The document provides information on passenger air tariffs and fare construction. It defines key terms like origin, destination, intermediate points, fare components, and pricing units that are used to describe journeys. It also outlines the different areas of the world that are grouped for tariff conferences, and defines global indicators used in fare construction to indicate the area or region a routing passes through.
The price to be paid by an aircraft passenger for a particular journey.
When checking availability, each booking code represents a different cabin class or fare type. On all flights a variety of fares are offered. Highest fares which are flexible are normal fares. Those which are lower and less flexible are special fares.
A travel document is an identity document issued by a government or international treaty organization to facilitate the movement of individuals or small groups of persons across international boundaries. Travel documents usually assure other governments that the bearer may return to the issuing country, and are often issued in booklet form to allow other governments to place visas as well as entry and exit stamps into them.
Discussion on "Classes of Service of Airlines"
Generally, airlines offer three main classes of service: 1. Economy class 2. Business class 3. First class Some airlines may differentiate within a class, and in addition to the standard service may offer a superior service within the same cabin. However, not all airlines offer three classes - some have two and others may only have one, and the classes offered may vary on different routes with varying aircraft types.
Display a fare, estimate the fare for an itinerary by using Informative Pricing, and price a specific itinerary in a PNR by using Itinerary Pricing functions
The price to be paid by an aircraft passenger for a particular journey.
When checking availability, each booking code represents a different cabin class or fare type. On all flights a variety of fares are offered. Highest fares which are flexible are normal fares. Those which are lower and less flexible are special fares.
A travel document is an identity document issued by a government or international treaty organization to facilitate the movement of individuals or small groups of persons across international boundaries. Travel documents usually assure other governments that the bearer may return to the issuing country, and are often issued in booklet form to allow other governments to place visas as well as entry and exit stamps into them.
Discussion on "Classes of Service of Airlines"
Generally, airlines offer three main classes of service: 1. Economy class 2. Business class 3. First class Some airlines may differentiate within a class, and in addition to the standard service may offer a superior service within the same cabin. However, not all airlines offer three classes - some have two and others may only have one, and the classes offered may vary on different routes with varying aircraft types.
Display a fare, estimate the fare for an itinerary by using Informative Pricing, and price a specific itinerary in a PNR by using Itinerary Pricing functions
Airport Capacity and the case of a new London AirportAndreas Mavrodis
The main aim of this dissertation is to develop a strategic modelling tool to assess the provision of additional airport capacity in Britain, with a particular focus on London and the South East, using the Infrastructure Transitions Research Consortium’s Transport Demand and Capacity Assessment model.
Airport capacity is principally set by the capacity of its terminal(s) and runways. Over time, some growth is expected. The Davies Commission is currently reviewing the case for additional airport capacity in the London area, either by building a new airport or by expanding existing airports. This growth might be offset by a fuel price increase. In Heathrow (LHR) and other airports in the South East England there might be suppressed demand and some of this demand is either going to move to other airports or remain suppressed. This phenomenon has not yet been included in the Infrastructure Transitions Research Consortium’s Transport Demand and Capacity Assessment model (ITRC model). This dissertation is analysing the current passenger demand and also attempts to assess the future demand and specifically to determine the results of the possible knock-on effects to the airports of the region.
Further objectives of this study are:
• To review the work of the Airport Commission and the related literature.
• To review work on modelling the demand for and supply of airport infrastructure.
• To adapt the ITRC model so as to incorporate cross effects between airports.
ER(Entity Relationship) Diagram for online shopping - TAEHimani415946
https://bit.ly/3KACoyV
The ER diagram for the project is the foundation for the building of the database of the project. The properties, datatypes, and attributes are defined by the ER diagram.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
2. Referring PAT
The Passenger Air Tariff (PAT) is the authoritative source of passenger
fares and rules information to the travel industry in printed form.
It offers a comprehensive coverage of both IATA and carrier specific
fares and rules.
This publication is produced by IATA and SITA.
All information in the PAT is divided into he following three
categories:
Maximum permitted mileage
General Rules
Worldwide fares
3. Passenger Air Tariff Editions
The PAT set includes the following books shown below:
1. Maximum Permitted Mileage
2. General Rules
3.Worldwide Fares
4. Coding and Decoding
Moscow MOW
Washington WAS
Toronto YTO
Singapore SIN
Karachi KHI
Honolulu HNL
Montreal YMQ
Auckland AKL
Colombo CMB
Osaka OSA
5. Coding and Decoding
SYD Sydney
AUH Abu Dhabi
JNB Johannesburg
LON London
MAD Madrid
AMS Amsterdam
TYO Tokyo
HKG Hong Kong
LIS Lisbon
MNL Manila
6. JOURNEY
A journey consists of the entire routing included on a ticket or group
of conjunction tickets and is composed of the ticketed points.
7. Types of Journey
One Way Trip:
A simple one way journey is travel using one way (OW) fares and has
the following features:
The origin and the final destination are in different countries.
1. Routing: CAS
NYC
MEX
This journey consists of one fare component or pricing unit.
8. ROUND TRIP
A round trip (RT) is travel entirely by air from a point to another point
and return to the original point, comprising two half round trip fare
components only, for which the applicable half round trip fare for
each component as measured from the point of unit origin, is the
same for the routing travelled.
A round trip has only two fare components i.e., the outbound and
inbound components.
The outbound fare need not be equal to the inbound fare.
The unit origin and unit destination points are the same.
For a journey with a single pricing unit, the COC is also the same as
the destination country.
9. Anatomy of a Journey
Origin- The initial starting point and the first ticketed point in the routing. It is also
a fare construction point and is usually in the country of commencement of
travel (COC).
Destination - The ultimate stopping place of the journey and as terminal point in
the routing it is also considered a fare construction point or a fare break point.
Intermediate point(s)- ticketed via point(s)in between consecutive fare
construction points. Also called Transfer points that are further classified as
either:
10. 1. Intermediate Stopover point:
Which is a point where a passenger arrives at an intermediate point
and is scheduled to depart later than 24 hours after arrival (local time).
A stopover is arranged in advance and specified on the passenger
ticket; or
2. Intermediate no stopover point:
Which is a point where the passenger arrives and departs within 24
hours. It is also known as a transfer connection or connecting point.
11. Fare component:
A component or a portion of the itinerary between two consecutive
fare construction points. Thus a journey may have one or more fare
components.
Pricing unit:
A journey or part of a journey which is priced as a separate entity, i.e.
capable of being ticketed separately.
OW sub journey: Part of a journey wherein travel from one country
does not return to such country or which has an international gap.
12. Return Sub journey – Part of a journey wherein travel is from a
point/country and return thereto and for which the fare is assessed as
a single pricing unit using half RT fares, e.g., round trip, circle trip and
open jaws.
Sectors - A portion of the journey comprised of legs or segments mostly
used in reference to fare construction. This usually involves a pair of
points.
Unit Destination- The final stopping place of a pricing unit.
Unit Origin – The initial starting point of a pricing unit.
13. Sample RT routing: Mahe Island – Zurich – Mahe Island
SEZ
ZRH
SEZ
17. Area-1 :Tariff Conference - 1(TC1)
Continent
North America
Sub-area
North America
Countries
Canada, Greenland, Mexico, St. Pierre & Miquelon, USA
including Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands.
18.
19. Area-1 :Tariff Conference - 1(TC1)
Continent
North America
Sub-area
US Territories
Countries
American Samoa, Johnston Atoll, Swains Is., Baker Is., Kingman
Reef, Palmyra Is., Guam, Midway Is., Wake Is., Howland Is., Northern
Mariana Is., Jarvis, Saipan.
Area-1 :Tariff Conference - 1(TC1)
20.
21. Area-1 :Tariff Conference - 1(TC1)
Continent
North America
Sub-area
Caribbean
Countries
Anguilla, Dominican Republic, Antilles, Antigua and Bermuda, Grenada, St. Kitts
and Nevis, Barbados, Haiti, St. Vincent and The grenadines, Cayman Islands,
Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Cuba, Martinique, Turks and Caicos Is., Dominica,
Montserrat, British Virgin Islands.
Area-1 :Tariff Conference -
1(TC1)
22.
23.
24. Area-1 :Tariff Conference - 1(TC1)
Continent
South America
Sub-area
Central America
Countries
Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua.
Area-1 :Tariff Conference -
1(TC1)
25.
26.
27. Area-1 :Tariff Conference - 1(TC1)
Continent
South America
Sub-area
South America
Countries
Argentina, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, French Guiana, Suriname, Brazil,
Guyana, Uruguay, Chile, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Paraguay.
28.
29. Area 2 :Tariff Conference - 2(TC2)
Continent
Antarctica
Area 2 :Tariff Conference - 2(TC2)
Area 2 :Tariff Conference - 2(TC2)
30. Area 2 :Tariff Conference - 2(TC2)
Lithuania, Spain, Croatia, Luxembourg, Sweden, Cyprus, Macedonia,
Switzerland, Czech Republic, Malta, Tunisia, Denmark, Moldova, Turkey,
Estonia, Monaco, Ukraine, Finland, Montenegro, United Kingdom, France,
Morocco, Georgia, Netherlands, Latvia, Slovakia, Bosnia& Herzegovina,
Liechtenstein, Slovenia, Bulgaria.
33. Area 2 :Tariff Conference - 2(TC2)
Sub-area
Middle East
Countries
Bahrain, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Kuwait, Sudan, Iran, Lebanon,
Syria, Iraq, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Israel, Qatar, Yemen.
34.
35.
36. Area 2 :Tariff Conference - 2(TC2)
Continent
Africa
Sub-area
Central Africa
Countries
Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
37.
38. Area 2 :Tariff Conference - 2(TC2)
Continent
Africa
Sub-area
Eastern Africa
Countries
Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia,
Tanzania, Uganda.
39.
40. Area 2 :Tariff Conference - 2(TC2)
Continent
Africa
Sub-area
South Western Africa
Countries
Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland.
41.
42. Area 2 :Tariff Conference - 2(TC2)
Continent
Africa
Sub-area
Western Africa
Countries
Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African
Republic, Chad, Congo, Brazzaville, Congo Kinshasa, Côte D’Ivoire,
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea – Bissau,
Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe,
Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo.
43.
44. Area 2 :Tariff Conference - 2(TC2)
Mauritius, Mayotte, Reunion, Seychelles,
Sub-area
Indian Ocean Islands
Countries
Comoros, Madagascar,
Libya.
45.
46. Area 3 :Tariff Conference - 3(TC3)
Continent
Asia
Sub-area
South Asia
Countries
Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Sri Lanka,
Bhutan, Nepal.
49. Area 3 :Tariff Conference - 3(TC3)
Continent
Asia
Sub-area
South East Asia
Countries
Brunei Darussalam, Kyrgyzstan, Palau, Cambodia, Laos, Philippines, China
(excluding Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR),Macao SAR, Russia (in Asia),
Chinese Taipei (Taiwan), Malaysia, Singapore, Guam, Micronesia,
Thailand, Hong Kong SAR, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Indonesia, Myanmar,
Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Northern Mariana Is., Viet Nam(Saipan, Rota).
52. Area 3 :Tariff Conference - 3(TC3)
Continent
Asia
Sub-area
Japan/Korea
Countries
Japan, Korea
Area 3 :Tariff Conference - 3(TC3)
53.
54. Area 3 :Tariff Conference - 3(TC3)
Continent
Oceania
Sub-area
South West Pacific
Countries
American Samoa, Nauru, Solomon Is, Australia, New Caledonia,
Tonga, Cook Islands, New Zealand, Tuvalu, Fiji, Niue, Vanuatu French
Polynesia, Papua New Guinea, Wallis and Futuna Is., Kiribati,
Samoa.
Area 3 :Tariff Conference - 3(TC3)
57. • Atwo-letter indicator used in FARECONSTRUCTION.
• Fare construction dependson
Class of
service
Routing of
flight
Peak or
lean season
Time of
flight
Type of
carrier
58.
59. S No. AREA GI DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
1 TC1 WH Western Hemisphere also refers to
travel wholly within Area 1
YTO-LIM
2 TC2 EH Eastern Hemisphere also refers to travel
wholly within Area 2
MAD-DXB
3 TC3 EH Eastern Hemisphere also refers to travel
wholly within Area 3
BOM-OSA
Global Indicators
60. AREA GI VIA
1)TC12 AT Via Atlantic Ocean
2)TC123
Via Area 2 or the Atlantic Ocean (but not SA nor PA)
3)TC1(2)3 Travel b/w TC1&TC3
Global Indicators
63. 3)TC123
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
• Travel b/w TC1&TC3
• TC1-USA/Canada& TC3-SASC
• Via Direct Service-Transatlantic
Eg:CHI-CMB
USA/Canada
Direct
Service
TC1 TC2 TC3
SASC
64. AREA GI VIA
TC31 PA Via Pacific But
1) Other PN
2) Not applicable for routings on non-stop services b/w
Canada/USA and South Asian Sub continent as this is AT
3) Other than b/w South West Pacific & South America via
both North America and North/CentralPacific
66. AREA GI VIA
TC23 PN
1) South West Pacific
2) South America
3) Trans Pacific routing via North America, but not travel via
North and central Pacific
68. AREA GI VIA
TC23 SA 1) Southeast Asia (SEA)
2) South Asian Sub-continent (SASC)
3) Korea
4) South Atlantic Area
5) Trans Atlantic travel
• Via direct services over Atlantic Ocean
• Only via points in Central Africa, South Africa or
Indian Ocean, Islands SEA, SASC and/or JAPKOR
75. AREA GI VIA
TC23
Area 2 (except Russia)
TS Via trans-Siberian routing, other than
RU/FE/EH with a sector or flight coupon on
non-stop b/w Europe and JAPKOR
77. AREA GI VIA
Russia in Europe
and Ukraine
FE Via Far East route, with a non-stop sector
b/w Russia in Europe or Ukraine (other
than RU/TS/EH) and points in Area 3 other
than JAPKOR
79. Fare Selection Criteria
Fare Type:
Fares are divided into normal fares and special fares.
Normal fares:
Are fares that do not have as many restrictions as special fares. In case
there are restrictions, these would usually include conditions regarding:
Number of stopovers and transfers in the routing
Seasonal or day of week periods of application
Flight/carrier application
80. Special Fares
Special fares are low promotional fares that have more restrictions
than the normal type. Such restrictions are mostly in respect of:
Length of stay such as minimum and maximum stay requirements.
Advance purchase requirements
Reservations, payments and ticketing limits
Day/time of travel
Eligibility restrictions
Refundability and changeability
81. World Time Zones
World Time Zones
World is split up into 24 time zones.
Most time zones are exactly one hour apart, and by convention compute their
local time as an offset from UTC or GMT. In many locations, these offsets vary
twice yearly due to DST transitions.
Every country may have a particular standard time zone though, if it is more
convenient for its world cooperation.
The standard time zone is a region where the local or national authorities unify
the time for a particular goal. The time zones obey specific rules referring to
longitude.
82. Daylight Saving Time
The concept of Daylight Saving Time (DST) was proposed by Benjamin Franklin
and refers to advancing the standard time within the region or zone by one
hour to enhance the duration of daytime.
Typically clocks are adjusted forward one hour in spring and backwards in
autumn.
83.
84. International Date Line
The (IDL) is an imaginary line of demarcation on the surface of Earth that runs
from the North Pole to the South Pole and demarcates the change of
one calendar day to the next.
It passes through the middle of the Pacific Ocean, roughly following
the 180° line of longitude but deviating to pass around some territories and
island groups.
