding, where the CRC code and the turbo code are
regarded as an integrated whole in the Decoding process. Altogether we propose an effective error detecting method based on
normalized Euclidean distance to compensate for the loss of error detection capability which should have been provided by CRC
code. Simulation results show that with the proposed approach, 0.5-2dB performance gain can be achieved for the code blocks
with short information length
Improved Trans-Z-source Inverter for Automobile ApplicationIJTET Journal
In this paper a new technology is proposed with a replacement of conventional voltage source/current
source inverter with Improved Trans-Z-source inverter in automobile applications. The improved Trans-Z-source
inverter has a high boost inversion capability and continues input current. Also this new inverter can suppress the
resonant current at the startup; this resonant current in the startup may lead the device to permanent damage. In
improved Trans-Z-source inverter a couple inductor is needed, instead of this coupled inductor a transformer is used.
By using a transformer with sufficient turns ratio the size can be reduced. The turn’s ratio of the transformer decides
the input voltage of the inverter. In this paper operating principle, comparison with conventional inverters, working
with automobiles simulation results, THD analysis, Hardware implementation using ATMEGA 328 P are included.
Wind Energy Conversion System Using PMSG with T-Source Three Phase Matrix Con...IJTET Journal
This paper presents an analysis of a PMSG wind power system using T-Sourcethree phase matrix converter. PMSG using T-Source three phase matrix converterhas advantages that it can provide any desired AC output voltage regardless of DC input with regulation in shoot-through time. In this control system T-Source capacitor voltage can be kept stable with variations in the shoot-through time, maximum power from the wind turbine to be delivered. Inaddition, of a new future, the converter employs a safe-commutation strategy toconduct along a continuous current flow, which results in theelimination of voltage spikes on switches without the need for a snubber circuit. With the use of matrix converter the surely need forrectifier circuit and passive components to store energy arereduced. The MATLAB/Simulinkmodel of the overall system is carried out and theoretical wind energy conversion output load voltage calculations are madeand feasibility of the new topology has been verified and that theconverter can produce an output voltage and output current. This proposed method has greater efficiency and lower cost.
Comprehensive Path Quality Measurement in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJTET Journal
A wireless sensor network mostly relies on multi-hop transmissions to deliver a data packet. It is of essential importance to measure the quality of multi-hop paths and such information shall be utilized in designing efficient routing strategies. Existing metrics like ETF, ETX mainly focus on quantifying the link performance in between the nodes while overlooking the forwarding capabilities inside the sensor nodes. By combining the QoF measurements within a node and over a link, we are able to comprehensively measure the intact path quality in designing efficient multihop routing protocols. We propose QoF, Quality of Forwarding, a new metric which explores the performance in the gray zone inside a node left unattended in previous studies. We implement QoF and build a modified Collection Tree Protocol.
Optimizing Data Confidentiality using Integrated Multi Query ServicesIJTET Journal
Query services have experienced terribly massive growth within past few years for that reason large usage of services need to balance outsourcing data management to Cloud service providers that provide query services to the client for data owners, therefore data owner needs data confidentiality as well as query privacy to be guaranteed attributable to disloyal behavior of cloud service provider consequently enhancing data confidentiality must not be compromise the query processed performance. It is not significant to provide slow query services as the result of security along with privacy assurance. We propose the random space perturbation data perturbation method to provide secure with kNN(k-nearest-neighbor) range query services for protecting data in the cloud and Frequency Structured R-Tree (FSR-Tree) efficient range query. Our schemes enhance data confidentiality without compromising the FSR-TREE query processing performance that also increases the user experience.
Foliage Measurement Using Image Processing TechniquesIJTET Journal
Automatic detection of fruit and leaf diseases is essential to automatically detect the symptoms of diseases as early as they appear on the growing stage. This system helps to detect the diseases on fruit during farming , right from plan and easily monitoring the diseases of grapes leaf and apple fruit. By using this system we can avoid the economical loss due to various diseases in agriculture production. K-means clustering technique is used for segmentation. The features are extracted from the segmented image and artificial neural network is used for training the image database and classified their performance to the respective disease categories. The experimental results express that what type of disease can be affected in the fruit and leaf .
Harmonic Mitigation Method for the DC-AC Converter in a Single Phase SystemIJTET Journal
This project suggest a sine-wave modulation technique is to achieve a low total harmonic distortion of Buck-Boost converter connected to a changing polarity inverter in a system. The suggested technique improves the harmonic content of the output. In addition, a proportional-resonant Integral controller is used along with harmonic compensation techniques for eliminating the DC component in the system. Also, the performance of the Proposed controller is analyzed when it connecting to the converter. The design of Buck-Boost converter is fed by modulated sine wave Pulse width modulation technique are proposed to mitigate the low order harmonics and to control the output current. So, that the output complies within the standard limit without use of low pass filter.
Comparative Study on NDCT with Different Shell Supporting StructuresIJTET Journal
Natural draft cooling towers are very essential in modern days in thermal and nuclear power stations. These are the hyperbolic shells of revolution in form and are supported on inclined columns. Several types of shell supporting structures such as A,V,X,Y are being used for construction of NDCT’s. Wind loading on NDCT governs critical cases and requires attention. In this paper a comparative study on reinforcement details has been done on NDCT’s with X and Y shell supporting structures. For this purpose 166m cooling tower with X and Y supporting structures being analyzed and design for wind (BS & IS code methods), seismic loads using SAP2000.
Experimental Investigation of Lateral Pressure on Vertical Formwork Systems u...IJTET Journal
The modeling of pressure distribution of fresh concrete poured in vertical formwork are rather dynamic than complex. Many researchers had worked on the pressure distribution modeling of concrete and formulated empirical relationship factors like formwork height, rate of pour, consistency classes of concrete. However, in the current scenario, most of high rise construction uses self compacting concrete(SCC) which is a special concrete which utilizes not only mineral and chemical admixtures but also varied aggregate proportions and hence modeling pressure distribution of SCC over other concrete in vertical formwork systems is necessitated. This research seeks to bridge the gap between the theoretical formulation of pressure distribution with the actual modeled (scaled) vertical formwork systems. The pressure distribution of SCC in the laboratory will be determined using pressure sensors, modeled and analyzed.
A Five – Level Integrated AC – DC ConverterIJTET Journal
This paper presents the implementation of a new five – level integrated AC – DC converter with high input power factor and reduced input current harmonics complied with IEC1000-3-2 harmonic standards for electrical equipments. The proposed topology is a combination of boost input power factor pre – regulator and five – level DC – DC converter. The single – stage PFC (SSPFC) approach used in this topology is an alternative solution to low – power and cost – effective applications.
A Comprehensive Approach for Multi Biometric Recognition Using Sclera Vein an...IJTET Journal
Sclera and finger print vein fusion is a new biometric approach for uniquely identifying humans. First, Sclera vein is identified and refined using image enhancement techniques. Then Y shape feature extraction algorithm is used to obtain Y shape pattern which are then fused with finger vein pattern. Second, Finger vein pattern is obtained using CCD camera by passing infrared light through the finger. The obtained image is then enhanced. A line shape feature extraction algorithm is used to get line patterns from enhanced finger vein image. Finally Sclera vein image pattern and Finger vein image pattern were combined to get the final fused image. The image thus obtained can be used to uniquely identify a person. The proposed multimodal system will produce accurate results as it combines two main traits of an individual. Therefore, it can be used in human identification and authentication systems.
Study of Eccentrically Braced Outrigger Frame under Seismic ExitationIJTET Journal
Outrigger braced structures has efficient structural form consist of a central core, comprising braced frames with
horizontal cantilever ”outrigger” trusses or girders connecting the core to the outer column. When the structure is loaded
horizontally, vertical plane rotation of the core is restrained by the outriggers through tension in windward column and
compression in leeward column. The effective structural depth of the building is greatly increased, thus augmenting the lateral
stiffness of the building and reducing the lateral deflections and moments in core. In effect, the outriggers join the columns to the
core to make the structure behave as a partly composite cantilever. By providing eccentrically braced system in outrigger frame by
varying the size of links and analyzing it. Push over analysis is carried out by varying the link size using computer programs, Sap
2007 to understand their seismic performance. The ductile behavior of eccentrically braced frame is highly desirable for structures
subjected to strong ground motion. Maximum stiffness, strength, ductility and energy dissipation capacity are provided by
eccentrically braced frame. Studies were conducted on the use of outrigger frame for the high steel building subjected to
earthquake load. Braces are designed not to buckle, regardless of the severity of lateral loading on the frame. Thus eccentrically
braced frame ensures safety against collapse.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.