Flight organisation

1. Flight organization in tourism

2. An airline is a company that
provides air transport services for
traveling passengers and freight.
Airlines utilize aircraft to supply
these services, and may form
partnerships or alliances withother
airlines for codeshareagreements.
Generally, airline companiesare
recognized with an airoperating
certificate or license issuedby a
government aviation body.

3. Airlines vary in size, from small domestic airlines to
full-service international airlines with double decker
airplanes.Airline services can be categorized as being
intercontinental, domestic, regional, orinternational,
and may be operated as scheduled services or
charters.

4. Three major categories of passenger jet planes may be recognized:
● Short range aircraft. Bombardier’s CRJ series and Embraer’s ERJs are examples of
planes with relatively small capacities (30-100 passengers) that travel over relatively
short distances. They are usually referred to as regional jets that serve smaller markets
and feed hub airports. They also provide high frequency point to point services
between large city pairs.
● Medium range aircraft. The airbus A320, with a range of 3,700 km, and its Boeing
equivalent, the B737, are designed to service destinations within a continent. From
New York, most of North America can be reached. This range can be applied to the
European continent, SouthAmerica, EastAsia andAfrica. This type of aircraft is also
used for high demand regional services where low cost air carriers compete.
● Long range aircraft. There are a variety of aircraft capable of crossing the oceans
and linking together the continents. Early variants such as the B707 have evolved into
planes offering high capacity, such as the B747 series, or long range abilities, such as
B777 series or the A350 series which have ranges of up to 17,400 km.

5. The air freight market is serviced by five types of operations:
● Dedicated cargo operators maintaining a fleet or cargo-only aircrafts and offering regular
scheduled services between the airports they service. They also offer charter operations to cater
to specific needs.
● Combination services where an airline company will maintain a fleet of both specialized and
passenger aircrafts able to carry freight in their bellyhold. Most of the cargo operations involve
long haul services.
● Passenger operators that will offer the freight capacity in the bellyhold of their aircrafts. For
these operators, freight services are rather secondary and represent a source of additional
income. It still remain an important market as about 50% of all the air cargo is carried in the
bellyhold of regular passenger aircrafts. However, low cost airlines usually do not offer air cargo
services.
● Air freight integrators commonly operating hub and spoke freight services that reconcile short
and long haul flights. They offer comprehensive services that are usually door-to-door and can
support the logistics requirements of their customers.
● Specialized operators fulfilling niche services that cater to specific cargo requirements (e.g.
heavy loads) that do not fit the capabilities of standard cargo aircrafts.

6. All flights of aviation companies are divided into
four types:
Direct (regular) non-stop flight.
Chartered flight.
Transit flight, also called transfer flight.
Docking or compound.

7. Direct flights
Direct regular flights provide for a flight
from the point of departure to the point of
arrival without intermediate stops and
transfers. Aircraft depart at scheduled
times and arrive at a precisely set time.
Delays in sending happen only because of
force majeure situations.
Benefits of a directflight:
lack of transfers;
reduced traveltime.
The disadvantage of direct flight:the
high cost of theticket.

8. Chartered flight
The charter follows a direct route, does not provide
transfers on the way. But unlike direct regular flights,
such a liner does not fly according to the schedule, but
into thefree“windows” of regular flights.
Charter - a chartered plane following the direction
declared by the customer of the flight service. Typically,
such flights are often rented by travel companies
interested in selling tours around the world. On a
charter flight, travelers can get to the selected resort
directly,without transfers,saving moneyona ticket.
Benefits:
cheap tickets;
the ability tofly non-stoptoanywhere in the world
where regularflights maynot reach.
Disadvantages:
difficulties with buying tickets; as arule, theyare sold
togetherwith a tour package;
Departureis notscheduled andoftenthis time falls on
late night andearly morning hours.

9. Transit or transfer flights
Flights with transfersat intermediate airports are
calledtransit or transferflights. Suchroutesmay
involve flights onthe aircraftof oneairline or
several.
Transfer flights are very popular due to several advantages:
a properly plannedrouteallows you togettoanyairport in the
world, where regularflights without directflights maynot reach;
you can save budget on tickets purchased for a transit flight;
if the flight is carriedout onairplanesof oneairline, the
passengerwill nothave toundergorepeatedpre-flight
proceduresat the intermediate airport.
Lack of transit (transfer) flights:
difficulties with transfersarising for travelerswhohave planned
flights ondifferent airlines;
duetothe delay in the departureof the first aircraft,there are risks
of being late for the flight of the second liner.

10. Multiple or connecting flights
Flights with transfers to aircraft of different airlines are called connecting or compound. They are similar to transit flights,
but have characteristic differences. When connecting the route, the passenger has to re-check in for the flight and other
pre-flight procedures.
Transplants can take place at another airport, which you need to get to without delay. In order for the composite flight to
besuccessful,the passengerneedstocorrectlyplan thetime for theconnectingtransferat the intermediate airport.
Another drawback of connecting flights is the need to apply for a visa if the transfer takes place in a foreign country where
the visa regimeis in effect.
Advantages of a connecting flight include savings in ticket costs. Aproperly planned trip will allow the passenger to save
a goodpersonal budget.
Connecting flights also allow you to quickly get to resort towns, where regular flights may not go.

11. Stopover
Travelersplanning a flight with transit or connecting transfers oftencomeacross the term
stopover.
Tickets with a stopover suggest a long period of time between transfers to the second plane -
from24 hours or more. At such a stop, the passenger has toarrive in atransit country for a
long time, which can be used to their advantage.

12. What is an air fare and what are the air fares?
Airfare is the fee charged by the airline for a specific set of
air transportation services. Rates depend on classes of
service, flight routes, may have discounts, and depend on
the time spent at the destination.
The fares of economy class air tickets differ in terms of
ticket return and exchange, validity of the ticket, and the
size of the discount for children. The conditions for applying
the tariff determine the amount of the fine for returning the
ticket, the possibility of making changes to the route, for
example, changing the name of the passenger or the date
of departure, especially when changing different sections
of the route.

13. The IATAInternational Air Transport Association regulates tariffs and rules for their application
in the field of international transport: basic tariffs that are independent of the airline are set by
IATA conferences. In addition, coordination with IATA is required when developing the so-
called “published rates”, information about which is recorded in reservation systems and
directories. Such tariffs take into account the commercial interests of all airlines operating in
this direction.
An air carrier may have “confidential” fares, which are a commercial secret - as a rule, these
are direct flights within a specific airline.
Confidential fares differ from published ones in that they are not available in reservation
systems and tickets for them are sold by the airline itself or its trusted agents. The pricing of
this type of tariff is determined by competition between carrier companies: for passengers,
such tariffs are usually cheaper,but have a number of conditions and restrictions.

14. Airline fare groups
Based on the conditions of use, tariffs are divided into two groups:
Normal or full - tariffs in which there are no restrictions. This type of tariff has flexible conditions for booking, registration
and payment. Tickets purchased at the full fare have a number of privileges: during the period of the ticket you can
changethe route and date of departure, there are no restrictions on the length of stayand the availability of a return ticket,
suchtickets can usually be exchanged or returned without any penalties. When returning a ticket, only the service charge
is charged. Full fares pay for first-class, business-class tickets and an annual economy-class fare. As a rule, these are
tariffsof the first (denotedby“F”), business(“C”) andeconomy class (“Y”). High-classservice appropriately affectscost
Special tariffs - tariffs that are used by airlines as a tool to attract customers. Most travelers use these tariffs because of
their availability. The use of discounts does not lead to a deterioration in service, but the low price imposes some
restrictions on the passenger. For example, the short duration of the ticket, the inability to change the departure date, the
refund of the incomplete cost of an unused ticket.

15. Types of Special Tariffs
● Excursion tariffs “EE” - tariffs that have a minimum and maximum time spent at the destination.
The maximum period can vary from 1 to 6 months, and the minimum - from the "rule of the first
Sunday" (that is, you must stay at the destination night from Saturday to Sunday) to a week. An air
ticket issued at an excursion fare is almost always subject to a full refund and allows you to change
the datesand route of transportation.Aticket at this rate can be purchased with an open date.
● Special fares are those with the most restrictions, but with the lowest price. As a rule, the “first
Sunday rule” applies for this category of tariffs, and the maximum stay is up to one month. The date
of departure and arrival of tickets purchased at these fares cannot be changed, or it is possible, but
with fines. The return of a ticket purchased at a special fare is possibleonly in exceptional cases.
● Youth fare - for passengers under 24, 25 or 26 years of age (depending on destination) at the time
of travel. Departure and arrival dates are fixed, some airlines allow booking tickets with an open
date.

16. ● APEX tariff - travel dates are strictly fixed, rebooking and return with a fine is allowed.
Tickets are issued simultaneously with the reservation, no later than 7, 14, 21 days
before departure to Europe, or 10 days before departure toAmerica.
● PEX tariff (PEX) - a number of restrictions apply to this tariff: tickets are booked and
bought back at the same time, flights are made on certain days of the week. Typically,
flights have a limited number of seats sold at PEX fares. This tariff has strict conditions
for returning and applying penalties in case of non-use of tickets.
● SUPER SAVER fare is the cheapest group of fares that have additional restrictions: the
deadlines for buying an air ticket at this rate are more often: 3 days, 7, 14 days, 21 days
and vice versa - no earlier than 3 days, no earlier 7 days, etc. These rates are not valid
on certain days (BlackOutdays).

17. ● Family airfare - also does not apply to all destinations. A50% discount is provided for an
accompanying spouse and children aged 2 to 25 years. The expiration date of the ticket
is one month.
● Spousal fare - applies when flying to a limited number of countries. At this rate, one of
the spouses is given a 50% discount. The validity of such a ticket is one month.
● Group tariffs - this group of tariffs is intended mainly for tourist groups. Restrictions in
this case are imposed not only on the length of stay, but also on the number of people in
the group (from 4 to 20 depending on the direction).
● Pension rate - not applicable to all destinations and not all airlines. This discount is valid
for passengers over 55-60 years old (the exact age is determined by the airline) and
usually amountsto 25%- 30%.

18. Influence of aviation ontourism
Tourism and Air Transport industry are complement each other. Tourism depends on transportation to bring visitors, while the transportation
industry depends on tourism to generate demand for its services. The growth in tourism industry directly reflects onto the air transportation.
Over the last 25 years, the number of international tourists has more than doubled. The expansion of international tourism has a large impact
on the discipline of transport geography.
Transportis the causeandthe effectof the growthof tourism.T
ostart with, the improvedfacilities havestimulatedtourism,andthe expansion
of tourism hasstimulatedtransport.Accessibilityis the mainfunctionbehindthe basicsof tourism transport. In orderto accessthe areasthat
are mainlyaimed,touristswill use anytransportationmode.However,air transportis the mainmodefor internationaltourism.Air transport
playsa dominantrole in inter-regionalmovementsof tourists,whichnormally entailstravelover long-distance. Growth ratesof internationalair
trafficare peggedwith growth ratesof internationaltourism.Attractive package tours, competitive airfare attract more and more tourist day by
days, therefore both the industry is expanding rapidly.
Transport policies and decisions of governments can make a big difference in the destinations available to tourists, for instance the
Suvarnabhumi airport Bangkok, Thailand. Air transport is far advance than the transport mode. Air transport has revolutionized the
geographical aspect of distances; the most remote areas can now be attained, any journey around the world can be measured in terms of
hours of traveling. With jet that, can reach up to 1950 km/hrs, international tourism is no longer an on going adventure.
About 6.7 million jobs worldwide are in tourism industry directly supported by the spending of foreign visitors arriving by air. Taking into
account both the overseas visors and work force employed it can be said that the Industry is giant in shape “The worlds largest industry of
Travel and Tourism”. Howbig the airline industry and its market share are an example will give you a clear image - in a statistics it shown that,
AmericanAirlines saves US$40,000in a yearbyeliminatingoneolive fromeachsaladservedin first class only.