This document discusses approaches to infection control in countries with limited resources. It notes that healthcare-associated infections are much more common in developing countries compared to developed ones, and many are preventable. The key barriers to effective infection control in developing countries include lack of trained personnel, guidelines, and resources. The document recommends that countries prioritize appointing infection control teams, conducting basic surveillance to identify issues, and implementing low-cost preventative measures like hand hygiene, aseptic practices, and isolating infectious patients. Focusing on process monitoring through audits rather than expensive outcome surveillance is also advised. With minimal efforts, infection rates can be reduced to an "irreducible minimum" of around 5%.
Assist ICO in implementation of infection prevention and control programme.
Infection Control Nurse (ICN):
Ÿ Assist ICO in implementation of infection prevention and control programme.
Ÿ Monitor infection prevention and control practices in wards and OTs.
Ÿ Conduct training and awareness programmes for staff.
Ÿ Monitor hand hygiene practices.
Ÿ Monitor sterilization and disinfection practices.
Ÿ Monitor waste management practices.
Ÿ Monitor linen and laundry practices.
Ÿ Monitor dietary and kitchen practices.
Ÿ Assist in outbreak investigation.
Ÿ Maintain records and data related to infection prevention and control.
Sanitary Inspector/ Supervisor:
Preventative Healthcare Associated Infections Through Hand Hygiene- Training ...Innovations2Solutions
Implementation of hand hygiene programs has traditionally been the responsibility of healthcare infection prevention staff and was focused on the clinical staff. The following discussion will describe
why comprehensive awareness and education training for infection prevention is necessary for Infection Prevention Managers, and how a multidisciplinary approach can achieve hand hygiene compliance and sustained reductions in HAIs. This type of approach involves including not just clinical staff, but also other healthcare staff members, patients and visitors, as key audiences for the hand hygiene program and campaign.
The document discusses PIDSR (Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response), which aims to coordinate and streamline multiple disease surveillance systems in the Philippines into a unified national system. It merges three existing systems - NESSS, EPI Surveillance and NDRS - to form the foundation of PIDSR. The goal is to reduce disease morbidity and mortality through an institutionalized, functional integrated surveillance and response system nationwide. Hospitals play a key role by identifying and reporting cases of priority diseases based on standardized case definitions. Monitoring involves verifying processes, using surveillance indicators, and ensuring timely and complete reporting to evaluate quality.
The document describes how infection prevention and control programs are typically organized within healthcare facilities. It states that programs are overseen by an Infection Control Committee that includes representatives from various departments. The Committee provides oversight and support to the Infection Control Team, which is responsible for the day-to-day activities. The Team includes at least one physician known as the Infection Control Officer and one nurse called the Infection Control Nurse. Other roles include Infection Control Link Nurses within each department. A key tool is an Infection Control Manual that establishes standards of practice for preventing infections.
This document outlines core components for infection prevention and control (IPC) programs at both the healthcare facility and national levels. It recommends establishing IPC programs with dedicated staff and resources, developing evidence-based guidelines, providing IPC education and training, conducting HAI surveillance, and implementing multimodal strategies using a combination of interventions to improve IPC practices and reduce healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance. The core components provide guidance on setting up the organizational structures, key activities, and linkages needed for effective IPC programs.
This document discusses the environmental impacts of the healthcare sector and the role of nurses in promoting environmental health. It notes that nurses understand the link between environmental factors and health outcomes. Approximately 25% of the global disease burden is attributable to environmental factors, including air pollution which causes over 7 million deaths annually. The healthcare sector generates significant waste and pollution, for example through the use of mercury, chemicals, and medical device manufacturing and incineration. The Global Green and Healthy Hospitals initiative works to transform the sector to be more sustainable and advocates for environmental health and justice. It has over 750 member hospitals and organizations worldwide working towards its 10 goals for more sustainable practices.
This document provides an overview of infection control in healthcare settings. It defines healthcare-associated infections and outlines some of the major reasons they are rising in hospitals, such as advancing patient age and increased antibiotic resistance. Consequences of healthcare-associated infections include increased morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, increased costs, and death. Effective infection control requires surveillance, monitoring, investigation of potential outbreaks, management to interrupt outbreaks, and staff training. New technologies like antimicrobial surfaces and UV light are showing promise in reducing healthcare-associated infections. Ongoing challenges include decreasing funds, increasing drug resistance, and ensuring adequate physician leadership and engagement in quality improvement efforts.
Be it with regard to natural, accidental or intentional means, public health has always been under threat. As is the case with the current COVID 19 pandemic, public health preparedness to prevent, respond to and recover is key for securing country’s overall development and growth.
Assist ICO in implementation of infection prevention and control programme.
Infection Control Nurse (ICN):
Ÿ Assist ICO in implementation of infection prevention and control programme.
Ÿ Monitor infection prevention and control practices in wards and OTs.
Ÿ Conduct training and awareness programmes for staff.
Ÿ Monitor hand hygiene practices.
Ÿ Monitor sterilization and disinfection practices.
Ÿ Monitor waste management practices.
Ÿ Monitor linen and laundry practices.
Ÿ Monitor dietary and kitchen practices.
Ÿ Assist in outbreak investigation.
Ÿ Maintain records and data related to infection prevention and control.
Sanitary Inspector/ Supervisor:
Preventative Healthcare Associated Infections Through Hand Hygiene- Training ...Innovations2Solutions
Implementation of hand hygiene programs has traditionally been the responsibility of healthcare infection prevention staff and was focused on the clinical staff. The following discussion will describe
why comprehensive awareness and education training for infection prevention is necessary for Infection Prevention Managers, and how a multidisciplinary approach can achieve hand hygiene compliance and sustained reductions in HAIs. This type of approach involves including not just clinical staff, but also other healthcare staff members, patients and visitors, as key audiences for the hand hygiene program and campaign.
The document discusses PIDSR (Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response), which aims to coordinate and streamline multiple disease surveillance systems in the Philippines into a unified national system. It merges three existing systems - NESSS, EPI Surveillance and NDRS - to form the foundation of PIDSR. The goal is to reduce disease morbidity and mortality through an institutionalized, functional integrated surveillance and response system nationwide. Hospitals play a key role by identifying and reporting cases of priority diseases based on standardized case definitions. Monitoring involves verifying processes, using surveillance indicators, and ensuring timely and complete reporting to evaluate quality.
The document describes how infection prevention and control programs are typically organized within healthcare facilities. It states that programs are overseen by an Infection Control Committee that includes representatives from various departments. The Committee provides oversight and support to the Infection Control Team, which is responsible for the day-to-day activities. The Team includes at least one physician known as the Infection Control Officer and one nurse called the Infection Control Nurse. Other roles include Infection Control Link Nurses within each department. A key tool is an Infection Control Manual that establishes standards of practice for preventing infections.
This document outlines core components for infection prevention and control (IPC) programs at both the healthcare facility and national levels. It recommends establishing IPC programs with dedicated staff and resources, developing evidence-based guidelines, providing IPC education and training, conducting HAI surveillance, and implementing multimodal strategies using a combination of interventions to improve IPC practices and reduce healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance. The core components provide guidance on setting up the organizational structures, key activities, and linkages needed for effective IPC programs.
This document discusses the environmental impacts of the healthcare sector and the role of nurses in promoting environmental health. It notes that nurses understand the link between environmental factors and health outcomes. Approximately 25% of the global disease burden is attributable to environmental factors, including air pollution which causes over 7 million deaths annually. The healthcare sector generates significant waste and pollution, for example through the use of mercury, chemicals, and medical device manufacturing and incineration. The Global Green and Healthy Hospitals initiative works to transform the sector to be more sustainable and advocates for environmental health and justice. It has over 750 member hospitals and organizations worldwide working towards its 10 goals for more sustainable practices.
This document provides an overview of infection control in healthcare settings. It defines healthcare-associated infections and outlines some of the major reasons they are rising in hospitals, such as advancing patient age and increased antibiotic resistance. Consequences of healthcare-associated infections include increased morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, increased costs, and death. Effective infection control requires surveillance, monitoring, investigation of potential outbreaks, management to interrupt outbreaks, and staff training. New technologies like antimicrobial surfaces and UV light are showing promise in reducing healthcare-associated infections. Ongoing challenges include decreasing funds, increasing drug resistance, and ensuring adequate physician leadership and engagement in quality improvement efforts.
Be it with regard to natural, accidental or intentional means, public health has always been under threat. As is the case with the current COVID 19 pandemic, public health preparedness to prevent, respond to and recover is key for securing country’s overall development and growth.
Hand Hygiene: Impact of Educational Training and Awareness Programmeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This document discusses infection control and reducing nosocomial infections. It defines key terms like infection control, nosocomial infections, disinfection and sterilization. It outlines the objectives of understanding infection control concepts and programs. It describes the epidemiology of common nosocomial infection sites and microorganisms. It explains the goals and functions of an infection control committee. It provides strategies to reduce nosocomial infections through hand hygiene, isolation protocols, ensuring clean environments, and sterilization of instruments. It emphasizes the importance of employee health programs and antimicrobial monitoring by the infection control committee and drug and therapeutics committee.
Fao lessons learned from HPAI outbreaks in Asia 2005 - 2011Harm Kiezebrink
FAO has published a report on lessons learned from from the fight against highly pathogenic avian influenza in Asia between 2005 and 2011.
Since the emergence of H5N1 HPAI in 2003, the disease situation has evolved considerably. At the peak of avian influenza (AI) outbreaks in 2006, 63 countries in Asia, Europe and Africa were affected by the disease; it has now been eliminated from most of these countries. H5N1 is currently entrenched in a number of countries in Asia and the disease is endemic in China, Viet Nam, Indonesia, Bangladesh and large parts of eastern India. A number of countries in Asia, including the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR),Cambodia, Myanmar and Nepal, also experience regular outbreaks.
The period 2004 to 2008 saw a steady decline in disease outbreaks in poultry. While there has been an apparent increase in outbreak numbers since 2009, the 2011/2012 HPAI season saw a significant decline in poultry outbreaks. The last newly-infected country was Bhutan; this outbreak took place in February 2010. However, the disease is known to be under-reported and there is increasing evidence that H5N1 HPAI has become endemic in some of the smaller countries in Asia that have relatively undeveloped poultry industries; such countries include Cambodia and Nepal. It is estimated that the disease has resulted in the loss of over 400 million domestic poultry and has caused economic losses of over US$20 billion.
The information, generated from isolation and genetic and antigenic characterization of a large number of viruses in Asia and other parts of the world, coupled with the information on disease outbreaks, has improved our understanding of the virus’s evolution and the implications for its spread, infectivity and suitability for use in the development of vaccines. The current trends in evolution present a number of concerns, which include the emergence of second-, third- and fourth-order clades, demonstrating rapid evolution and rapid replacement of virus strains in some endemic regions, and the emergence of antigenic diversity, including changes in receptor binding capacity and the ability to break through existing vaccine strains.
Hospital committees are groups appointed to perform specific functions related to delivering quality healthcare. The document outlines various standing committees in a hospital like the executive committee, management committee, committee on medical services, and others. It describes the area of responsibility, reporting structure, and expected output of sample committees like the executive committee, which is responsible for quality services and organizational direction and reports to the board of directors, and the quality council, which is responsible for the quality management system and reports to hospital management. The purpose of hospital committees is to establish quality management systems to ensure functions like medical services, ethics, drug therapy, infection control and others meet quality standards.
The guidelines are intended to help countries identify priorities, objectives and the desired goal of disease control programmes. Disease control programmes are often established with the aim of eventual eradication of agents at a country, zone or compartment level. While this approach is desirable, the needs of stakeholders may require a broader range of outcomes. For some diseases, eradication may not be economically or practically feasible and options for sustained mitigation of disease impacts may be needed. It is important to clearly describe the programme goals and these may range from simple mitigation of disease impacts to progressive control or eradication of the disease. These guidelines highlight the importance of economic assessment of disease intervention options in the design of programmes taking into consideration effectiveness, feasibility of implementation, as well as costs and benefits. The purpose is to provide a conceptual framework that can be adapted to a particular national and epidemiological context.
Dr. Julie Lyn Hall, WHO Country Representative for the Philippines, discusses the strategies of the WPRO in handling and preventing EIDs like Ebola and MERS-CoV in our region
NVBDCP National Vector Borne Disease Control ProgramMihir Rupani
The document discusses guidelines for the National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP) in India. The NVBDCP is an integrated program that aims to prevent and control six vector-borne diseases - malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, kala-azar, and filariasis. It outlines strategies like surveillance, diagnosis, treatment, vector control, capacity building, and inter-sectoral collaboration. Specific guidelines for malaria control include microscopy-based diagnosis, use of rapid test kits, indoor residual spraying, larviciding, epidemic preparedness, and training of health workers.
Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) are an essential practice to prevent increasing
resistance against antibiotics. A successful ASP monitors not only prescribing patterns and
practices but also contributes in minimizing the toxic effects of antibiotics. Moreover, ASP
also facilitates the selection of disease specific antibiotics and enforces rules and regulations to rationalize the use of antibiotics. The aim of the study is to highlight the core
elements of Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship Programs in Karachi. The key elements proposed by center of disease control (CDC) such as; leadership, accountability, drug
expertise, actions to support optimal antibiotic use, tracking (monitoring antibiotic prescribing, use and resistance), reporting information to staff on improving antibiotic use
and resistance and education were evaluated on Yes/No scale. The data was collected
from 44 hospitals of different categories in Karachi and all the major elements were
studied. It was observed that all the hospitals in one setting failed to comply with all the
guidelines. It has been concluded that efforts should be made to design ASP at each
hospital and implemented through suitable policies and procedures.
This document provides an overview of the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India. It discusses how tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through droplets. It outlines the history and weaknesses of previous tuberculosis programs in India. It then describes how the RNTCP was established in 1993 using the DOTS strategy to administer supervised treatment courses and improve diagnosis and case finding. The objectives, phases of implementation, and components of the RNTCP are summarized.
Global health care challenges and trends_ bestyBesty Varghese
GLOBAL HEALTH CARE CHALLENGES AND TRENDS: Analyses the global healthcare trends and challenges.
Healthcare providers have a unique window of opportunity to embrace efficient new technologies that directly support better healthcare and patient experiences at a lower cost.
New healthcare systems will be:
Evidence- and prevention-based
Interdisciplinary and coordinated
Transparent, accessible, accurate, and understandable
Focused on improving patient outcomes and experience
Based on partnerships among stakeholders
Visionary in their long-term thinking
And in total International health + Global public health + Collective health + Global health diplomacy = LIFE’S RIGHT
WHO implemented a multimodal hand hygiene strategy across six pilot sites in five countries. Compliance with hand hygiene was 51% before and increased to 67% after implementation. Compliance improved more in low-income and middle-income countries than high-income countries. Implementation significantly improved hand hygiene compliance across all sites after adjusting for confounding factors. Healthcare workers' knowledge of hand hygiene principles also improved substantially. Two years later, all sites reported ongoing hand hygiene activities with sustained or further improvements. The WHO strategy was found to be feasible, sustainable, and effective at improving hand hygiene practices globally.
In the age of internet and social media, Dr. Carl Abelardo Antonio teaches us how to evaluate online health resources so we can tell which of them is gold and which of them is junk.
This chapter evaluates strategies to reduce major health risks discussed in Chapter 4. It examines interventions that target individuals at high risk as well as population-wide strategies. Individual-based approaches focus on those most likely to benefit but may only impact a small portion of the population. Population-wide strategies have greater potential to improve overall population health. The chapter analyzes available evidence on costs and effectiveness of selected interventions to identify those that provide substantial health gains relative to their costs in different settings. Government intervention may be needed to achieve full risk reduction potential for behaviors like tobacco and alcohol use due to addictive nature and time/risk perception factors.
The document discusses a global initiative to collect and share clinical engineering success stories from around the world. Over 150 success stories were submitted from 90 countries, falling under categories like innovation, improved access, health systems, healthcare technology management, safety and quality, and e-technology. The stories demonstrate how health technology has improved key healthcare processes and outcomes in various regions. The collection of success stories will be presented to the World Health Organization to promote best practices in health technology management.
2015 Annual Report on Health Sector Response to HIV&AIDS in NigeriaMorka Mercy Chinenye
This document summarizes HIV/AIDS testing services in Nigeria from 2012 to 2015. It finds that the total number of people counselled, tested, and receiving results increased 15% from 2014 to 2015, though the positivity rate decreased from 11% in 2012 to 3.4% in 2015. The number of children tested increased 37% from 2014 to 2015, with equal positivity rates of 2% among male and female children in 2015. Testing among couples, TB patients, and STI clients also increased over this period. The report recommends further increasing HIV testing to identify more unknown positive cases in the population.
Infection Prevention and Control in Hospitals by Dr DeleKemi Dele-Ijagbulu
Infection prevention and control is everybody's business! It is an essential, though often under-recognised and under supported part of the infrastructure of health care. However it saves lives and prevents avoidable morbidity and mortality. This presentation highlights the importance and the practical components of infection prevention and control in the hospital setting.
1) Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) affect 4-10% of hospital patients and are caused by factors related to patient care, systems and processes, economics, and human behavior.
2) Accurate data on the global burden of HAI is limited, especially in low- and middle-income countries, due to difficulties in conducting standardized surveillance and analyzing clinical evidence.
3) One of the biggest challenges in reducing HAI is consistently implementing evidence-based practices into daily workflows, such as improving hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers.
Hand Hygiene: Impact of Educational Training and Awareness Programmeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This document discusses infection control and reducing nosocomial infections. It defines key terms like infection control, nosocomial infections, disinfection and sterilization. It outlines the objectives of understanding infection control concepts and programs. It describes the epidemiology of common nosocomial infection sites and microorganisms. It explains the goals and functions of an infection control committee. It provides strategies to reduce nosocomial infections through hand hygiene, isolation protocols, ensuring clean environments, and sterilization of instruments. It emphasizes the importance of employee health programs and antimicrobial monitoring by the infection control committee and drug and therapeutics committee.
Fao lessons learned from HPAI outbreaks in Asia 2005 - 2011Harm Kiezebrink
FAO has published a report on lessons learned from from the fight against highly pathogenic avian influenza in Asia between 2005 and 2011.
Since the emergence of H5N1 HPAI in 2003, the disease situation has evolved considerably. At the peak of avian influenza (AI) outbreaks in 2006, 63 countries in Asia, Europe and Africa were affected by the disease; it has now been eliminated from most of these countries. H5N1 is currently entrenched in a number of countries in Asia and the disease is endemic in China, Viet Nam, Indonesia, Bangladesh and large parts of eastern India. A number of countries in Asia, including the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR),Cambodia, Myanmar and Nepal, also experience regular outbreaks.
The period 2004 to 2008 saw a steady decline in disease outbreaks in poultry. While there has been an apparent increase in outbreak numbers since 2009, the 2011/2012 HPAI season saw a significant decline in poultry outbreaks. The last newly-infected country was Bhutan; this outbreak took place in February 2010. However, the disease is known to be under-reported and there is increasing evidence that H5N1 HPAI has become endemic in some of the smaller countries in Asia that have relatively undeveloped poultry industries; such countries include Cambodia and Nepal. It is estimated that the disease has resulted in the loss of over 400 million domestic poultry and has caused economic losses of over US$20 billion.
The information, generated from isolation and genetic and antigenic characterization of a large number of viruses in Asia and other parts of the world, coupled with the information on disease outbreaks, has improved our understanding of the virus’s evolution and the implications for its spread, infectivity and suitability for use in the development of vaccines. The current trends in evolution present a number of concerns, which include the emergence of second-, third- and fourth-order clades, demonstrating rapid evolution and rapid replacement of virus strains in some endemic regions, and the emergence of antigenic diversity, including changes in receptor binding capacity and the ability to break through existing vaccine strains.
Hospital committees are groups appointed to perform specific functions related to delivering quality healthcare. The document outlines various standing committees in a hospital like the executive committee, management committee, committee on medical services, and others. It describes the area of responsibility, reporting structure, and expected output of sample committees like the executive committee, which is responsible for quality services and organizational direction and reports to the board of directors, and the quality council, which is responsible for the quality management system and reports to hospital management. The purpose of hospital committees is to establish quality management systems to ensure functions like medical services, ethics, drug therapy, infection control and others meet quality standards.
The guidelines are intended to help countries identify priorities, objectives and the desired goal of disease control programmes. Disease control programmes are often established with the aim of eventual eradication of agents at a country, zone or compartment level. While this approach is desirable, the needs of stakeholders may require a broader range of outcomes. For some diseases, eradication may not be economically or practically feasible and options for sustained mitigation of disease impacts may be needed. It is important to clearly describe the programme goals and these may range from simple mitigation of disease impacts to progressive control or eradication of the disease. These guidelines highlight the importance of economic assessment of disease intervention options in the design of programmes taking into consideration effectiveness, feasibility of implementation, as well as costs and benefits. The purpose is to provide a conceptual framework that can be adapted to a particular national and epidemiological context.
Dr. Julie Lyn Hall, WHO Country Representative for the Philippines, discusses the strategies of the WPRO in handling and preventing EIDs like Ebola and MERS-CoV in our region
NVBDCP National Vector Borne Disease Control ProgramMihir Rupani
The document discusses guidelines for the National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP) in India. The NVBDCP is an integrated program that aims to prevent and control six vector-borne diseases - malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, kala-azar, and filariasis. It outlines strategies like surveillance, diagnosis, treatment, vector control, capacity building, and inter-sectoral collaboration. Specific guidelines for malaria control include microscopy-based diagnosis, use of rapid test kits, indoor residual spraying, larviciding, epidemic preparedness, and training of health workers.
Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) are an essential practice to prevent increasing
resistance against antibiotics. A successful ASP monitors not only prescribing patterns and
practices but also contributes in minimizing the toxic effects of antibiotics. Moreover, ASP
also facilitates the selection of disease specific antibiotics and enforces rules and regulations to rationalize the use of antibiotics. The aim of the study is to highlight the core
elements of Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship Programs in Karachi. The key elements proposed by center of disease control (CDC) such as; leadership, accountability, drug
expertise, actions to support optimal antibiotic use, tracking (monitoring antibiotic prescribing, use and resistance), reporting information to staff on improving antibiotic use
and resistance and education were evaluated on Yes/No scale. The data was collected
from 44 hospitals of different categories in Karachi and all the major elements were
studied. It was observed that all the hospitals in one setting failed to comply with all the
guidelines. It has been concluded that efforts should be made to design ASP at each
hospital and implemented through suitable policies and procedures.
This document provides an overview of the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India. It discusses how tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through droplets. It outlines the history and weaknesses of previous tuberculosis programs in India. It then describes how the RNTCP was established in 1993 using the DOTS strategy to administer supervised treatment courses and improve diagnosis and case finding. The objectives, phases of implementation, and components of the RNTCP are summarized.
Global health care challenges and trends_ bestyBesty Varghese
GLOBAL HEALTH CARE CHALLENGES AND TRENDS: Analyses the global healthcare trends and challenges.
Healthcare providers have a unique window of opportunity to embrace efficient new technologies that directly support better healthcare and patient experiences at a lower cost.
New healthcare systems will be:
Evidence- and prevention-based
Interdisciplinary and coordinated
Transparent, accessible, accurate, and understandable
Focused on improving patient outcomes and experience
Based on partnerships among stakeholders
Visionary in their long-term thinking
And in total International health + Global public health + Collective health + Global health diplomacy = LIFE’S RIGHT
WHO implemented a multimodal hand hygiene strategy across six pilot sites in five countries. Compliance with hand hygiene was 51% before and increased to 67% after implementation. Compliance improved more in low-income and middle-income countries than high-income countries. Implementation significantly improved hand hygiene compliance across all sites after adjusting for confounding factors. Healthcare workers' knowledge of hand hygiene principles also improved substantially. Two years later, all sites reported ongoing hand hygiene activities with sustained or further improvements. The WHO strategy was found to be feasible, sustainable, and effective at improving hand hygiene practices globally.
In the age of internet and social media, Dr. Carl Abelardo Antonio teaches us how to evaluate online health resources so we can tell which of them is gold and which of them is junk.
This chapter evaluates strategies to reduce major health risks discussed in Chapter 4. It examines interventions that target individuals at high risk as well as population-wide strategies. Individual-based approaches focus on those most likely to benefit but may only impact a small portion of the population. Population-wide strategies have greater potential to improve overall population health. The chapter analyzes available evidence on costs and effectiveness of selected interventions to identify those that provide substantial health gains relative to their costs in different settings. Government intervention may be needed to achieve full risk reduction potential for behaviors like tobacco and alcohol use due to addictive nature and time/risk perception factors.
The document discusses a global initiative to collect and share clinical engineering success stories from around the world. Over 150 success stories were submitted from 90 countries, falling under categories like innovation, improved access, health systems, healthcare technology management, safety and quality, and e-technology. The stories demonstrate how health technology has improved key healthcare processes and outcomes in various regions. The collection of success stories will be presented to the World Health Organization to promote best practices in health technology management.
2015 Annual Report on Health Sector Response to HIV&AIDS in NigeriaMorka Mercy Chinenye
This document summarizes HIV/AIDS testing services in Nigeria from 2012 to 2015. It finds that the total number of people counselled, tested, and receiving results increased 15% from 2014 to 2015, though the positivity rate decreased from 11% in 2012 to 3.4% in 2015. The number of children tested increased 37% from 2014 to 2015, with equal positivity rates of 2% among male and female children in 2015. Testing among couples, TB patients, and STI clients also increased over this period. The report recommends further increasing HIV testing to identify more unknown positive cases in the population.
Infection Prevention and Control in Hospitals by Dr DeleKemi Dele-Ijagbulu
Infection prevention and control is everybody's business! It is an essential, though often under-recognised and under supported part of the infrastructure of health care. However it saves lives and prevents avoidable morbidity and mortality. This presentation highlights the importance and the practical components of infection prevention and control in the hospital setting.
1) Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) affect 4-10% of hospital patients and are caused by factors related to patient care, systems and processes, economics, and human behavior.
2) Accurate data on the global burden of HAI is limited, especially in low- and middle-income countries, due to difficulties in conducting standardized surveillance and analyzing clinical evidence.
3) One of the biggest challenges in reducing HAI is consistently implementing evidence-based practices into daily workflows, such as improving hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers.
This document provides an outline and instructions for an education session on hand hygiene for trainers, observers, and healthcare workers. The session aims to raise awareness of key hand hygiene messages and teach the WHO guidelines. It will cover topics like the impact of healthcare-associated infections, transmission risks, and the WHO's hand hygiene implementation strategy. Practical sessions are recommended to demonstrate hand hygiene procedures during patient care.
The infection control committee has several main functions:
1. Surveilling and preventing nosocomial infections through monitoring, investigating outbreaks, evaluating products, and developing infection control procedures.
2. Providing guidance on new hospital procedures and equipment to minimize infection risks.
3. Educating staff on safe practices through orientation, procedures, meetings, and addressing issues.
4. Creating and standardizing infection control procedures throughout the hospital.
The document discusses decontamination of medical devices in the NHS. It outlines the importance of effective decontamination to reduce healthcare associated infections and minimize risks of disease transmission. It also examines current guidelines and challenges related to decontamination processes. Regulatory bodies are working to improve standards and ensure uniformity in decontamination practices across the NHS.
Running head RESEARCH PAPER1RESEARCH PAPER15.docxtodd521
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER 1
RESEARCH PAPER 15
Assessment of the knowledge, practice, and the associated factors of Healthcare Acquired Infection Prevention
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Table of Contents
Table of Contents 2
Assessment of the knowledge, practice, and the associated factors of Healthcare Acquired Infection Prevention in Blessings Healthcare Facility 4
The Problem 5
Significance of the problem 6
Purpose of this study 7
Research Questions 8
Masters Essentials aligned with the topic 8
Design 10
Literature Review 10
Methodology and the design of the study 13
Sampling Methods 14
Necessary tools 14
Any logarithm or flow map developed 15
Healthcare Facility 15
Implementation 15
Stage 1: Assessment of the current practices (One Week) 16
Stage 2: Identification of the factors leading to high cases of healthcare-acquired infection (5 days) 17
Stage 3: Pre-Training (Two Weeks) 17
Stage 4: Training (5 weeks) 17
Stage 5: an ongoing process of assessing the situation 18
Materials, activities and the cost 20
Results 21
Socio-demographics features of the research population 21
Knowledge concerning the infection prevention 23
Aspects related to the knowledge of the healthcare professionals regarding the issue of preventing healthcare-acquired infections 27
Limitation of the study 28
References 30
Assessment of the knowledge, practice, and the associated factors of Healthcare Acquired Infection Prevention
Healthcare acquired infection/nosocomial infection/hospital acquired infections are becoming a major international challenge in many healthcare facilities especially in the low or middle income nations. It is anticipated that around 10 percent of patients in the healthcare facilities from developing nations are developing healthcare acquired infections and this subsequently leads to negative impacts on healthcare outcomes. It also leads to increase hospital stay, economic burden, morbidity cases, and increase in the mortality incidences. Some of the common healthcare acquired infections include Hepatitis B and C virus, HIV infections, and even Tuberculosis which are often transmitted by healthcare workers who are not observing the practice related to the infection prevention measures.
According to the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention, there are about 1.7 million patients who have been hospitalized as a result of acquiring infection within the facilities while undergoing treatment for other healthcare concerns. Many studies reveal that simple infection control procedures like cleaning of the hands using alcohol-based hand rub is helping in the prevention of the spread of the disease. The increase in the infection rate caused by the healthcare acquired infection is due to the poor practices of infection prevention and control, lack of knowledge or failure to implement knowledge related to the process of preventing and controlling nosocomial illnesses, and other associated f.
Infection control refers to policies and procedures that aim to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases. Hospitals see 5-10% of patients acquire infections each year, with around 90-100 thousand dying from those infections, many of which could have been prevented. These healthcare-associated infections impose a significant financial burden of around $33 billion annually in the US. An effective infection control program requires a multidisciplinary team that conducts surveillance, implements prevention strategies, and works to improve clinical outcomes through consistent application of best practices.
This case study describes the SIMpill project in South Africa, which aims to improve TB treatment compliance monitoring using a wireless pill bottle that sends SMS notifications when opened. Initial pilots involving 100 and 130 patients found that treatment adherence increased significantly with the use of the technology. Larger trials are now planned, though high per-patient costs remain a challenge. The project demonstrates the potential for mHealth technologies to enhance DOTS programs through remote electronic monitoring of medication use.
Infection prevention and control (IPC) aims to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare facilities through various methods. IPC requires an understanding of how diseases spread and increasing patient susceptibility. Healthcare workers must be vaccinated, use proper hand hygiene like washing hands for 20 seconds, follow IPC guidelines, wear gloves and protective equipment, regularly disinfect surfaces, and receive IPC education and training. Developing an IPC policy and practicing antibiotic stewardship can also help control infections. When implemented together, these seven methods form a comprehensive IPC program.
A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practices of Hand Hygiene among Nursing S...ijtsrd
The document discusses a study that assessed the knowledge and practices of hand hygiene among nursing staff in different hospital departments in Uttar Pradesh, India. It conducted an observational study of 50 nurses to assess their hand hygiene practices during 308 opportunities, finding an overall compliance rate of 58%. It also administered questionnaires to 50 nurses to assess their reported hand hygiene compliance, which was higher at over 93.4%. Bachelor's degree nurses showed the highest compliance rates. The study concluded that there was a correlation between nurses' knowledge and hand hygiene practices, and that being too busy was the most commonly reported reason for non-compliance.
This document provides a draft policy toolkit for building capacity to prevent and control healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in the Asia-Pacific region. It recommends establishing a comprehensive national framework for HAI prevention, including designating a health agency responsible and establishing advisory committees. It also recommends requiring minimum infection control programs and surveillance/reporting of HAIs at healthcare facilities with oversight at the national level. Additional recommendations include including HAI prevention in facility licensing/accreditation standards, building training capacity through partnerships, and providing financial incentives/disincentives for HAI reduction efforts. The appendix provides examples of national HAI frameworks, advisory committees, and common HAIs like those caused by MRSA, C. difficile, multid
- Hand hygiene is considered an important infection control measure for preventing hospital-acquired infections. Nurses are required to learn and follow proper hand washing techniques as they spend the most time with patients.
- Guidelines have been set by the CDC for healthcare workers on when hand washing is necessary in a healthcare setting. Hand washing is important for controlling infection both in healthcare facilities and in everyday life.
- Not washing hands can lead to the spread of diseases like salmonellosis, hepatitis A, and E. coli. While hand washing takes extra time, it is a simple and effective way to prevent cross-contamination and reduce infection rates.
Patient safety is a fundamental principle of healthcare. Adverse events can result from problems in various areas of care and improving safety requires a complex, system-wide effort. Ensuring safety involves assessing risks, preventing harm, reporting and analyzing incidents, learning from mistakes, and implementing solutions. Guidelines include proper identification of patients, hand hygiene, medication reconciliation, and fall prevention.
Nosocomial infections refers to infections acquired during hospitalization, with symptoms usually occurring within forty–eight hours after admission, and can originate from bacterial flora present in patients, microorganisms from the environment transmitted via carriers, contaminated objects and surfaces, medical personnel, or invasive procedures. Despite their impact, surveillance systems and prevention programs for nosocomial infections are quite dishomogeneous and often lacking, due to chronic lack of funding for prevention and lack of awareness among healthcare workers.
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Infection Control
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Introduction of the Paper
Background
According to various reports by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a significant number of lives are lost each passing year due to the spread of infections in hospitals that could otherwise have been prevented. 3 Therefore, effort geared towards understanding infection control plays a significant role in reducing the otherwise unnecessary loss of lives. Infection control entails the power to directly prevent or determine the spread of infections with the aim of avoiding it. 4 Indeed, the pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms has far-reaching consequences. While so much has been done to prevent its spread, there is still a lot more to be done. This research paper intends to focus on Healthcare-associated Infections and how it can be prevented if not eliminated altogether.
Statement of the Problem
Healthcare-Associated Infections are a common occurrence in the modern healthcare setting resulting in huge financial losses and loss of lives. According to the Office of Disease Prevention and Healthcare Promotion (ODPHP), these are infections that patients contract while receiving treatment in a medical facility. Percival, Suleman, Vuotto & Donelli, (2015) pointed out that its prevalence is as a result of the employment of invasive devices and procedures meant to treat patients and to help them recover. 6 While most of them are accidental in nature, they still remain to be seen as accidents that could have been prevented. The US government, through the establishment of Healthy People 2020 and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) have taken a lead role in spreading the news on infection control. To that effect, recent research reveals that there could be a 70% reduction in infections by implementing existing prevention practices. This translates to a financial benefit estimated to be $31.5 billion in medical cost savings (ODPHP, 2019). Understanding these prevention measures should, therefore, be a priority to all healthcare practitioners. That is why this research study intends to shade more light on nosocomial infections. These are infections that occur within 48 hours upon admission into a hospital. They can also occur in three days of discharge or 30 days of operation. They affect one in every 10 patients admitted in a hospital. 5, 7
The rationale for addressing the issue
Addressing this issue is important to the health sector from a political, social as well as environmental perspective. As a matter of fact, its impact will be on a short term, interim basis and long term basis. Politically, health has always been a major subject of concern as it is used by voters to determine how best an administration has taken care of their needs. Establishing an infection contro.
Running head hand hygiene compliance1hand hygiene compliance8.docxwlynn1
Running head: hand hygiene compliance1
hand hygiene compliance8Hand Hygiene Education Implementation and Nurses Compliance in Reducing Nosocomial Infections
Grand Canyon University NRS-490
March 31, 2019
Background
Hygiene is a very crucial factor in prevention of infection in any health care facility. Also, compliance of handwashing ensures patients safety, aids in the treatment and recovery of hospitalized patients. Hand hygiene is important action performed by healthcare works to prevent transmission of healthcare associated infection (Smiddy, O’Connell & Creedon, 2015). Health care professionals such as doctors, nurses, physical therapist and laboratory technicians, take the responsibility of providing efficient, effective and quality care that will improve the health of their patients.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the change proposal project components the author has been working on throughout the course. The goal of health care works rendering a quality, effective and efficient care to their patient in the health care setting will be difficult to achieve if the rate handwashing adherence is below expectation. Unclean healthcare environments harbor germs that can cause disease, thereby placing the patient at risk of developing infection instead of recovering from their present health condition. Healthcare providers inability to comply with hand hygiene is one the main reason patient develop hospital acquired infections (HAIs). Healthcare employees have the lives of patient in their hands therefore, hand hygiene should not by any means be neglected or dominated out in any healthcare facility.
Approximately 250 health care specialists in a Metro Detroit facility happened to be watched and assessed directly; prior to the start of the exercise, participants were selected based on their hand washing comprehension and compliance. Partakers expresses that they observed improvement on handwashing practices and that most nurses complied to hand washing guidelines evidenced by some significant reductions in the rate of transmission of HAIs within the healthcare facility. HAIs are the infections a patient acquire during the period of hospitalization. The result of the research showed a huge decrease in the spread of nosocomial infections due to progress of hand hygiene training and nurses’ compliance to handwashing protocols. These infections mostly manifest during or after 48 hours of admission or thirty days after discharge from the hospital or health-care facility. The author of this research study sees HAIs as a dangerous disease with many complications. Because inadequate handwashing practices by healthcare workers are the main cause of spread of hospital acquire infections, it is important to educate staff members on proper hand hygiene, implement plan to encourage hand hygiene compliance in the healthcare settings. Blood-stream, ulcers / surgical wounds, CAUTI and respiratory infections are the most common types of HA.
This document discusses infection control, including definitions, objectives, strategies, and the importance of infection control. It describes the components of an infection control program in a hospital setting, including establishing an infection control committee and team. The roles and responsibilities of the committee and team are outlined. Standard precautions like hand washing, barriers, and sharp disposal are also detailed.
The document outlines the core elements of effective hospital antibiotic stewardship programs. It recommends that programs appoint a physician leader and pharmacist leader to be accountable for the program. Programs should implement at least one action to improve antibiotic use, such as reviewing ongoing treatment need after an initial period. They should also track antibiotic prescribing patterns, report information on use and resistance to clinicians, and provide education to physicians about appropriate antibiotic prescribing. Leadership support, multi-disciplinary collaboration, and resources are keys to success.
This document summarizes a webinar on preventing healthcare-associated outbreaks in low and middle resource countries. The webinar discussed how healthcare facilities can play an important role in outbreak control through principles like isolation, vaccination, and prophylaxis. It described what happened during the Ebola outbreak, where poor infection prevention and control led to disease transmission and healthcare system erosion. The webinar advocated for making infection prevention and control a priority globally and engaging with stakeholders. It also overviewed initiatives like the WHO's IPC guidelines and the Global Health Security Agenda to help prepare healthcare systems worldwide.
The seminar discusses infection control and prevention. It defines infection and describes how infectious agents enter the body and cause symptoms. Infection control aims to prevent healthcare-associated infections through strategies like screening patients, using personal protective barriers, proper sterilization and disposal of waste. A key part of infection control is surveillance of infections, preventative activities like standard precautions, and staff training. Standard precautions include hand washing, barrier use like gloves and gowns, safe sharps disposal, and handling of contaminated materials.
Similar to Ic in countries with limited resource (20)
Qualitative content analysis is defined as the subjective interpretation of text data through systematic classification and coding to identify themes and patterns. It can be used with both qualitative and quantitative data in either an inductive or deductive manner. Content analysis is a valid research method used to make inferences from data and provide new insights. It involves preparing the data, organizing it into categories, and reporting the results. The trustworthiness of content analysis relies on clearly linking the data to the results.
Qualitative data collection involves several key steps and considerations. Researchers must identify participants and sites, gain access and permissions, define what types of data to collect such as through observations, interviews, or documents, develop appropriate data collection tools, and collect data in an ethical manner. There are various sampling strategies such as purposive sampling to select information-rich cases. Key informants can provide insider perspectives. Interviews and focus groups are common but time-intensive methods to directly collect words from people. Reflective journals and field notes also capture qualitative data over time from single or multiple observers.
Critical thinking is an important skill for nurses that involves actively and skillfully analyzing, evaluating, and applying information. It includes cognitive skills like interpretation, analysis, and evaluation, as well as attitudes like inquisitiveness and open-mindedness. Critical thinking can be developed in nursing education through various active learning strategies like simulations, problem-based learning, case studies, and evidence-based learning. These strategies encourage students to engage deeply with material and practice higher-order thinking.
International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium 2010Susheewa Mulmuang
This document summarizes data collected by the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) on device-associated infections in intensive care units from 2003-2008. The INICC monitored over 155,000 patients in 173 ICUs across multiple countries. They found that rates of central line-associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonias, and catheter-associated urinary tract infections were significantly higher in INICC hospitals than in US hospitals. Resistance to various antibiotics was also substantially higher in INICC hospitals. Device-related infections were associated with crude excess mortalities ranging from 23.6-29.3%.
The document summarizes healthcare-associated infection surveillance data from England in 2008-2009. It found dramatic decreases in several infections like MRSA and C. difficile compared to previous years. For example, there was a 35% drop in C. difficile infections. However, infections still occur so continued prevention efforts are needed. The data comes from mandatory reporting schemes and helps target control measures.
Healthcare-associated infections are a major problem that increase patient suffering and drive up costs. Proper hand hygiene is the most important practice for reducing infections, but many healthcare workers' hand hygiene compliance remains low. Hospitals need monitoring and accountability to ensure staff follow hand hygiene guidelines between patient contacts.
1. Imperforate anus is a birth defect where the rectum is not connected to the anus. It requires surgery to create an opening for stool passage.
2. Surgery for high or intermediate cases first creates a temporary colostomy. After months of growth, a more complex procedure connects the rectum to the new anus.
3. Necrotizing enterocolitis is a disease that affects premature infants, causing parts of the intestine to die. It requires stopping feeds, antibiotics, and may necessitate surgery to remove dead sections of bowel.
Gastroschisis is an abdominal wall defect where an infant's intestines protrude through a defect near the umbilical cord at birth. There is no protective sac covering the intestines. Infants born with gastroschisis require immediate medical intervention and surgery to return the intestines to the abdominal cavity. After surgery, infants are cared for in the neonatal intensive care unit while recovering, receiving IV fluids, antibiotics, and other treatments, with feedings beginning slowly through a nasogastric tube once bowel function resumes.
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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2. 152 N. Damani
Box I. Barriers to the setting up and implementation of effective infection control in countries
with limited resources.
(1) Lack of strategic direction and poor planning for delivery of healthcare at both the local and the
national level.
(2) Lack of awareness and commitment from clinicians and senior management.
(3) Absence or inadequate/ineffective infection control infrastructure.
(4) Shortage of trained infection control personnel to set up and deliver effective infection control
programme.
(5) Lack of availability of simple, practical and affordable infection control guidelines in local
language.
(6) Inadequacy/unavailability of supply chain/logistics of products, e.g., hand disinfectants,
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), antimicrobials and immunization.
(7) Lack of basic diagnostic microbiology laboratory service, sterile supply department, pharmacy
and occupational health department.
(8) Shortage of trained staff to operate/maintain equipment to recommended standards.
Amongst other duties, one of the main re- resources are allocated to ‘process’ monitoring
sponsibilities of the ICT is to carry out basic (audit) with emphasis on early identification
surveillance of HAIs to help identify key issues and immediate intervention rather than counting
and areas of concern which can be communicated (‘outcome’ monitoring) preventable disasters.
to the senior management to help assess the Ayliffe12 has highlighted that even though
scale of the problem and set the priorities for infection rates can be drastically improved in
action. Although surveillance is considered one most hospitals in developing countries, they cannot
of the key components of effective infection be reduced below 5% unless excessive costs are
control, it is important to note that in developed incurred, and he described this as the ‘irreducible
countries a considerable amount of ICT resource minimum’. The SENIC Study13 has highlighted
is devoted to outcome surveillance. This is that 6% of infections can be prevented using
expensive and time consuming and requires trained minimal infection control efforts; 32% could be
infection control personnel, a good microbiology prevented by a well-organised and highly effective
laboratory and other support. These resources infection control programme. The main objective
are not usually available in developing countries. of the infection control programme in countries
Therefore, it is essential that the ICT in developing with limited resources is to reduce HAIs to
countries should carry out only basic surveillance the irreducible minimum by applying minimal
with the aim of identifying key issues and areas infection control measures. These measures must
of concern. Once this has been achieved, periodic be simple, affordable and cost effective, and
point prevalence surveillance can be used to should be designed to suit the local needs and
monitor the effectiveness of infection control circumstances. This approach is proven, affordable
measures. In addition to basic surveillance, the and achievable. In Pakistan, for example, a study
ICT must also devote time to regular audits in the neonatal unit showed that with active
(process surveillance). Audits are usually simple involvement of the mother in management of very
to perform, and are less resource intensive than low birthweight babies (encouragement of breast
outcome surveillance. They will help the ICT to feeding to reduce the need for parenteral feeding,
identify inappropriate and unsafe infection control co-bedding of mother and infant to reduce the
practices immediately. In addition, they will also need for incubator, etc.), introduction of strict
help them to identify wasteful practices and handwashing and training of healthcare workers
help divert resources to implement evidence-based in aseptic procedures resulted in a substantial
and cost-effective practices. This is the approach reduction in nosocomial infections and need for
taken by the Airline industry, which has a well nursing staff.14 In Bangladesh, topical emollient
established record on safety, and where the entire therapy was used to improve the function of skin as
3. Simple measures save lives: An approach to infection control in countries with limited resources 153
Table 1
Summary of measures for improving infection control
Cost saving measures: Wasteful No-cost measures: Using good Low-cost measures: cost-effective
practices that should be eliminated infection control practices practices
(1) Routine swabbing of the (1) Aseptic technique for all (1) Education and practical training in
environment to monitor standard of sterile procedures standard infection control, e.g.,
cleanliness (2) Remove indwelling devices hand hygiene, aseptic technique,
(2) Routine fumigation of isolation when no longer needed appropriate use of PPE, use and
rooms with formaldehyde (3) Isolation of patients with disposal of sharps
(3) Routine use of disinfectants for communicable diseases or (2) Provision of handwashing material,
environment cleaning, e.g. floors multi-resistant organism on e.g. soap and alcoholic hand
and walls admission disinfectants
(4) Inappropriate use of Personal (4) Avoid unnecessary vaginal (3) Single-use disposable sterile needles
Protective Equipment (PPE) in ICU, examination of women in and syringes
NNU and operating theatre labour (4) Sterile items for invasive procedures
(5) Use of overshoes, dust attracting (5) Minimise the number of (5) Avoid multi-dose vials and containers
mats in the operating theatre, people in operating theatres between patients
intensive care and neonatal unit (6) Place mechanically ventilated (6) Adequate decontamination of
(6) Unnecessary IM/IV injections patients in a semi-recumbent equipment between patients
(7) Unnecessary insertion of indwelling position (7) Hepatitis B immunization for
devices, e.g. IV lines, urinary healthcare workers
catheters, nasogastric tubes, etc. (8) Post exposure management
(8) Inappropriate use of antibiotics for arrangement for healthcare workers
prophylaxis and treatment (9) Disposal of sharps in robust
(9) Improper segregation and disposal containers
of clinical waste
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diseases are the two most common infections in hospital in England and the national burden imposed.
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These and other simple measures18 suggest that the Control: Basic Concepts and Training, 2nd ed. IFIC;
2003.
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infection control in Egypt: Achievements and challenges.
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