![The EGM Signal
Slew Rate
• Measures Peak-to-Peak
change in voltage over time
• R >.75 volts/sec for optimal
sensing
dV
Slew Rate =
[V/s] dt
Typical Ventricular EGM](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/icd-basic042411drchang-110606100545-phpapp01/85/Basic-ICD-treatment_lecture-61-320.jpg)
![Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators and Prevention of
Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
• Multicenter registry study of implanted ICDs in 506
unrelated patients with HCM @ high risk for SCD (family
hx of SCD, [septal thickness ≥ 30 mm], NSVT, syncope)
• Mean patient age 42 years (SD=17) and 87% had no or
only mildly limiting symptoms
• Appropriate ICD discharge rates were 11% per year for
2o prevention and 4% per year for 1o prevention
• For 1o prevention, 35% of patients with appropriate ICD
interventions had undergone implantation for only 1 risk
factor
Maron BJ, Spirito P, Shen WK, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy. JAMA 2007;298:405-12.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/icd-basic042411drchang-110606100545-phpapp01/85/Basic-ICD-treatment_lecture-205-320.jpg)
Uploaded byTaiwan Heart Rhythm Society
Basic ICD treatment_lecture
The document provides an overview of basic ICD treatment and concepts, including the evolution of ICDs, device components, automated functions for sensing, detecting arrhythmias, and discriminating supraventricular tachycardias. Key aspects of sensing, detection zones, therapy types, and programming options are discussed at a high level.
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Basic ICD treatment_lecture
- 1. Advance EP Training April/24/2011 Basic ICD Treatment 張坤正 醫師 中國醫藥大學 內科副教授 中國醫藥大學附設醫院 心臟內科主任
- 2. ICD Concepts ICD AutomatedFunctions Troubleshooting
- 3. ICD Concepts Overview • Evolution of ICDs • The ICD System • Components – Device • Battery, Capacitors & Voltage • Circuitry • Connector Blocks – Leads • Transvenous & Epicardial • Electrical Design • Connectors: IS-1 & DF-1 – Programmer
- 4. The Evolution ofICDs
- 5. ICD Evolution 1970 • Patent granted for first totally implantable defibrillator • System used an intracardiac catheter and SQ patch with detection via RV pressure transducer Michael Mirowski (1924-1990)
- 6. ICD Evolution • 1947First human internal defibrillation • 1956 First human external defibrillation • 1969 First external canine prototype tested • 1970 First implantable prototype (895 g) • 1975 First implantable Defib in canines (250 g) • 1980 First human implant @ Johns Hopkins • 1985 ICD market released (350 units)
- 7. ICD Evolution • 1991Non thoracotomy lead systems • 1995 Pectoral ICD systems • 1997 ICD & DDD • 1998 ICD & DR • 1999 ICD & Atrial Defibrillation • 2001 ICD & Resynchronization Therapy
- 8.
- 9. The ICD System How it Works * Animation
- 10. The ICD System How it Works Atrium & Ventricle Ventricle • Bradycardia sensing • VT prevention • Bradycardia pacing • Antitachycardia pacing • Antitachycardia pacing • Cardioversion • Defibrillation
- 11.
- 12.
- 13. ICD How High Voltage Is Created Battery – Provides low voltage energy c Transformer – Multiplies Voltage c Capacitor – Stores high energy for use c High Voltage Shock – Delivered on demand
- 14. ICD How High Voltage Is Created For Pacing Pacing Voltage Voltages Battery Multiplier 3.2 and Volts High High Energy Transformer Voltage Shocks For Defibrillation Capacitor (Up to 800 Volts)
- 15.
- 16. Battery & ChargeTime Relationship Battery DOWN Both can Indicate Elective Replacement (ERI) Charge Time UP
- 17. Battery & ChargeTime Relationship
- 18. Battery & ChargeTime Relationship Battery Voltage & Charge Time in an optimized ICD battery
- 19. The Importance ofCharge Time 10 Seconds of VF The longer the charge time, the longer this rhythm continues.
- 20.
- 21.
- 22.
- 23. Today’s Current® DRRF Header (6 set screws) New DF4 DR Header (2 set screws) 23
- 24.
- 25. High Voltage Leads Epicardial Placed directly on the epicardium of the heart. Transvenous Introduced into the heart through a vein.
- 26.
- 27. High Voltage Leads Types of Transvenous Leads Transvenous Passive Active No Fixation
- 28. Endocardial Lead Systems Passive Fixation (Tines) Active Fixation (Screw)
- 29. Transvenous Leads Placement Single Coil Dual Coil
- 30. Distal Coil Proximal Coil Connector Pins
- 31. High Voltage Leads TypicalTransvenous Lead
- 32. Transvenous Lead Steroid Tip *Steroid not available in all leads
- 33. Transvenous Lead Steroid Tip Benefits of Steroid: • Reduces acute Trauma and Inflammation • Rapid Tissue Damage Repair • Reduced Fibrosis *Steroid not available in all leads
- 34. Transvenous Lead Lead Design Optimal Tissue Contact *Steroid not available in all leads
- 35.
- 36. Lead Electrical Design Circuits • High Voltage Leads can have 2 Circuits: PACING & SENSING SHOCKING
- 37. Lead Electrical Design Circuits PACING & SENSING Bipolar
- 38. Lead Electrical Design Pacing/Sensing Circuit • The electrical circuit for pacing and sensing includes: •Cathode – negative electrode (Tip) •Anode: positive electrode (Ring or Coil) Bipolar Configuration
- 39. Lead Electrical Design Circuits PACING & SENSING Bipolar True vs. Integrated
- 40. Polarity Pacing/Sensing Circuit Bipolar uses dedicated ring can as anode Integrated Bipolar uses RV Coil can as anode
- 41.
- 42. Lead Electrical Design Circuits PACING & SENSING Bipolar True vs. Integrated SHOCKING High Voltage Coils
- 43. Polarity Shocking Circuit Single Coil • 1 high voltage coil per lead: - RV (Right Ventricle) - Other extra HV Coils/Patches • 1 or 2 Connector Pins - (HV only or P/S + HV) Dual Coil • 2 High Voltage coils per lead: - RV + SVC • 3 Connector Pins (P/S + 2 HV)
- 44. High Voltage Leads Connector Pins Pace / Sense Connection = IS-1 (International Standard) High Voltage Defibrillation Connections = DF-1 (Defibrillation Standard)
- 45. Shocking Circuit Vectors • The pathway in which high energy is delivered • Determined by electrodes used: – HVA = active device – HVB = RV Coil – HVX = optional HV electrode (such as an SVC Coil) Example: A > B A (Active Can) B (RV HV Coil)
- 46. Shocking Circuit Vectors Example: A > B (Active Can > RV HV Coil)
- 47. Shocking Circuit Vectors Example of Dual Coil: AX > B (Active Can + SVC HV Coil > RV HV Coil)
- 48. Shocking Circuit Vectors A>B AX > B
- 49.
- 50.
- 51. ICD Automated Functions Overview • Sensing • Therapy –The EGM Signal –Tachyarrhythmia –The Sensing Circuit • Anti-tachycardia Pacing Low –Marker Channels (ATP) Power • Detection • Cardioversion (Non- committed) –Suspension (Magnet) • Defibrillation (Committed) –Rate & Duration (NID) –Bradyarrhythmia –Detection Zones • Pacing Modes –SVT Discrimination • Parameters • Single Chamber • Other Brady Therapies • Dual Chamber –Redetection
- 52. ICD Automated Functions Sensing
- 53. Sensing • Sensing -what the device “sees” • Electrical Activity - what the device is looking for • Lead – contains the ‘eyeball’ of the device
- 54. Sensing True vs. Integrated Bipolar • Range of ‘eyeball’ is determined by polarity True Bipolar Sensing Integrated Bipolar Sensing Tip-to-ring Tip-to-coil Smaller surface area Larger surface area More “localized” sensing Broader sensing area
- 55. Sensing •The ‘eye’ ofthe device – Constantly watches for electrical activity – Sees or Senses all electrical signals that pass – Signal produced by a passing electrical wave is called an Intracardiac Electrogram (EGM)
- 56.
- 57. Sensing • Sensing is: –The process of identifying cardiac depolarizations from an intracardiac electrogram
- 58. Sensing The EGM Signal • The signal from a depolarization wave passing between sensing electrodes Processed by Depolarization Wave Device
- 59. The EGM Signal •Measured by: – Amplitude • Peak-to-peak measurement (height) of deflection • Measured in Millivolts (mV) – Slew Rate • Speed of deflection change over time • Measured in volts per second (V/s)
- 60. The EGM Signal Amplitude • Measured Peak-to-Peak Typical Ventricular EGM • >5 mV for optimal sensing
- 61. The EGM Signal Slew Rate • Measures Peak-to-Peak change in voltage over time • R >.75 volts/sec for optimal sensing dV Slew Rate = [V/s] dt Typical Ventricular EGM
- 62. The EGM Signal Fields • Nearfield – Electrodes are close in range • EGM Source = Tip-to-Ring / Tip-to-Coil – Commonly a narrow signal (less myocardium in range) – Used for arrhythmia detection • Devices are hardwired to nearfield for detection
- 63. The EGM Signal Nearfield EGM Source = Tip-to-Ring / Tip-to-Coil Tip-to-Ring Tip-to-Coil (Bipolar) (Integrated Bipolar)
- 64. The EGM Signal Nearfield Morphology Comparison SINUS RHYTHM VT EGM Source = Tip-to-Ring / Tip-to-Coil
- 65. The EGM Signal Fields •Nearfield – Electrodes are close in range •EGM Source = Tip-to-Ring / Tip-to-Coil – Narrow signal – less myocardium in range – Used for arrhythmia detection •Farfield –Electrodes are further in range •EGM Source = Variable –More myocardium covered in range –Can resemble surface EKG
- 66. The EGM Signal Farfield EGM Source = Variable Can-to-RV Coil RV Coil-to-SVC (HVA to HVB) Coil (HVB to HVX)
- 67. The EGM Signal Farfield Morphology Comparison SINUS RHYTHM VT EGM Source = Variable
- 68.
- 69. The Sensing Circuit •Upon being ‘seen,’ a signal is transported through the sensing circuit
- 70. The Sensing Circuit The Amplifier
- 71. The Sensing Circuit The Bandpass Filter
- 72. The Sensing Circuit Rectifier
- 73. The Sensing Circuit Level Detector
- 74. The Sensing Circuit Level Detector
- 75.
- 76.
- 77. Sensitivity • Minimum amplitudeof electrical signal that registers as a sensed event – Set in Millivolts (mV) – Programmable Setting
- 78. Sensitivity Programmed If set at .15 mV
- 79. Sensitivity Programmed If set at .3 mV T-wave Not Sensed
- 80. Sensitivity Auto-Adjusting
- 81. Sensitivity Auto-Adjusting • Allows sensing of fine VF waves • Prevents sensing of T-waves, cross-chamber events, and pacing artifacts
- 82. Auto-Adjusting Sensitivity Decay Constant
- 83. Threshold Start Max R- wave Max R-wave amplitude amplitude measured at 7 measured at 4 mV mV Threshold Start R- wave is set to 50% of Sensed measured R- wave or 3 mV 2 mV 3 mV Maximum Sensitivity Ventricular Sensed Refractory Sensed Refractory
- 84. Decay Delay • TheDecay Delay holds the sensitivity threshold at the starting value for a programmable amount of time 60 ms 0 ms R- T- wave wave
- 85. Question? What are theconsequences of undersensing? • Failure to sense VF, therefore, no therapy initiated • Failure to treat VT that can accelerate to VF • Can be fatal
- 86. Question? What are theconsequences of oversensing? • Inappropriate therapies • Potential for inducing fatal arrhythmias • Patient suffering due to inappropriate therapy
- 87.
- 88. Marker Channel™ • Display: – Pace/Sense annotations – ICD functional annotations: • Sensing • Detection • Therapy • Other information * in Medtronic devices
- 89. ICD Automated Functions Detection
- 90. Question? What does “Detection”mean? A device defined arrhythmia is present based on what is sensed.
- 91. Detection • Confirms asensed rhythm as an arrhythmia based on: – Rate – Duration
- 92. Detection Detection Rate • Measured in: –Beat-to-beat intervals (milliseconds), or –Beats-per-minute (BPM) • Classifies rhythm by detection zone: –VT = Ventricular Tachycardia –VF = Ventricular Fibrillation • Programmable in ranges of rates Example: VT = 162 bpm – 188 bpm VF = 188 bpm and faster
- 93. Detection Detect Duration • Measured in: – Number of intervals to detect (NID), or – Length of time to detect • Programmable by: – Beat or interval counters • Consecutive ex: 16 beats within the detect zone • Probabilistic (percentage or fraction) ex: 12 out of 16 beats within the detect zone – Time in seconds
- 94. Detection Consecutive Counter Used for detection of VT
- 95. Detection Probabilistic Counter NID = 12/16
- 96. Detection Detect Duration Non-Sustained: Duration not met / No Detection Sustained: Duration met / Detection Occurs
- 97. Question? What if thefast, sustained ventricular rhythm is the result of an SVT?
- 98. SVT Discriminators •SVT Discriminators: – Prevent detection of tachyarrhythmias caused by the presence of an SVT – Prevent inappropriate, unnecessary therapy due to rapid SVT conduction – Are present in some form in most ICDs
- 99. SVT Discriminators •Discriminate basedon: – Waveform morphology • EGM Width (single chamber) • Wavelet – Onset of arrhythmia – Stability of arrhythmia – Relationship between P- and R-waves (dual chamber / requires an atrial lead)
- 100. SVT Discriminators Waveform Morphology •Measures and stores the QRS characteristics of a normal sinus beat •Identifies SVT vs. VT based on the QRS changes that occur in most VTs SINUS VT RHYTHM
- 101. Classification: MD Morphology Discrimination Sinus Supra-Ventricular Ventricular Electrical wavefronts generated by focus approach electrodes from different directions depending on the focus location.
- 102. SVT Discriminators Wavelet •Match Threshold Programming – Lower % • More likely to withhold appropriately; less likely to detect true VT – Higher % • Less likely to appropriately withhold; more likely to detect true VT
- 103. SVT Discriminators Onset •Based on the premise that most VTs are characterized by a sudden onset •Evaluates the acceleration of the ventricular rate •Discriminates between: –Gradual rate increase –Abrupt rate increase •Determines VT present if rate increase is abrupt
- 104. SVT Discriminators Onset • When On: – Averages 4 beats and compares with an average of previous 4 (multiplied by programmed Onset Percentage) • Onset met if recent average is less than previous
- 105. SVT Discriminators Onset • Onset Percentage = 81% 530ms X 81% = 430ms ≠ 460ms = Onset 430ms Not Met * in Medtronic devices
- 106. SVT Discriminators Stability •Based on the premise that AF conducts irregularly to the ventricles (and VT is a stable, regular rhythm) •Discriminates regular from irregular intervals within a detect zone
- 107. SVT Discriminators Stability Stability = 50 ms Varies >50 ms from Unstable previous 3
- 108. SVT Discriminators Dual Chamber • Considers P and R relationship to discriminate SVT from VT • Dual Chamber (requires an atrial and ventricular lead) • Can be used in conjunction with other discriminators
- 109. Optimized DR Discriminators Bigeminal Avoidance Ventricular frequency > VT detection Compare atrial & ventricular frequency V<A V=A V>A SVT On Stability VT Morphology 40 ms Off 45% Morphology Onset 5 out of 8 AVA 45%, 5/8 Passive 80 ms ATU On Any
- 110. SVT Discriminators PR Logic™ •What it looks for: – Atrial Fibrillation / Flutter – Sinus Tachycardia – Other 1:1 SVTs (such as AVNRT) •How it works: – Analyzes: • Pattern (P:R wave relationship) • AV Association • Rate • Regularity (R waves)
- 111. PR Logic™ Pattern •Distinguishes SVTs by analyzing P and R-wave: – Pattern: number and position of atrial events relative to ventricular events
- 112. PR Logic™ Example: SinusTachycardia
- 113. PR Logic™ Example: AtrialFibrillation
- 114. PR Logic™ Example: AVNRT (Other 1:1 SVTs) Junctional Zone
- 115. Question? What about far-fieldR-wave sensing in the atrial channel?
- 116. PR Logic™ Far-field R-wave Sensing •Algorithm identifies and withholds therapy for: – Consistent, short-long pattern
- 117. Question? What happens whena magnet is applied over an ICD?
- 118. Tachy Detection Magnet Mode • ICDs of different manufacturers respond to magnets differently • Use when: – EMI is present (surgery, TENS, etc.) – Temporary suspension is preferred over permanent programming – Therapy is temporarily not desired
- 119. ICD Automated Functions Therapy
- 120. Question? Can you namesome therapies delivered by an ICD?
- 121. ICD Therapies • ICDTherapy – Low Power (Pacing Therapies) • Anti-tachycardia Pacing (ATP) • Bradyarrhythmia Pacing – High Power (Shock Therapies) • Cardioversion • Defibrillation
- 122.
- 123. Anti-Tachycardia Pacing Re-entry ATP delivered at a rate Subsequent Pulse: initiated faster than Wavefronts collide tachyarrhythmia. closer to re-entry Wavefronts collide. circuit Subsequent Pulses: Arrhythmia Wavefronts collide terminated even closer to re- entry circuit
- 124. Anti-Tachycardia Pacing •Has programmable: – Sequences – the number of times ATP will be applied upon re-detection
- 125. Anti-Tachycardia Pacing •Has programmable: –Pulses – the number of pulses per sequence
- 126. Anti-Tachycardia Pacing •Has programmable: – Sequences – the number of times ATP will be applied upon re-detection (max = 10 in most) –Pulses – the number of pulses per sequence (1-15) –Rate of pulses delivered (percent or ms)
- 127. Anti-Tachycardia Pacing • Types: –Burst •A series of pacing pulses delivered at equal intervals •Interval decrement per sequence
- 128. Anti-Tachycardia Pacing Burst
- 129. Anti-Tachycardia Pacing •Types: –Burst •A series of pacing pulses delivered at equal intervals •Interval decrement per sequence –Ramp • A series of pacing pulses delivered at ever decreasing intervals • Adds a pulse per sequence
- 130.
- 131. Anti-Tachycardia Pacing Burst and Ramp Comparison Programmed Values: Programmed Values: Number of S1 Pulses = 4 Number of S1 Pulses = 4 Number of Sequences = Number of Sequences = 4 4 R-S1% = 91% R- S1% = 91% Decrement* = 10 ms Decrement* = 10 ms * Decrement between pulses * Decrement between sequences * Adds a pulse per sequence
- 132. ICD Therapies •Tachyarrhythmia Therapy –Anti-Tachycardia Pacing (ATP) Low Power •Pacing pulses delivered at a rate faster than the rhythm detected •Can successfully terminate re-entrant tachycardias –Cardioversion (CV) High Power •Non-committed shock therapy (must synchronize to an R-wave to be delivered) •Designed to treat re-entrant tachycardias
- 133. Cardioversion •Delivers shock onan R-wave •Aborts if synchronization cannot be obtained due to arrhythmia termination
- 134. Cardioversion Programming
- 135. ICD Therapies •Tachyarrhythmia Therapy –Anti-Tachycardia Pacing (ATP) Low Power •Pacing pulses delivered at a rate faster than the rhythm detected •Can successfully terminate re-entrant tachycardias –Cardioversion (CV) High Power •A non-committed shock (must synchronize to an R-wave to be delivered) •Designed to treat organized tachyarrhythmias –Defibrillation Shock High Power •A shock delivered to the heart to terminate a tachyarrhythmia
- 136. ICD Therapy Benefits of Tiered Therapy VT FVT VF
- 137. Defibrillation Programming *Medtronic Programming Screen
- 138. Question? When does thedevice call a therapy a success?
- 139. ICD Therapies Termination/Redetection •“8 to terminate” rule –8 sinus and/or paced beats outside the slowed programmed detection zone * in Medtronic devices
- 140.
- 141. Troubleshooting Overview •ICD System Issues –Lead System & Connections –Device –Other Issues (Patient, EMI)
- 142. ICD SYSTEM ISSUES LeadSystems & Connections
- 143. Question? In an ICDSystem, what component is generally known to be the source of most issues? a. device b. lead
- 144. ICD System Issues Leads • Points of Failure – Acute (common suspects) • Connector • Lead Dislodgement/Perforation
- 145. ICD System Issues Leads Points of Failure – Chronic (common suspects: High points of stress/pressure) Lead fracture (commonly exhibits HIGH impedance/resistance) Lead insulation break (commonly exhibits LOW impedance/resistance)
- 146. ICD System Issues Pointsof Failure – Acute (common suspects) Connector What kinds of things can go wrong here?
- 147. ICD System Issues Connector Can you identify a problem? Set screw is obstructing the bore
- 148. ICD System Issues Connector What might happen if a lead is connected?
- 149. ICD System Issues Connector What is going on here? Set Screw Noise
- 150. ICD System Issues •Points of Failure – Acute (common suspects) • Connector Lead dislodgement/perforation How do we know when this occurs?
- 151. ICD System Issues Lead Dislodgement Common signs – Intermittent or loss of capture – Intermittent or loss or sensing – Inappropriate therapy during SVT (in this example due to atrial lead dislodgement) Atrial Dislodgement
- 152. ICD System Issues Lead Dislodgement Can you identify the dislodged lead(s)?
- 153. ICD System Issues Lead Dislodgement • Avoiding dislodgements – Ensure sufficient slack in lead – Use suture sleeves – Check lead tip stability during implant
- 154. ICD System Issues Lead Perforation • Occurs when: – Lead tip exits the heart, through the heart
- 155. ICD System Issues Lead Perforation •Diagnosing – Can be seen on x-ray – Definitive by Echo – Threshold and lead impedance may remain unchanged (due to possible continuous contact with tissue outside the heart) •Possible patient symptoms – Change in pressure – Cardiac tamponade – Dyspnea
- 156. ICD System Issues •Points of Failure – Acute (common suspects) • Connector • Lead dislodgement/perforation – Chronic (common suspects: High points of stress/pressure) Lead fracture (commonly exhibits HIGH impedance)
- 157. ICD System Issues Canyou identify a problem? 1st Rib-Clavicle Crush (lead fracture)
- 158. ICD System Issues Lead Fracture Lead Crush 1st Rib & Clavicle Crush
- 159. ICD System Issues Lead Fracture Can you identify the fracture?
- 160. ICD System Issues Lead Fracture • Common behavior – Erratic sensing – Intermittent or loss of capture – High lead impedance
- 161. ICD System Issues Lead Fracture Example
- 162. ICD System Issues •Points of Failure – Acute (common suspects) • Connector • Lead dislodgement/perforation (common suspects: high points – Chronic of stress/pressure) Lead fracture (commonly exhibits HIGH impedance) Lead insulation break (commonly exhibits LOW impedance)
- 163. ICD System Issues Insulation Break • Common Behavior – Lead impedance • Low • Can be intermittent – Capture threshold • Sudden rise or loss • Can be intermittent – Sensing • Over/undersensing • Can be intermittent Coaxial Inner Insulation Breach
- 164. ICD System Issues Insulation Break Example
- 165. ICD SYSTEM ISSUES Device
- 166. ICD System Issues Device • Common device issues: – Long charge times – Battery depletion • Elective Replacement (ERI) • End of Life (EOL) – Inappropriate programming Acceleration Over/Undersensing Output
- 167. ICD System Issues Device Can you identify a problem? T-wave oversensing
- 168. ICD System Issues Canyou identify the problem? Device *Medtronic Programming Undersensing
- 169. ICD System Issues Device Can you identify the problem? Undersensing
- 170.
- 171.
- 172. Infection/Erosion/Allergy Allergy Testing Allergy Test Metals (included in kits) Allergy Test Kit Contents: Polyurethane Silicone Titanium Platinum Iridium Polysulfone Epoxy Gold-sputtered devices
- 173. Abandoned Leads • Chatterbetween active and abandoned leads may cause inappropriate therapy
- 174. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) • The sensing of electrical signals other than those produced by the heart 60 Hz (oversensing)
- 175. Test Your Skills Whatmight you suspect from this EGM?
- 176. Case Study (Noise) •Male 62 years • ICD Implant for VT/VF • Patient got 11 shocks
- 177.
- 178.
- 179. Trends: Lead Impedance Impedance Decrease
- 180. Appropriate or InappropriateTherapy?
- 181. Episode 52 A/V lead皆有 noise
- 182. Case study (MorphologyChange) • Female 72 years old • ICD for VT episodes • Standard follow-up patient didn’t feel anything.
- 183.
- 184.
- 185. Episode 1: Appropriateor Inappropriate Therapy? Morphology score low
- 186.
- 187.
- 188. MD Auto Update Morphologyauto update score increase to 100
- 189. Episode 3: CorrectDiagnosis? SVT Diagnosis
- 190. Diagnostics After morphology updateCorrect Discreamation is SVT
- 191.
- 192.
- 193. Indications for ICDTherapy
- 194. Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators I IIa IIb III IIb III ICD therapy is indicated in patients who are survivors of cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation or hemodynamically unstable sustained VT after evaluation to define the cause of the event and to exclude any completely reversible causes. I IIa IIb III ICD therapy is indicated in patients with structural heart disease and spontaneous sustained VT, whether hemodynamically stable or unstable. I IIa IIb III ICD therapy is indicated in patients with syncope of undetermined origin with clinically relevant, hemodynamically significant sustained VT or VF induced at electrophysiological study. All primary SCD prevention ICD recommendations apply only to patients who are receiving optimal medical therapy and have reasonable expectation of survival with good functional capacity for more than 1 year.
- 195. Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators I IIa IIb III IIb III ICD therapy is indicated in patients with LVEF less than or equal to 35% due to prior MI who are at least 40 days post-MI and are in NYHA functional Class II or III. I IIa IIb III ICD therapy is indicated in patients with nonischemic DCM who have an LVEF less than or equal to 35% and who are in NYHA functional Class II or III. I IIa IIb III IIb III ICD therapy is indicated in patients with LV dysfunction due to prior MI who are at least 40 days post-MI, have an LVEF less than or equal to 30%, and are in NYHA functional Class I. I IIa IIb III ICD therapy is indicated in patients with nonsustained VT due to prior MI, LVEF less than or equal to 40%, and inducible VF or sustained VT at electrophysiological study. All primary SCD prevention ICD recommendations apply only to patients who are receiving optimal medical therapy and have reasonable expectation of survival with good functional capacity for more than 1 year.
- 196. Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators I IIaIIbIII ICD implantation is reasonable for patients with unexplained syncope, significant LV dysfunction, and nonischemic DCM. I IIaIIbIII ICD implantation is reasonable for patients with sustained VT and normal or near-normal ventricular function. I IIaIIbIII ICD implantation is reasonable for patients with HCM who have 1 or more major† risk factors for SCD. ICD implantation is reasonable for the prevention of SCD in I IIaIIbIII patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) who have 1 or more risk factors for SCD. I IIaIIbIII ICD implantation is reasonable to reduce SCD in patients with long- QT syndrome who are experiencing syncope and/or VT while receiving beta blockers. All primary SCD prevention ICD recommendations apply only to patients who are receiving optimal medical therapy and have reasonable expectation of survival with good functional capacity for more than 1 year. † See Section 3.2.4, “Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy,” in the full-text guidelines for definition of major risk factors.
- 197. Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators I IIaIIbIII ICD implantation is reasonable for nonhospitalized patients awaiting transplantation. I IIaIIbIII ICD implantation is reasonable for patients with Brugada syndrome who have had syncope. I IIaIIbIII ICD implantation is reasonable for patients with Brugada syndrome who have documented VT that has not resulted in cardiac arrest. I IIaIIbIII ICD implantation is reasonable for patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic VT who have syncope and/or documented sustained VT while receiving beta blockers. I IIaIIbIII ICD implantation is reasonable for patients with cardiac sarcoidosis, giant cell myocarditis, or Chagas disease. All primary SCD prevention ICD recommendations apply only to patients who are receiving optimal medical therapy and have reasonable expectation of survival with good functional capacity for more than 1 year.
- 198. Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators I IIaIIbIII ICD therapy may be considered in patients with nonischemic heart disease who have an LVEF of less than or equal to 35% and who are in NYHA functional Class I. I IIa IIbIII IIbIII ICD therapy may be considered for patients with long-QT syndrome and risk factors for SCD. I IIaIIbIII ICD therapy may be considered in patients with syncope and advanced structural heart disease in whom thorough invasive and noninvasive investigations have failed to define a cause. I IIaIIbIII ICD therapy may be considered in patients with a familial cardiomyopathy associated with sudden death. I IIaIIbIII ICD therapy may be considered in patients with LV noncompaction. All primary SCD prevention ICD recommendations apply only to patients who are receiving optimal medical therapy and have reasonable expectation of survival with good functional capacity for more than 1 year.
- 199. Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators I IIa IIb III ICD therapy is not indicated for patients who do not have a reasonable expectation of survival with an acceptable functional status for at least 1 year, even if they meet ICD implantation criteria specified in the Class I, IIa, and IIb I IIa IIb III recommendations above. ICD therapy is not indicated for patients with incessant VT or VF. I IIa IIb III ICD therapy is not indicated in patients with significant psychiatric illnesses that may be aggravated by device implantation or that may preclude systematic follow-up. I IIa IIb III ICD therapy is not indicated for NYHA Class IV patients with drug-refractory congestive heart failure who are not candidates for cardiac transplantation or cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillators (CRT-D). All primary SCD prevention ICD recommendations apply only to patients who are receiving optimal medical therapy and have reasonable expectation of survival with good functional capacity for more than 1 year.
- 200. Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators I IIa IIb III ICD therapy is not indicated for syncope of undetermined cause in a patient without inducible ventricular tachyarrhythmias and without structural heart disease. ICD therapy is not indicated when VF or VT is amenable I IIa IIb III to surgical or catheter ablation (e.g., atrial arrhythmias associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, RV or LV outflow tract VT, idiopathic VT, or fascicular VT in the absence of structural heart disease). I IIa IIb III ICD therapy is not indicated for patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias due to a completely reversible disorder in the absence of structural heart disease (e.g., electrolyte imbalance, drugs, or trauma). All primary SCD prevention ICD recommendations apply only to patients who are receiving optimal medical therapy and have reasonable expectation of survival with good functional capacity for more than 1 year.
- 201. ICDs in PediatricPatients and Patients With Congenital Heart Disease I IIa IIb III ICD implantation is indicated in the survivor of cardiac arrest after evaluation to define the cause of the event and exclusion of any reversible causes. I IIa IIb III ICD implantation is indicated for patients with symptomatic sustained VT in association with congenital heart disease who have undergone hemodynamic and electrophysiological evaluation. Catheter ablation or surgical repair may offer possible alternatives in carefully selected patients. All primary SCD prevention ICD recommendations apply only to patients who are receiving optimal medical therapy and have reasonable expectation of survival with good functional capacity for more than 1 year.
- 202. ICDs in PediatricPatients and Patients With Congenital Heart Disease I IIa IIb III IIb III ICD implantation is reasonable for patients with congenital heart disease with recurrent syncope of undetermined origin in the presence of either ventricular dysfunction or inducible ventricular arrhythmias at electrophysiological study. I IIa IIb III ICD implantation may be considered for patients with recurrent syncope associated with complex congenital heart disease and advanced systemic ventricular dysfunction when thorough invasive and noninvasive investigations have failed to define a cause. I IIa IIb III All Class III recommendations found in Section 3 of the full- text guidelines, “Indications for Implantable Cardioverter- Defibrillator Therapy,” apply to pediatric patients and patients with congenital heart disease, and ICD implantation is not indicated in these patient populations. All primary SCD prevention ICD recommendations apply only to patients who are receiving optimal medical therapy and have reasonable expectation of survival with good functional capacity for more than 1 year.
- 203. Major Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Trials for Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death Trial Year Patients LVEF Additional Study Hazard 95% CI p (n) Features Ratio* MADIT I 1996 196 < 35% NSVT and EP+ 0.46 (0.26-0.82) p=0.009 MADIT II 2002 1232 < 30% Prior MI 0.69 (0.51-0.93) p=0.016 CABG-Patch 1997 900 < 36% +SAECG and CABG 1.07 (0.81-1.42) p=0.63 DEFINITE 2004 485 < 35% NICM, PVCs or NSVT 0.65 (0.40-1.06) p=0.08 DINAMIT 2004 674 < 35% 6-40 days post-MI 1.08 (0.76-1.55) p=0.66 and Impaired HRV SCD-HeFT 2006 1676 < 35% Prior MI of NICM 0.77 (0.62-0.96) p=0.007 AVID 1997 1016 Prior cardiac NA 0.62 (0.43-0.82) NS arrest CASH† 2000 191 Prior cardiac NA 0.766 ‡ 1-sided arrest p=0.081 CIDS 2000 659 Prior cardiac NA 0.82 (0.60-1.1) NS arrest, syncope * Hazard ratios for death from any cause in the ICD group compared with the non-ICD group. Includes only ICD and amiodarone patients from CASH. ‡CI Upper Bound 1.112 CI indicates Confidence Interval, NS = Not statistically significant, NSVT = nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, SAECG = signal-averaged electrocardiogram. Epstein A, et al. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:e1–62. Table 5.
- 204. Comparison of MedicalTherapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) Trial • 1520 patients with NYHA Class III or IV HF, ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) or nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) and QRS ≥ 120 ms • Randomized 1:2:2 to optimal pharmacological therapy (OPT) alone or in combination with cardiac resynchronization therapy with either a pacemaker (CRT-P) or pacemaker-defibrillator (CRT-D) • Both device arms significantly ↓ combined risk of all-cause hospitalization and all-cause mortality by ~20% compared with OPT • CRT-D ↓ mortality by 36% compared with OPT (p=0.003) • Insufficient evidence to conclude that CRT-P inferior to CRT-D Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2140-50.
- 205. Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators andPrevention of Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy • Multicenter registry study of implanted ICDs in 506 unrelated patients with HCM @ high risk for SCD (family hx of SCD, [septal thickness ≥ 30 mm], NSVT, syncope) • Mean patient age 42 years (SD=17) and 87% had no or only mildly limiting symptoms • Appropriate ICD discharge rates were 11% per year for 2o prevention and 4% per year for 1o prevention • For 1o prevention, 35% of patients with appropriate ICD interventions had undergone implantation for only 1 risk factor Maron BJ, Spirito P, Shen WK, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JAMA 2007;298:405-12.
- 206. Multicenter Automatic DefibrillatorImplantation Trial II (MADIT II) • 1232 patients ≥ 1 month post-MI and LVEF ≤ 30% • Randomized to ICD (n=742) or medical therapy (n=490) • No spontaneous or induced arrhythmia required for enrollment • 6% absolute and 31% relative risk ↓ in all-cause mortality with ICD therapy (p=0.016) Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2002;346:877-83.
- 207. Sudden Death inHeart Failure (SCD-HeFT) Trial • 2521 patients with NYHA Class II or III HF, ICM, or NICM and LVEF ≤ 35% • Randomized to 1) conventional rx for HF + placebo; 2) conventional rx + amiodarone; or 3) conventional rx + conservatively programmed shock- only single lead ICD • No survival benefit for amiodarone • 23% ↓ in overall mortality with ICD therapy • Absolute ↓ in mortality of 7.2% after 5 y in the overall population Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005;352:225-37.
- 208. Defibrillator in AcuteMyocardial Infarction (DINAMIT) Trial • 674 patients 6 to 40 days post-MI with LVEF ≤ 35% and impaired cardiac autonomic function • Randomized to ICD therapy (n=332) or no ICD therapy (n=342) • Arrhythmic death ↓ in ICD group, but ↑ in nonarrhythmic death (6.1% per year vs. 3.5% per year, HR 1.75 (95% CI 1.11 to 2.76; p=0.016) • No difference in total mortality Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Dorian P, et al. Prophylactic use of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2481-8.
- 209. Defibrillators in NonischemicCardiomyopathy Treatment Evaluation (DEFINITE) Trial • 458 patients with NYHA Class I to III, NICM, LVEF ≤ 35% and premature ventricular contractions (> 10/h) or NSVT • Randomized to standard medical rx alone or in combination with single-chamber ICD • Strong trend toward ↓ all-cause mortality with ICD therapy, although not statistically significant (p=0.08) Kadish A, Dyer A, Daubert JP, et al. Prophylactic defibrillator implantation in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2151-8.
- 210. Notable Changes in2008 ACC/AHA/HRS Guidelines 1. ICD recommendations are combined into a single list because of overlap between primary and secondary indications. 2. Primary prevention ICD indications in nonischemic cardiomyopathy are clarified using data from SCD-HeFT (i.e., ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathies and LVEF ≤35%, NYHA II-III) for support. 3. Indications for ICD therapy in inherited arrhythmia syndromes and selected nonischemic cardiomyopathies are listed. 4. MADIT II indication (i.e., ischemic cardiomypathy and LVEF ≤30%, NYHA I) is now Class I, elevated from Class IIa. 5. EF criteria for primary prevention ICD indications are based on entry criteria for trials on which the recommendations are based. 6. Emphasized primary SCD prevention ICD recommendations apply only to patients receiving optimal medical therapy and reasonable expectation of survival with good functional capacity for >1 year. 7. Independent risk assessment preceding ICD implantation is emphasized, including consideration of patient preference. 8. Optimization of pacemaker programming to minimize unneeded RV pacing is encouraged. 9. Pacemaker insertion is discouraged for asymptomatic bradycardia, particularly at night. 10. A section has been added that addresses ICD and pacemaker programming at end of life.