This document describes a VLSI architecture for implementing FM0/Manchester encoding using the SOLS technique for wireless sensor networks. It discusses the principles of FM0 and Manchester encoding and presents hardware architectures for each. It then describes the SOLS technique, which combines area compact retiming and balance logic operation sharing to reduce transistor count. Specifically, area compact retiming reduces the number of flip-flops needed for FM0 encoding, while balance logic operation sharing integrates logic from FM0 and Manchester encoding to reuse components like multiplexers and XOR gates, further reducing transistor count and area. The combined SOLS architecture achieves higher hardware utilization than separate FM0 and Manchester encoder designs.
This document discusses encoding techniques used for Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) applications. It describes Flexible Macroblock Ordering (FMO) encoding and Manchester encoding. It presents the hardware architectures for FMO and Manchester encoders and discusses how the Similarity Oriented Logic Simplification (SOLS) technique is used to integrate the logic, reducing transistors and achieving 100% hardware utilization. The SOLS techniques eliminate limitations in the hardware architectures to improve efficiency.
Fully reused vlsi architecture of fm0 manchester encoding using sols techniqu...LogicMindtech Nologies
VLSI Projects for M. Tech, VLSI Projects in Vijayanagar, VLSI Projects in Bangalore, M. Tech Projects in Vijayanagar, M. Tech Projects in Bangalore, VLSI IEEE projects in Bangalore, IEEE 2015 VLSI Projects, FPGA and Xilinx Projects, FPGA and Xilinx Projects in Bangalore, FPGA and Xilinx Projects in Vijayangar
This document discusses bit-interleaved parity (BIP) methods for monitoring bit error rates in SONET networks that employ automatic protection switching. It examines how BIP performs in declaring and clearing alarms compared to exact calculations.
The key points are:
1) BIP tends to declare alarms later than exact calculations as it diverges from the actual bit error probability at higher rates.
2) BIP also tends to clear alarms earlier than exact methods as it approaches a limit of 0.5 probability rather than 1.
3) For BIP to provide acceptable performance, the window size and thresholds used need to build in sufficient hysteresis to account for this late declaration and early clearing compared to
The document provides an overview of Next Generation Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (NG-SDH) which brings together SONET/SDH and Ethernet networks. It discusses how virtual concatenation allows efficient transport of Ethernet and other services over SDH networks by virtually concatenating payloads across multiple containers. Sequence indicators and frame counters are used to distinguish and maintain timing between virtually concatenated members. This overcomes issues with inefficient contiguous concatenation and fixed payload sizes in traditional SDH.
The document discusses Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and its advantages over Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH). It describes some key components of SDH including section overhead bytes, path overhead bytes, virtual containers, tributary units, and administrative units. It also provides definitions and functions of various overhead bytes used for frame alignment, error monitoring, data communication, and other purposes in SDH networks.
LTE uses OFDMA to divide available bandwidth into narrow subcarriers. A resource block in LTE consists of 12 subcarriers each with a bandwidth of 15 kHz, making the total resource block bandwidth 180 kHz. The LTE frame structure consists of 10 subframes that make up 1 frame, with each subframe being 1 ms long and consisting of 2 slots of 0.5 ms each. LTE uses either frequency division duplexing (FDD) where uplink and downlink occur on separate frequencies simultaneously, or time division duplexing (TDD) where uplink and downlink take turns in each subframe.
BER Performance of OFDM-QAM over AWGN and RICAIN Channels Using Error Correct...IJERA Editor
In this paper, the performance of OFDM - QAM system by using error correcting codes (Convolutional, Reed Solomon and Interleaving) schemes that are used to encode the data stream in wireless communications using AWGN and RICIAN channels has been reported here. OFDM is presented for wireless communications we curing basic OFDM and affined modulations, as well as techniques to improve the performance of OFDM for wireless communications. Various simulations are performed to detect the best BER performance of each of the QAM system; OFDM-QAM and OFDM-QAM with Error Correction and to use the best outcomes to model the OFDM-QAM, Their effect of improving the total BER can be noticed due to the benefits of OFDM-QAM with correcting codes.
Channel coding transforms binary data bits into signal elements that can be transmitted. It involves selecting a coding scheme to avoid high frequencies, direct current, and ensure timing control. Common line codes include alternate mark inversion (AMI), high-density bipolar three zeros (HDB3), and coded mark inverted (CMI). These codes ensure sufficient transitions to maintain synchronization and embed timing information while removing the dc component.
This document discusses encoding techniques used for Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) applications. It describes Flexible Macroblock Ordering (FMO) encoding and Manchester encoding. It presents the hardware architectures for FMO and Manchester encoders and discusses how the Similarity Oriented Logic Simplification (SOLS) technique is used to integrate the logic, reducing transistors and achieving 100% hardware utilization. The SOLS techniques eliminate limitations in the hardware architectures to improve efficiency.
Fully reused vlsi architecture of fm0 manchester encoding using sols techniqu...LogicMindtech Nologies
VLSI Projects for M. Tech, VLSI Projects in Vijayanagar, VLSI Projects in Bangalore, M. Tech Projects in Vijayanagar, M. Tech Projects in Bangalore, VLSI IEEE projects in Bangalore, IEEE 2015 VLSI Projects, FPGA and Xilinx Projects, FPGA and Xilinx Projects in Bangalore, FPGA and Xilinx Projects in Vijayangar
This document discusses bit-interleaved parity (BIP) methods for monitoring bit error rates in SONET networks that employ automatic protection switching. It examines how BIP performs in declaring and clearing alarms compared to exact calculations.
The key points are:
1) BIP tends to declare alarms later than exact calculations as it diverges from the actual bit error probability at higher rates.
2) BIP also tends to clear alarms earlier than exact methods as it approaches a limit of 0.5 probability rather than 1.
3) For BIP to provide acceptable performance, the window size and thresholds used need to build in sufficient hysteresis to account for this late declaration and early clearing compared to
The document provides an overview of Next Generation Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (NG-SDH) which brings together SONET/SDH and Ethernet networks. It discusses how virtual concatenation allows efficient transport of Ethernet and other services over SDH networks by virtually concatenating payloads across multiple containers. Sequence indicators and frame counters are used to distinguish and maintain timing between virtually concatenated members. This overcomes issues with inefficient contiguous concatenation and fixed payload sizes in traditional SDH.
The document discusses Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and its advantages over Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH). It describes some key components of SDH including section overhead bytes, path overhead bytes, virtual containers, tributary units, and administrative units. It also provides definitions and functions of various overhead bytes used for frame alignment, error monitoring, data communication, and other purposes in SDH networks.
LTE uses OFDMA to divide available bandwidth into narrow subcarriers. A resource block in LTE consists of 12 subcarriers each with a bandwidth of 15 kHz, making the total resource block bandwidth 180 kHz. The LTE frame structure consists of 10 subframes that make up 1 frame, with each subframe being 1 ms long and consisting of 2 slots of 0.5 ms each. LTE uses either frequency division duplexing (FDD) where uplink and downlink occur on separate frequencies simultaneously, or time division duplexing (TDD) where uplink and downlink take turns in each subframe.
BER Performance of OFDM-QAM over AWGN and RICAIN Channels Using Error Correct...IJERA Editor
In this paper, the performance of OFDM - QAM system by using error correcting codes (Convolutional, Reed Solomon and Interleaving) schemes that are used to encode the data stream in wireless communications using AWGN and RICIAN channels has been reported here. OFDM is presented for wireless communications we curing basic OFDM and affined modulations, as well as techniques to improve the performance of OFDM for wireless communications. Various simulations are performed to detect the best BER performance of each of the QAM system; OFDM-QAM and OFDM-QAM with Error Correction and to use the best outcomes to model the OFDM-QAM, Their effect of improving the total BER can be noticed due to the benefits of OFDM-QAM with correcting codes.
Channel coding transforms binary data bits into signal elements that can be transmitted. It involves selecting a coding scheme to avoid high frequencies, direct current, and ensure timing control. Common line codes include alternate mark inversion (AMI), high-density bipolar three zeros (HDB3), and coded mark inverted (CMI). These codes ensure sufficient transitions to maintain synchronization and embed timing information while removing the dc component.
The document discusses the framing structure of SDH and various alarms that can occur in SDH networks. It explains the hierarchy from STM-1 frame down to VC-4 and tributary unit levels. It then describes alarms like LOS, LOF, LOP that can happen at different levels due to issues like signal loss, missing frames, or lost pointers. It also covers alarms for indicating defects or errors like AIS, RDI, REI, BIP and methods for error monitoring using bytes in the SDH frame.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
This document summarizes various methods that have been proposed for implementing 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays). It reviews architectures for carrier synchronization, equalization, and digital up/down conversion. The document then proposes a new system generator-based 16-QAM transmitter model that considers issues like symbol mapping, interpolation filtering, and up-conversion to an intermediate frequency. Simulation results demonstrating the transmitter constellation and resource usage on an FPGA are also presented.
The document discusses the differences between SDH and PDH, as well as key aspects of SDH. SDH provides higher transmission rates up to 40 Gbit/s, simplified add and drop functions, high availability and capacity matching, reliability, and is a future-proof platform for new services compared to PDH. SDH uses synchronous multiplexing where data from multiple sources is byte interleaved at fixed locations in the frame. This allows single channels to be dropped from the data stream without demultiplexing intermediate rates as required in PDH.
The document provides an overview of Packet over SONET/SDH (PoS) and related technologies. It discusses the OSI model and various internet protocols like TCP, UDP, IP, and how they relate to PoS. PoS allows efficient transport of IP traffic over SONET/SDH networks. It offers benefits like utilizing existing infrastructure while efficiently transporting various data, voice, and video traffic with less overhead than alternative protocols. The document also covers applications and measurements of PoS performance and connectivity.
The document discusses SDH/SONET alarms and performance monitoring. It begins with an introduction to relevant standards bodies and then covers:
- Alarm types like LOF, AIS, and RDI found in different sections of the SDH frame including the regenerator, multiplex, and path overhead areas.
- Defect naming conventions and how defects are correlated to avoid unnecessary alarms.
- Performance monitoring parameters and what different path levels in the SDH hierarchy represent.
- Examples of how circuits like DS1 and DS3 are carried by SONET through different layers.
This document discusses Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) basics. It provides information on how TDM converts analog signals to digital signals and multiplexes them. It then explains how SDH was developed to overcome limitations of Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) by employing synchronous transmission and simpler add/drop functionality. The document outlines the frame structure and overhead bytes of STM-1, and defines the common network elements in SDH including Terminal Multiplexer, Add/Drop Multiplexer, Cross-connect, and Regenerator.
An Overview Study On 2.4 GHz CyFi® Transceiver CYRF7936Premier Farnell
The document provides an overview of the CYRF7936 2.4 GHz CyFi transceiver chip. It describes the chip's features such as operating frequency, data rates, power consumption, and functional blocks. It also compares the chip to other wireless technologies like Bluetooth and discusses its applications in wireless sensor networks and home automation.
PDH and SDH are digital multiplexing techniques. PDH uses asynchronous multiplexing and operates over asynchronous networks, applying positive justification. It allows tributary clocks to differ slightly. SDH uses synchronous multiplexing and operates over synchronous networks, applying zero justification. Tributary clocks must be synchronized to a master clock. SDH was developed to simplify interconnection between network operators and expand compatibility by establishing a international standard to replace the different PDH standards.
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless
application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum
utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is
developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing
of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference.
In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM
and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER
curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB
This document provides an overview of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) including its introduction, components, frame structure, and applications. SDH was developed to provide a standardized digital transmission network with vendor independence. It uses optical fiber to enable end-to-end monitoring and self-healing ring architectures for survivability. The SDH frame structure consists of sections for transport overhead (TOH), path overhead (POH), and payloads. SDH supports multiplexing of various signals like E1, DS1, and STM streams. It allows dynamic bandwidth allocation and is a platform for future services.
Iaetsd stbc-ofdm downlink baseband receiver for mobile wmanIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses a proposed space time block code-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (STBC-OFDM) downlink baseband receiver for mobile wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs). The proposed receiver applies STBC-OFDM techniques using two transmit antennas and one receive antenna to provide robust performance in outdoor mobile environments. It includes a simple and robust synchronizer and an accurate but affordable channel estimator to overcome challenges of multipath fading channels. Simulation results show the receiver can achieve a coded bit error rate of less than 10-6 for 16QAM modulation under vehicle speeds of 120 km/hr while supporting up to 27.32 Mb/s of uncoded data transmission. The receiver designed in a 90-nm CMOS
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) Release 8. It discusses key requirements for LTE such as supporting high data rates, low latency, and an all-IP network. It describes the network architecture including components like eNodeB, MME, S-GW, and P-GW. It also covers functionality of these components and the protocol stack consisting of PDCP, RLC, MAC, and RRC layers. Mobility management, QoS, and comparisons to other technologies like HSPA+ and WiMAX are also summarized.
The document discusses Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and provides details on:
1. SDH frame structure including section overhead, path overhead, pointer, and information payload areas.
2. SDH multiplexing methods allowing lower rate signals like E1, E3, E4 to be mapped and multiplexed into higher rate SDH frames like STM-1, STM-4.
3. Overhead bytes including framing bytes A1/A2, data communications channel bytes D1-D12, orderwire bytes E1/E2, parity check bytes B1/B2, and remote error indication byte M1.
SONET and SDH are standards for synchronous optical networking. They were developed to address limitations in earlier PDH digital telephony networks, such as increasing overhead percentages and lack of interoperability between regional systems. SONET/SDH uses a layered architecture with standardized rates and frame structures. It defines optical, line, and path layers to transport digital signals end-to-end with integrated operations, administration, and maintenance capabilities. This allows flexible and efficient transport of diverse payloads, including PDH, ATM, and packet data, over optical networks on a global scale.
1) The document discusses the installation and commissioning of a Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS. It provides an overview of the GSM system and BTS functions.
2) It describes the various components of the Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS including the EDGE System Module (ESMA), Dual TRX Module (EXxA), Dual Duplexer Module (ERxA), and Wideband Combiner (EWxA).
3) The commissioning process involves 12 steps like hardware installation, software configuration, RF parameter checks, traffic tests and O&M integration to activate the BTS in the live network.
The document discusses the physical layer design of WCDMA networks. It provides an overview of WCDMA network architecture and the UMTS network model. It then describes the physical channels, transport formats, channel coding, spreading techniques and code types used in the WCDMA uplink and downlink. Key aspects covered include dedicated and common physical channels, orthogonal variable spreading factor channelization codes, scrambling codes, and transport block sets.
Protocol converter (uart, i2 c, manchester protocols to usb)eSAT Journals
Abstract
Abstract now a day’s many industries are using different types of protocols to show data on computer. For this purpose different modules are used which increases the hardware complexity and cost. This project (PROTOCOL CONVERTER) is helpful to overcome these problem different types of protocols such as Manchester, UART and I2Cconverted to the USB format which is compatible to the laptops which is the major application .By using different components such as PIC microcontroller 18F452, LCD, Personal computer, Max 232, DB9 connector.
Keywords::USB (universal serial bus)1, UART(universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter2), I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit3), Manchester4.
Manchester encoding is a technique used in the physical layer of the OSI model to encode data for transmission. It works by assigning transitions from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0 in the center of each bit to represent the bit value. This allows the receiver to easily extract the clock signal and correctly decode each bit. While it provides improved clocking and reliability over other encoding schemes, Manchester encoding exhibits poorer bit storage density for storing data on magnetic media.
Encoders convert decimal input to binary coded decimal (BCD) output, while decoders convert BCD input to decimal output displayed on a 7-segment display. An example encoder converts decimal numbers to their BCD coded form, while an example decoder converts BCD codes into the decimal numbers they represent, which are then shown on a 7-segment LED display. The document provides examples of encodings and decoding between decimal, BCD, and 7-segment display representations and tests the reader with questions about decoding BCD inputs.
This document discusses various low power techniques for integrated circuits. It begins by describing the increasing challenges of power consumption as device densities and clock frequencies increase while supply voltages and threshold voltages decrease. It then discusses different types of power consumption, including dynamic power, static power, leakage power from different sources, and how they can be reduced. The document covers many low power design techniques like multi-threshold CMOS, clock gating, multi-voltage, DVFS, and more. It discusses the evolution of these techniques and challenges in their implementation like timing issues, level shifters, and floorplanning for multi-voltage designs.
The document discusses the framing structure of SDH and various alarms that can occur in SDH networks. It explains the hierarchy from STM-1 frame down to VC-4 and tributary unit levels. It then describes alarms like LOS, LOF, LOP that can happen at different levels due to issues like signal loss, missing frames, or lost pointers. It also covers alarms for indicating defects or errors like AIS, RDI, REI, BIP and methods for error monitoring using bytes in the SDH frame.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
This document summarizes various methods that have been proposed for implementing 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays). It reviews architectures for carrier synchronization, equalization, and digital up/down conversion. The document then proposes a new system generator-based 16-QAM transmitter model that considers issues like symbol mapping, interpolation filtering, and up-conversion to an intermediate frequency. Simulation results demonstrating the transmitter constellation and resource usage on an FPGA are also presented.
The document discusses the differences between SDH and PDH, as well as key aspects of SDH. SDH provides higher transmission rates up to 40 Gbit/s, simplified add and drop functions, high availability and capacity matching, reliability, and is a future-proof platform for new services compared to PDH. SDH uses synchronous multiplexing where data from multiple sources is byte interleaved at fixed locations in the frame. This allows single channels to be dropped from the data stream without demultiplexing intermediate rates as required in PDH.
The document provides an overview of Packet over SONET/SDH (PoS) and related technologies. It discusses the OSI model and various internet protocols like TCP, UDP, IP, and how they relate to PoS. PoS allows efficient transport of IP traffic over SONET/SDH networks. It offers benefits like utilizing existing infrastructure while efficiently transporting various data, voice, and video traffic with less overhead than alternative protocols. The document also covers applications and measurements of PoS performance and connectivity.
The document discusses SDH/SONET alarms and performance monitoring. It begins with an introduction to relevant standards bodies and then covers:
- Alarm types like LOF, AIS, and RDI found in different sections of the SDH frame including the regenerator, multiplex, and path overhead areas.
- Defect naming conventions and how defects are correlated to avoid unnecessary alarms.
- Performance monitoring parameters and what different path levels in the SDH hierarchy represent.
- Examples of how circuits like DS1 and DS3 are carried by SONET through different layers.
This document discusses Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) basics. It provides information on how TDM converts analog signals to digital signals and multiplexes them. It then explains how SDH was developed to overcome limitations of Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) by employing synchronous transmission and simpler add/drop functionality. The document outlines the frame structure and overhead bytes of STM-1, and defines the common network elements in SDH including Terminal Multiplexer, Add/Drop Multiplexer, Cross-connect, and Regenerator.
An Overview Study On 2.4 GHz CyFi® Transceiver CYRF7936Premier Farnell
The document provides an overview of the CYRF7936 2.4 GHz CyFi transceiver chip. It describes the chip's features such as operating frequency, data rates, power consumption, and functional blocks. It also compares the chip to other wireless technologies like Bluetooth and discusses its applications in wireless sensor networks and home automation.
PDH and SDH are digital multiplexing techniques. PDH uses asynchronous multiplexing and operates over asynchronous networks, applying positive justification. It allows tributary clocks to differ slightly. SDH uses synchronous multiplexing and operates over synchronous networks, applying zero justification. Tributary clocks must be synchronized to a master clock. SDH was developed to simplify interconnection between network operators and expand compatibility by establishing a international standard to replace the different PDH standards.
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless
application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum
utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is
developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing
of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference.
In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM
and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER
curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB
This document provides an overview of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) including its introduction, components, frame structure, and applications. SDH was developed to provide a standardized digital transmission network with vendor independence. It uses optical fiber to enable end-to-end monitoring and self-healing ring architectures for survivability. The SDH frame structure consists of sections for transport overhead (TOH), path overhead (POH), and payloads. SDH supports multiplexing of various signals like E1, DS1, and STM streams. It allows dynamic bandwidth allocation and is a platform for future services.
Iaetsd stbc-ofdm downlink baseband receiver for mobile wmanIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses a proposed space time block code-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (STBC-OFDM) downlink baseband receiver for mobile wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs). The proposed receiver applies STBC-OFDM techniques using two transmit antennas and one receive antenna to provide robust performance in outdoor mobile environments. It includes a simple and robust synchronizer and an accurate but affordable channel estimator to overcome challenges of multipath fading channels. Simulation results show the receiver can achieve a coded bit error rate of less than 10-6 for 16QAM modulation under vehicle speeds of 120 km/hr while supporting up to 27.32 Mb/s of uncoded data transmission. The receiver designed in a 90-nm CMOS
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) Release 8. It discusses key requirements for LTE such as supporting high data rates, low latency, and an all-IP network. It describes the network architecture including components like eNodeB, MME, S-GW, and P-GW. It also covers functionality of these components and the protocol stack consisting of PDCP, RLC, MAC, and RRC layers. Mobility management, QoS, and comparisons to other technologies like HSPA+ and WiMAX are also summarized.
The document discusses Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and provides details on:
1. SDH frame structure including section overhead, path overhead, pointer, and information payload areas.
2. SDH multiplexing methods allowing lower rate signals like E1, E3, E4 to be mapped and multiplexed into higher rate SDH frames like STM-1, STM-4.
3. Overhead bytes including framing bytes A1/A2, data communications channel bytes D1-D12, orderwire bytes E1/E2, parity check bytes B1/B2, and remote error indication byte M1.
SONET and SDH are standards for synchronous optical networking. They were developed to address limitations in earlier PDH digital telephony networks, such as increasing overhead percentages and lack of interoperability between regional systems. SONET/SDH uses a layered architecture with standardized rates and frame structures. It defines optical, line, and path layers to transport digital signals end-to-end with integrated operations, administration, and maintenance capabilities. This allows flexible and efficient transport of diverse payloads, including PDH, ATM, and packet data, over optical networks on a global scale.
1) The document discusses the installation and commissioning of a Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS. It provides an overview of the GSM system and BTS functions.
2) It describes the various components of the Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS including the EDGE System Module (ESMA), Dual TRX Module (EXxA), Dual Duplexer Module (ERxA), and Wideband Combiner (EWxA).
3) The commissioning process involves 12 steps like hardware installation, software configuration, RF parameter checks, traffic tests and O&M integration to activate the BTS in the live network.
The document discusses the physical layer design of WCDMA networks. It provides an overview of WCDMA network architecture and the UMTS network model. It then describes the physical channels, transport formats, channel coding, spreading techniques and code types used in the WCDMA uplink and downlink. Key aspects covered include dedicated and common physical channels, orthogonal variable spreading factor channelization codes, scrambling codes, and transport block sets.
Protocol converter (uart, i2 c, manchester protocols to usb)eSAT Journals
Abstract
Abstract now a day’s many industries are using different types of protocols to show data on computer. For this purpose different modules are used which increases the hardware complexity and cost. This project (PROTOCOL CONVERTER) is helpful to overcome these problem different types of protocols such as Manchester, UART and I2Cconverted to the USB format which is compatible to the laptops which is the major application .By using different components such as PIC microcontroller 18F452, LCD, Personal computer, Max 232, DB9 connector.
Keywords::USB (universal serial bus)1, UART(universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter2), I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit3), Manchester4.
Manchester encoding is a technique used in the physical layer of the OSI model to encode data for transmission. It works by assigning transitions from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0 in the center of each bit to represent the bit value. This allows the receiver to easily extract the clock signal and correctly decode each bit. While it provides improved clocking and reliability over other encoding schemes, Manchester encoding exhibits poorer bit storage density for storing data on magnetic media.
Encoders convert decimal input to binary coded decimal (BCD) output, while decoders convert BCD input to decimal output displayed on a 7-segment display. An example encoder converts decimal numbers to their BCD coded form, while an example decoder converts BCD codes into the decimal numbers they represent, which are then shown on a 7-segment LED display. The document provides examples of encodings and decoding between decimal, BCD, and 7-segment display representations and tests the reader with questions about decoding BCD inputs.
This document discusses various low power techniques for integrated circuits. It begins by describing the increasing challenges of power consumption as device densities and clock frequencies increase while supply voltages and threshold voltages decrease. It then discusses different types of power consumption, including dynamic power, static power, leakage power from different sources, and how they can be reduced. The document covers many low power design techniques like multi-threshold CMOS, clock gating, multi-voltage, DVFS, and more. It discusses the evolution of these techniques and challenges in their implementation like timing issues, level shifters, and floorplanning for multi-voltage designs.
Project Report on Optical Fiber Cables and Systems (MTNL Mumbai)Pradeep Singh
This document provides a summary of a project report on optical fiber cables and systems used by MTNL Mumbai. It discusses the basic optical fiber transmission system including digital distribution frames, multiplexers, optical line terminating units, and repeaters. It also covers topics like Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), digital transmission hierarchies including Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), data circuits, Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM), and the construction, maintenance and fault detection of optical fiber cables. Network elements of SDH like terminal multiplexers, add/drop multiplexers, and digital cross-connects are also described.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document describes a system for secure data transmission through RF technology. It discusses encoding and transmitting data securely by encrypting it using an algorithm and wireless RF modules. The system uses a PIC microcontroller, MAX232 chip, and RF transmitter and receiver modules operating at 433.92MHz to encrypt data on a PC, transmit it wirelessly, and decrypt it on receipt. The system provides a basic level of security for data transmission through wireless communication.
A modem modulates outgoing digital signals from a computer or other digital device to analog signals for a conventional copper twisted pair telephone line and demodulates the incoming analog signal and converts it to a digital signal for the digital device.
The word modem is an acronym for modulator-demodulator. Basically, a modem is used for transmitting and receiving data over a communication channel, such as twisted-pair telephone lines, coaxial cables, and optical fibers. Currently the purpose of a modem is to convert a computer’s data stream to analog format so that it can be transmitted over the analog telephone line.
At the source, modulation techniques are used to convert digital
Data (0’s and 1’s) into analog form for transmission across the channel. At the destination, the received analog signal is converted to digital data via demodulation. This is a simplified explanation of how a modem works, and there are other issues that require attention; such as channel impairments, encryption, error detection/correction, data compression, modulation, handshake negotiation, and echo cancellation. These features will be discussed a bit later.
This document summarizes information about Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), the seventh largest telecommunications company in the world. It provides an overview of BSNL's services and sections within telephone exchanges, including the main distribution frame room, power room, PCM room, switch room, optical fiber cable section, broadband section, and mobile section. It also describes technologies used like DWDM, signaling, PDH and SDH multiplexing hierarchies, and defines key terms like STM.
Coverage of WCDMA Network Using Different Modulation Techniques with Soft and...ijcnac
The wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) based 3G cellular mobile
wireless networks are expected to provide a diverse range of multimedia services to
mobile users with guaranteed quality of service (QoS). To serve diverse quality of service
requirements of these networks it necessitates new radio resource management strategies
for effective utilization of network resources with coding schemes. In this paper coverage
area for voice traffic and with different modulation techniques, coding schemes and
decision decoder are discussed. These discussions are to improve the coverage area in
the mobile communication system. This paper is mainly focuses on coverage area of
WCDMA system using link budget calculation with different modulation, coding schemes
and decision decoder. Simulation results demonstrate coverage extension for voice
service with different modulation,coding scheme, soft and hard decision decoder using
appropriate Bit error rate (BER) to maintain QoS of the voice.
This document provides an overview of CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), including its access schemes, coding, codes, spreading process, power control, handover, multipath and rake receivers. It describes how CDMA uses unique spreading codes to spread data before transmission. Receivers use correlators to despread the signal and filters to isolate the desired signal from interference. Power control is important to limit interference in this interference-limited system. Soft handovers allow connections between multiple cells. Multipath signals are combined using rake receivers to strengthen the signal.
A significant problem in Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-
CDMA) system is the possibility of high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). This is due
to the cumulative sum of N subcarrier peaks in the transmitted signals which reduces Power
efficiency, resolution and battery life. In this paper a technique is proposed to make use of
Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform (IDCT) and Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform
(IDWT) based Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) system. This
system is in combination with Modified Exponential Companding with Clipping Transform
(MECCT) technique which reduces PAPR and that is analyzed over Additive White
Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel, Rayleigh and Stanford University Interim (SUI)
multipath fading channel.
Implementation of Joint Network Channel Decoding Algorithm for Multiple Acces...csandit
In this paper, we consider a Joint Network Channel Decoding (JNCD) algorithm applied to a
wireless network consisting to M users. For this purpose M sources desire to send information
to one receiver by the help of an intermediate node which is the relay. The Physical Layer
Network Coding (PLNC) allows the relay to decode the combined information being sent from
different transmitters. Then, it forwards additional information to the destination node which
receives also signals from source nodes. An iterative JNCD algorithm is developed at the
receiver to estimate the information being sent from each transmitter. Simulation results show
that the Bit Error Rate (BER) can be decreased by using this concept comparing to the
reference one which doesn’t consider the network coding.
IMPLEMENTATION OF JOINT NETWORK CHANNEL DECODING ALGORITHM FOR MULTIPLE ACCES...cscpconf
In this paper, we consider a Joint Network Channel Decoding (JNCD) algorithm applied to a wireless network consisting to M users. For this purpose M sources desire to send information
to one receiver by the help of an intermediate node which is the relay. The Physical Layer Network Coding (PLNC) allows the relay to decode the combined information being sent from different transmitters. Then, it forwards additional information to the destination node which receives also signals from source nodes. An iterative JNCD algorithm is developed at the receiver to estimate the information being sent from each transmitter. Simulation results show that the Bit Error Rate (BER) can be decreased by using this concept comparing to the reference one which doesn’t consider the network coding.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the performance of turbo coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) over fading channels. It describes how OFDM can mitigate inter-symbol interference caused by frequency selective fading channels by dividing the channel into parallel subchannels. It then provides details on turbo coding, including the encoder and iterative decoder design. The system model studied transmits a turbo coded OFDM signal over a frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel and evaluates the performance for rate 1/3 and 1/2 turbo codes. Simulation results are presented to analyze the bit error rate.
1) The document presents a simulation of an MC-CDMA system using MSK modulation over AWGN and Rayleigh channels.
2) It shows that the BER performance of the MC-CDMA system is affected by both the number of users and the channel type, with higher numbers of users and Rayleigh fading increasing the BER.
3) The results also show that for both channel types, the MC-CDMA system has better BER performance when using MSK modulation compared to BPSK modulation.
Iaetsd ber performance of cdma, wcdma, ieee802.11g in awgnIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses and compares the bit error rate (BER) performance of CDMA, WCDMA, and IEEE 802.11g wireless standards in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels. It proposes an integrated low power code synchronizer for these three standards using techniques like power management, absolute weighted magnitude calculation, and spurious power suppression in the adders. Simulation results show that the proposed techniques reduce power consumption in the correlator element array, especially for WCDMA in AWGN channels where power is reduced by half. Fading channels generally consume less power than AWGN channels.
This document analyzes the simulation parameters of a pulse shaping FIR filter for WCDMA. It simulates a square root raised cosine pulse shaping filter in MATLAB Simulink with varying group delay parameters. The simulation measures the number of bits, number of errors, and bit error rate at different group delays. It finds that the bit error rate is minimized at a group delay of 6 symbol periods. The optimal values found are a group delay of 6 and a roll off factor of 0.22.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Implementation of High Speed OFDM Transceiver using FPGAMangaiK4
Abstract - Proficient, multi mode and re-configurable architecture of interleaver/de-interleaver for multiple standards, like DVB, OFDM and WLAN is presented. Interleaver plays vital role in 4G technologies to recover symbols from burst errors. The aim of our work is to design a reconfigurable modulation technique called Adaptive modulation scheme uses QAM, QPSK and BPSK modulation that adapt themselves based on channel Signal to Noise ratio. Subcarrier allocation algorithm specifically used to focus on utilizing channels with high gains. Our proposed model can achieves a data rate of min 2.5 Gbps as per 3GPP standard by adaptive modulation technique using QAM, BPSK and QPSK.
Analysis of Women Harassment inVillages Using CETD Matrix ModalMangaiK4
Abstract-It is commonly understood that misbehavior intends to upset .Law says ,the repeated intentional misbehavior towards women is an offensive. The main concept of this paper can find something interesting that will make us reflect on what is done by women’s rights and gender equality. To solve such problem, in this paper we are interested to adopt CETD matrix.
Error Control and performance Analysis of MIMO-OFDM Over Fading ChannelsIOSR Journals
ABSTRACT: Multiple Input Multiple Output is a wireless technology that uses multiple transmitters and
receivers to transfer more data at the same time. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, an FDM
modulation technique which splits the signal into multiple smaller sub-signals that are then transmitted
simultaneously at different frequencies to the receiver. OFDM technique spreads the data over number of
carriers which are at specific predefined frequencies. This reduces or eliminates the ISI. Forward error
correction or channel coding is a technique used for controlling errors in data transmission over unreliable or
noisy communication channels. The objective of our proposed paper is to implement the FEC into the MIMO
OFDM systems and its performance is analysed by using MATLAB over different fading channels. For
modulation it employs M-QAM which combines both ASK and PSK thereby enabling several bits to be
transmitted per symbol. The performance of MIMO-OFDM system is evaluated by BER Vs SNR when the bits
propagates through the different fading channels.
Keywords– OFDM, MIMO, QAM, FEC, BER.
Similar to Iaetsd vlsi architecture of fm0 manchester encoding using sols technique for wireless (20)
iaetsd Survey on cooperative relay based data transmissionIaetsd Iaetsd
The document discusses cooperative relay based data transmission and proposes a system to select the most energy efficient relay node for a source node to transmit data through. It analyzes different cooperative relaying techniques like amplify-and-forward, decode-and-forward, and compress-and-forward. The proposed system aims to minimize the source node's cost for cooperation by selecting the relay node that provides the highest energy efficiency. This allows high data transmission over long distances with improved energy efficiency compared to direct transmission without a relay.
iaetsd Software defined am transmitter using vhdlIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses the design and implementation of an amplitude modulation (AM) software defined radio transmitter using an FPGA. It begins with an abstract describing the goals of the project. It then provides an overview of the system design, including discussion of the individual components like the microphone, analog to digital converter, digital to analog converter, carrier frequency generator, and antenna. It describes how these components will be implemented on the FPGA, including using behavioral modeling with VHDL. It also discusses designing filters and modulation/demodulation circuits. The overall summary is that this document outlines the goals and high-level system design for creating an AM transmitter using an FPGA that can transmit an audio signal by digitally modulating a carrier frequency.
iaetsd Health monitoring system with wireless alarmIaetsd Iaetsd
The document describes a health monitoring system with wireless alarm that detects a patient's heart rate and temperature. It consists of a sensor unit worn on the wrist that monitors vital signs and transmits data wirelessly to an alarm and display unit. This allows caregivers to be alerted quickly if a patient's condition changes, such as if their heart rate is too high or low. The system uses a microcontroller to process sensor readings from a pulse oximetry sensor and transmit data via RF to the receiving unit, which contains another microcontroller connected to an RF receiver and buzzer alarm. If an abnormal heart rate is detected, the system triggers an alarm to notify caregivers.
iaetsd Equalizing channel and power based on cognitive radio system over mult...Iaetsd Iaetsd
This document summarizes a research paper about equalizing power and channel allocation in a cognitive radio system using multiuser OFDM. It discusses how frequency spectrum is becoming scarce due to increased wireless usage, and how cognitive radio can help improve spectrum utilization by allowing unlicensed secondary users to access licensed bands opportunistically when primary users are not using them. The paper presents a system model for a cognitive radio network with one primary user and multiple secondary user pairs. It formulates the problem of allocating subcarriers and power to the secondary users while avoiding interference to the primary user.
iaetsd Economic analysis and re design of driver’s car seatIaetsd Iaetsd
The document discusses redesigning car seats to improve comfort. It notes that car seat design must balance comfort, safety, and health. Static comfort relates to the seat's form and support, while dynamic comfort considers vibration levels. The study reexamines existing car seat designs and proposes a novel design with improvements in form, features, usability, and comfort. A survey was also conducted to define important comfort factors like pain prevention to help guide future seat designs.
iaetsd Design of slotted microstrip patch antenna for wlan applicationIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes the design and simulation of a slotted microstrip patch antenna for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications operating at 2.4 GHz. The antenna was designed on an FR-4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.2 and thickness of 1.6 mm. Simulation in HFSS showed the antenna has a voltage standing wave ratio of 1.88 at the resonant frequency, with omnidirectional radiation patterns. The compact size and simple design make this slotted patch antenna suitable for use in embedded wireless systems.
REVIEW PAPER- ON ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER USING RIBSIaetsd Iaetsd
This document reviews research on enhancing heat transfer using ribs mounted inside ducts. Various studies investigated ribs of different shapes, pitches, heights and angles. Continuous ribs, transverse ribs, angled ribs, and other rib configurations were examined. Most studies found that ribs increased turbulence and heat transfer compared to smooth ducts. Some key findings included V-shaped ribs providing better performance than other shapes, and certain rib pitches and angles performing better depending on parameters like Reynolds number. In general, ribs were found to effectively enhance heat transfer through boundary layer disruption and increased turbulence compared to smooth ducts.
A HYBRID AC/DC SOLAR POWERED STANDALONE SYSTEM WITHOUT INVERTER BASED ON LOAD...Iaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses two methods for generating power from solar panels for a home without using inverters or batteries.
Method 1 proposes a hybrid AC/DC home grid system that shifts harmonic intensive loads to the DC side to reduce power conversion losses and isolates harmonic content. Solar power is fed to the home through a DC-DC converter, MPPT, and inverter to power AC loads, with a separate DC connection for DC loads.
Method 2 generates AC power directly from an array of solar cells connected in an alternating anti-parallel configuration, eliminating power losses from an inverter. Compatibility with residential loads is analyzed. This novel technique could remove the need for batteries and reduce overall cost.
The performance of
This document describes the fabrication of a dual power bike that can operate using either an internal combustion engine or electric motor. The goal is to improve fuel efficiency and reduce pollution by allowing electric-only operation in the city. The bike combines a petrol engine with a battery and electric motor, resulting in twice the fuel economy of a conventional bike. It works by using the electric motor powered by the battery for low-power city driving, and switching to the petrol engine for higher speeds or power needs. This hybrid system aims to lower costs and pollution compared to other vehicles.
This document discusses Blue Brain technology and the goal of creating an artificial brain using silicon chips. It aims to upload the contents of a natural human brain into a virtual brain. This would allow human intelligence, memories, and personalities to potentially persist after death through the virtual brain. The document outlines how nanobots could scan a human brain at a cellular level and transfer that information to a supercomputer to recreate the brain's structure and function virtually. It compares key aspects of natural and virtual brains, such as how inputs, interpretation, outputs, memory, and processing would theoretically work for a virtual brain modeled after the human brain.
iirdem The Livable Planet – A Revolutionary Concept through Innovative Street...Iaetsd Iaetsd
The document proposes an innovative street lighting and surveillance system using Internet of Things (IoT) and Li-Fi technologies. The system uses LED street lights equipped with sensors and cameras that can monitor traffic, detect crimes, and provide emergency assistance. Data from the lights would be transmitted using Li-Fi and stored in the cloud for analysis. This integrated system could save energy, reduce costs, and improve safety, traffic management, and emergency response capabilities in cities.
The document proposes a Surveillance Aided Robotic Bird (SARB) to improve on existing surveillance systems. SARB would be designed like a bird and equipped with cameras, including night vision, to monitor areas remotely. It would be powered by carbon nanotubes, allowing for wireless charging and extended flight time. SARB could track intruders under the control of image processing and fly between fixed points for charging. This would provide a more natural, mobile and energy efficient form of surveillance compared to static cameras.
iirdem Growing India Time Monopoly – The Key to Initiate Long Term Rapid GrowthIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses how small and medium enterprises can achieve long term rapid growth. It focuses on the concept of "time monopoly" which has two components - a competitive advantage over competitors in a niche market, and a time advantage where it takes competitors longer to catch up.
The literature review discusses different sources of competitive advantage according to Porter, including variety-based positioning, needs-based positioning, and access-based positioning. It also discusses the importance of fit between different business activities for achieving a competitive advantage.
The paper proposes five propositions for rapid growth. These include that all areas can enable or hinder growth; areas can be transformed from hindering to enabling growth; businesses need scalability; and time monopoly,
iirdem Design of Efficient Solar Energy Collector using MPPT AlgorithmIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses the design of an efficient solar energy collector using a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm. It aims to maximize solar energy output through the use of lenses to concentrate sunlight onto solar panels and an MPPT algorithm to track the optimal power point. The methodology involves designing a DC-DC boost converter, lens-based solar cell, and a microcontroller with driver circuit. Simulations and hardware implementation will analyze the solar array, boost converter, and verify the system collects more energy than a fixed panel system.
iirdem CRASH IMPACT ATTENUATOR (CIA) FOR AUTOMOBILES WITH THE ADVOCATION OF M...Iaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes a proposed crash impact attenuation system for automobiles that uses mechatronic systems. The system includes an accident prediction system using ultrasound sensors to monitor vehicle surroundings and detect potential collisions. It also includes a crash absorption system with components like a pneumatic cylinder attached to the vehicle chassis that can push and pull a shock energy absorber upon detection of an imminent crash by the microcontroller. This proposed system aims to reduce crash impacts and potentially save lives by fully absorbing crash forces through controlled actuation of the absorber components.
iirdem ADVANCING OF POWER MANAGEMENT IN HOME WITH SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY AND S...Iaetsd Iaetsd
1) The document describes a smart home energy management system that uses wireless sensor networks and ZigBee technology to monitor and control home appliances in real-time. Electrical parameters like voltage, current, and power consumption are measured.
2) The system allows flexible control of appliances based on consumer needs. Appliances can be monitored and controlled remotely or automatically based on power consumption thresholds.
3) Key features of the system include using a TRIAC circuit to control appliances without needing a microcontroller, and providing flexible control options to users for switching devices on/off according to their preferences. This allows improving consumer comfort while optimizing energy use.
iaetsd Shared authority based privacy preserving protocolIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes a Shared Authority based Privacy preserving Authentication protocol (SAPA) for handling privacy issues in cloud storage. SAPA achieves shared access authority through an anonymous access request matching mechanism. It applies attribute-based access control to allow users to reliably access their own data fields. It also uses proxy re-encryption to provide temporary authorized data sharing among multiple users. The goal is to preserve user privacy during data access and sharing in the cloud.
iaetsd Secured multiple keyword ranked search over encrypted databasesIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes a Robust Key-Aggregate Cryptosystem (RKAC) that allows flexible and efficient assignment of decryption rights for encrypted data stored in cloud storage. The RKAC produces constant-sized ciphertexts such that a constant-sized aggregate decryption key can decrypt any subset of ciphertexts. This allows the data owner to share access to selected encrypted files by sending a single small aggregate key to authorized users, without decrypting the files themselves or distributing individual keys. The RKAC is described as providing a secure and flexible method for sharing encrypted data stored in the cloud.
iaetsd Robots in oil and gas refineriesIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses attribute-based encryption in cloud computing with outsourced revocation. It proposes a pseudonym generation scheme for identity-based encryption and outsourced revocation in cloud computing. The scheme offloads most key generation operations to a Key Update Cloud Service Provider during key issuing and updating, leaving only simple operations for the Private Key Generator and users. It aims to reduce computation overhead at the Private Key Generator while using an untrusted cloud service provider.
iaetsd Modeling of solar steam engine system using parabolicIaetsd Iaetsd
The document describes the modeling and testing of a solar-steam engine system using a parabolic concentrator. The system focuses solar radiation onto a boiler to generate steam, which is then used to power an oscillating steam engine coupled to a generator to produce electricity. The parabolic dish has a diameter of 0.625m and focuses sunlight onto a 1L boiler. Testing showed the system could produce 9V with no load and 5.3V under load, demonstrating its potential for rural electrification applications.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Flow Through Pipe: the analysis of fluid flow within pipesIndrajeet sahu
Flow Through Pipe: This topic covers the analysis of fluid flow within pipes, focusing on laminar and turbulent flow regimes, continuity equation, Bernoulli's equation, Darcy-Weisbach equation, head loss due to friction, and minor losses from fittings and bends. Understanding these principles is crucial for efficient pipe system design and analysis.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.