This document discusses a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation that compares the effects of blending methanol, ethanol, and butanol with diesel fuel on emissions in a diesel engine. The simulation was performed on a 4.1L 4-cylinder diesel engine using commercial CFD software. Methanol, ethanol, and butanol were blended with diesel at 5% and 10% by volume. The simulation results indicate that 5% methanol and 10% ethanol blends produced the lowest NO emissions, while soot increased for all alcohol blends compared to pure diesel. Peak hydrocarbon emissions were recorded for pure diesel, while carbon monoxide emissions were higher for pure diesel than the alcohol blends, which produced similar CO levels. In general, the
Performance Study of Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuel in Spark Ignition EngineIOSR Journals
Growing energy needs and environmental concern worldwide have propelled the interest for quest
and utilization of renewable and eco friendly fuels .Various substitutes are available to be used engines with the
possibility of reducing harmful emissions. In this work gasoline is taken as reference which is blended with
ethanol. Physical properties relevant to the fuel were determined for the four blends of gasoline and ethanol. A
four cylinder, four stroke, varying rpm, Petrol engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer was run on
blends containing 5%,10%,15%,20% ethanol and performance characteristics were evaluated. In this paper it
is shown that the higher blends can replace gasoline in a SI engine, results showed that there is a reduction in
exhaust gases and increase in Mechanical efficiency, Specific Fuel Consumption and air fuel ratio on blending.
We can conclude from the result that using 10% ethanol blend is most effective and we can utilize it for further
use in SI engines with little constraint on material used to sustain little increase in pressure
- The document discusses an experimental study on the effects of ethanol carburetion on the performance and emissions of a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine.
- Ethanol was introduced into the engine's intake manifold using a carburetor at a flow rate of 1.39 kg/hr, while diesel fuel was directly injected into the cylinder. This created a dual-fuel system.
- The results showed that ethanol fumigation reduced smoke emissions and NOx at lower loads but increased NOx at higher loads compared to diesel alone. It also increased HC emissions across all loads but reduced CO at lower and medium loads. Brake thermal efficiency decreased at lower loads but increased at medium and higher loads.
1) The document describes research optimizing the specific fuel consumption (SFC) of a single cylinder SI engine fueled with petrol-ethanol blends using response surface methodology.
2) Experiments were conducted varying the compression ratio, ethanol blend ratio (5-15%), and engine load (1-9 Nm). The SFC was measured for 15 experimental runs based on a Box-Behnken design.
3) A second-order polynomial model was developed to predict SFC as a function of the variables. The model showed good agreement with experimental data based on R-squared and RMSE values.
Alcohols are particularly attractive as alternative fuels because they are a renewable resource. Ethanol has been
studied in spark ignition application. However, it is verydifficult to fuel compression ignition engines because of the lowercetane
number, higher latent heat, and otherchemical properties.This paper describes the performance (torque, brake mean effective
pressure, brake horse power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption rate) and emission (CO, HC, smoke)
characteristics of ethanol-diesel dual-fuels engine combustion for the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine.
Experimental investigation of Methanol blends with gasoline on SI engineIJERA Editor
Automobile have become a very important part of our modern life style. And it runs on fossil fuel. But the excessive use of fossil fuels will very soon leads to the energy crises so the future of automobile based on fossil fuels has been badly affected by two major problems. That is less availability of fuel and environmental degradation. So it is very important to found some new renewable non polluting alternative fuels to ensure the proper and safe survival of internal combustion engines. In present study we evaluate the performance of two stroke single cylinder spark ignition engine with ratio of 10%, 20% and 30% of methanol and gasoline by volume. Performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption and brake specific fuel consumption) were determined at various loads on engine with methanol blended gasoline. The comparison was made on performance of conventional SI engine with pure gasoline operation. As a result, brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption showed improved performance when compared with pure gasoline performances.
This study evaluated the performance and emissions of a gasoline engine fueled with blends of gasoline and n-butanol. The engine was tested without modifications using blends with 10-25% butanol. Emissions of CO and HC decreased with butanol blending while NOx increased. Fuel consumption slightly decreased and efficiency increased, showing butanol blends can be used without engine modifications. Testing was conducted under varying load conditions and emissions/performance were measured and compared to gasoline. Results indicate butanol-gasoline blends up to 25% are a promising alternative fuel option.
Experimental Analysis of Emission Parameters for Various Blends of Gasohol o...IJMER
This study examined the effects of various ethanol-gasoline blends on emissions from spark ignition engines. Ethanol was blended with gasoline at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% by volume to create gasohol fuels. These fuels were tested on a 1000cc 4-cylinder engine using a gas analyzer and a 100cc single cylinder engine to generate PUC reports. The results showed that SOx, NOx, and HC emissions generally decreased with increasing ethanol concentration, with the exception of HC which initially decreased then increased from E20 to E25. E20 showed the optimum reduction in emissions, with SOx reduced by 48%, NOx by 20%, and HC by 81% compared to pure gasoline
This document summarizes a study that tested various blends of Pongamia biodiesel, diesel, and butanol with an additive as fuels in a diesel engine. The fuels tested were Pongamia biodiesel (50%) diesel (45%) butanol 5% (B50D45Bu5), Pongamia biodiesel (50%) diesel (40%) butanol 10% (B50D40Bu10), and Pongamia biodiesel (50%) diesel (35%)butanol 15% (B50D35Bu15) each with 3% 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate additive. The engine performance parameters and exhaust emissions of these fuels were measured and
Performance Study of Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuel in Spark Ignition EngineIOSR Journals
Growing energy needs and environmental concern worldwide have propelled the interest for quest
and utilization of renewable and eco friendly fuels .Various substitutes are available to be used engines with the
possibility of reducing harmful emissions. In this work gasoline is taken as reference which is blended with
ethanol. Physical properties relevant to the fuel were determined for the four blends of gasoline and ethanol. A
four cylinder, four stroke, varying rpm, Petrol engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer was run on
blends containing 5%,10%,15%,20% ethanol and performance characteristics were evaluated. In this paper it
is shown that the higher blends can replace gasoline in a SI engine, results showed that there is a reduction in
exhaust gases and increase in Mechanical efficiency, Specific Fuel Consumption and air fuel ratio on blending.
We can conclude from the result that using 10% ethanol blend is most effective and we can utilize it for further
use in SI engines with little constraint on material used to sustain little increase in pressure
- The document discusses an experimental study on the effects of ethanol carburetion on the performance and emissions of a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine.
- Ethanol was introduced into the engine's intake manifold using a carburetor at a flow rate of 1.39 kg/hr, while diesel fuel was directly injected into the cylinder. This created a dual-fuel system.
- The results showed that ethanol fumigation reduced smoke emissions and NOx at lower loads but increased NOx at higher loads compared to diesel alone. It also increased HC emissions across all loads but reduced CO at lower and medium loads. Brake thermal efficiency decreased at lower loads but increased at medium and higher loads.
1) The document describes research optimizing the specific fuel consumption (SFC) of a single cylinder SI engine fueled with petrol-ethanol blends using response surface methodology.
2) Experiments were conducted varying the compression ratio, ethanol blend ratio (5-15%), and engine load (1-9 Nm). The SFC was measured for 15 experimental runs based on a Box-Behnken design.
3) A second-order polynomial model was developed to predict SFC as a function of the variables. The model showed good agreement with experimental data based on R-squared and RMSE values.
Alcohols are particularly attractive as alternative fuels because they are a renewable resource. Ethanol has been
studied in spark ignition application. However, it is verydifficult to fuel compression ignition engines because of the lowercetane
number, higher latent heat, and otherchemical properties.This paper describes the performance (torque, brake mean effective
pressure, brake horse power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption rate) and emission (CO, HC, smoke)
characteristics of ethanol-diesel dual-fuels engine combustion for the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine.
Experimental investigation of Methanol blends with gasoline on SI engineIJERA Editor
Automobile have become a very important part of our modern life style. And it runs on fossil fuel. But the excessive use of fossil fuels will very soon leads to the energy crises so the future of automobile based on fossil fuels has been badly affected by two major problems. That is less availability of fuel and environmental degradation. So it is very important to found some new renewable non polluting alternative fuels to ensure the proper and safe survival of internal combustion engines. In present study we evaluate the performance of two stroke single cylinder spark ignition engine with ratio of 10%, 20% and 30% of methanol and gasoline by volume. Performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption and brake specific fuel consumption) were determined at various loads on engine with methanol blended gasoline. The comparison was made on performance of conventional SI engine with pure gasoline operation. As a result, brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption showed improved performance when compared with pure gasoline performances.
This study evaluated the performance and emissions of a gasoline engine fueled with blends of gasoline and n-butanol. The engine was tested without modifications using blends with 10-25% butanol. Emissions of CO and HC decreased with butanol blending while NOx increased. Fuel consumption slightly decreased and efficiency increased, showing butanol blends can be used without engine modifications. Testing was conducted under varying load conditions and emissions/performance were measured and compared to gasoline. Results indicate butanol-gasoline blends up to 25% are a promising alternative fuel option.
Experimental Analysis of Emission Parameters for Various Blends of Gasohol o...IJMER
This study examined the effects of various ethanol-gasoline blends on emissions from spark ignition engines. Ethanol was blended with gasoline at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% by volume to create gasohol fuels. These fuels were tested on a 1000cc 4-cylinder engine using a gas analyzer and a 100cc single cylinder engine to generate PUC reports. The results showed that SOx, NOx, and HC emissions generally decreased with increasing ethanol concentration, with the exception of HC which initially decreased then increased from E20 to E25. E20 showed the optimum reduction in emissions, with SOx reduced by 48%, NOx by 20%, and HC by 81% compared to pure gasoline
This document summarizes a study that tested various blends of Pongamia biodiesel, diesel, and butanol with an additive as fuels in a diesel engine. The fuels tested were Pongamia biodiesel (50%) diesel (45%) butanol 5% (B50D45Bu5), Pongamia biodiesel (50%) diesel (40%) butanol 10% (B50D40Bu10), and Pongamia biodiesel (50%) diesel (35%)butanol 15% (B50D35Bu15) each with 3% 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate additive. The engine performance parameters and exhaust emissions of these fuels were measured and
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of biodiesel-diesel blends on the exhaust emissions and performance of a compression ignition engine. Specifically, the study tested neat diesel (100% diesel), B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel), and B50 (50% biodiesel and 50% diesel). The results showed that using biodiesel blends resulted in lower brake thermal efficiency, higher specific fuel consumption, lower exhaust gas temperature, higher CO emissions, and higher HC emissions compared to neat diesel. However, CO2 emissions were lower when using biodiesel blends. The conclusion was that B20 and B50 can be used in diesel engines without modifications as an alternative to
This document summarizes a study that tested the effects of adding di tertiary butyl peroxide (DTBP) additive to blends of Pongamia biodiesel, diesel, and butanol in a diesel engine. The study tested various blends with 5%, 10%, and 15% butanol by volume. Engine performance parameters like brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were measured, as well as exhaust emissions like NOx, CO, and hydrocarbons. The results showed that butanol addition slightly reduced fuel consumption and increased efficiency. Emissions were also improved with butanol and DTBP addition, especially for the 15% butanol blend. Therefore, the study concluded that DTBP can be used as a
Performance and Emissions Analysis of N-Butanol Blended with Gasoline in Spar...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The power developed by an internal-combustion
engine depends upon the fuel used for combustion. Fuels
commonly used in internal combustion engines are derived
from crude oil, which are depleting and are important
sources of air pollution. In this study, n-butanol was used
as an additive with gasoline as fuel in spark ignition engine.
N-butanol exhibits good burning characteristics, contain
oxygen, reduces some exhaust emissions and as well, has
energy density and octane rating close to that of gasoline.
The various blend rates (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 percent by
volume) were used in the engine performance analysis
using a TD110-115 single cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled
spark ignition engine test rig, under different loading
conditions. An SV-5Q automobile exhausts gas analyzer
was used to measure the concentration of gaseous emissions
such as unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC), carbon monoxide
(CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2
) from the engine tail pipe.
The results of engine performance showed reduction in the
exhaust temperature was observed for the blends than to
that of gasoline. It was observed that all the blends
improved the brake thermal efficiency and exhibited high
fuel consumption, lower specific energy consumption and
lower emissions than gasoline. All the blends performed
satisfactorily on spark-ignition engine without engine
modification.
An Experimental Study of Variable Compression Ratio Engine Using Diesel Blend...IJAEMSJORNAL
Increase in the scarcity of the fossil fuels, prices and global warming have generated an interest in developing alternate fuel for engine. Technologies now focusing on development of plant based fuel, plant oils and plant fats as alternative fuel. The present work deals with finding the better compression ratio for the honne oil diesel blend fueled C.I engine at variable load and constant speed operation. In order to find out optimum compression ratio, experiments are carried out on a single cylinder four stroke variable compression ratio diesel engine. Engine performance tests are carried out at different compression ratio values. The optimum compression ratio that gives better engine performance is found from the experimental results. Using experimental data Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was developed and the values were predicted using ANN. Finally the predicted values were validated with the experimentally.
Effect of HHO Gas as Fuel Additive on the Exhaust Emissions of Internal Combu...IJASRD Journal
The use of carbon-base fuels by diesel engines release gases such as CO, NOx, SO2, and THCs which constitute a major source of environmental pollution. These gases when released into the atmosphere result in the formation of acid rain and cause greenhouse effect. In the present study, an experiment was carried out with and without the use of HHO gas. The concentrations of the emitted gases were measured using an E8500 Plus gas analyzer. The results showed that the average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), total unburnt hydrocarbons (THCs), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emitted from the combustion chamber of the test engine was decreased by 68.8%, 35.2%, 16.4% and 97.9% respectively when a mixture of HHO gas/petrol/air was used instead of petrol/air mixture in an internal combustion engine. However, the average concentration of oxygen (O2) gas increased by 1.7%.
Enhancing the Performance & Emission for the Blend of Diesel & Pyrolysis oil ...ijsrd.com
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc. have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. The properties of the Tyre pyrolysis oil derived from waste automobile tyres were analysed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as a fuel for compression ignition engine. In the present work, blends of Diesel-Tyre pyrolysis oil was used in a diesel engine without any engine modification. The entire work is concentrated to enhance the performance and emission parameters of C.I. engine for the blend of Diesel and pyrolysis oil of tyre. To enhance the performance the effect of supercharging was used. The experiment is carried out on C.I. engine using pure diesel and various blends such as TPO10, TPO20 and TPO30 at normal atmospheric pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. It is observed from the results that at supercharged pressures 1.2 bar and 1.4 bar, the performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption and emission parameters like emission of CO and HC have been improved. But the emission of NOx was not improved as there is rise in peak temperatures of combustion due to supercharging the emission of NOx increases.
Study and comparison of emission characteristics of n butanol diesel blend i...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study comparing the emission characteristics of n-butanol/diesel blends and pure diesel in a single cylinder diesel engine. Experiments were conducted with blends containing 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% n-butanol by volume. Emissions of HC, CO, CO2, and O2 were measured at engine loads of 30%, 60%, and 90%. The results showed that the n-butanol blends produced lower emissions of HC, CO, and CO2 compared to pure diesel. O2 emissions were higher for the blends, confirming the oxygenating effect of n-butanol. The study concluded that n-butanol blending reduced harmful emissions while helping to limit global warming and
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes a review paper on performance and emission testing of a 4-stroke diesel engine using ethanol-diesel blends at different pressures. The paper reviews several previous studies that tested blends of 5-30% ethanol mixed with diesel fuel. The studies found that a 10-20% ethanol blend can improve brake thermal efficiency compared to pure diesel, while also reducing emissions like NOx and smoke. Higher ethanol blends required advancing the injection timing to allow the engine to run. Ethanol-diesel blends were found to have lower density, viscosity, pour point and higher flash point compared to pure diesel. Overall, ethanol shows potential as a renewable fuel to improve engine performance and reduce emissions when blended with diesel
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance and emissions of a twin cylinder diesel engine fueled with blends of waste plastic pyrolysis oil, ethanol, and diesel with a cetane additive. The engine was tested using blends with ratios of ethanol, waste plastic pyrolysis oil, and diesel of 5:5:90, 10:10:80, and 15:15:70 by volume. Pyrolysis is a process that converts waste plastics to fuel oil using heat in the absence of oxygen. The properties of the blended fuels were evaluated. The engine tests measured brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperatures, NOx, CO, HC, and CO2 emissions at varying loads. The 5
This document summarizes a study that investigated the performance and emissions of a diesel engine operating on apricot oil blended with methanol. The study found that using the biofuel blend can reduce emissions like hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide compared to diesel fuel alone. Experiments were conducted on a twin cylinder compression ignition engine to evaluate brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and exhaust emissions including hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and smoke at varying engine loads. The results showed that the biofuel blend provided better performance characteristics than diesel in terms of emissions and thermal efficiency. Therefore, the document concludes that apricot oil blended with methanol is a suitable alternative fuel for diesel engines.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Jatropha and ...IOSR Journals
This document experimentally investigates the performance and emissions of a twin cylinder diesel engine using a blend of 20% jatropha oil, 70% hippie oil, and 10% ethanol (biofuel) compared to diesel. The objectives are to analyze fuel consumption, emissions, and engine performance. Experimental results found that the biofuel blend had higher brake thermal efficiency, lower particulate matter and carbon monoxide emissions, and higher specific fuel consumption compared to diesel. The study concludes that the biofuel blend represents a good alternative fuel with better emission characteristics and closer engine performance to diesel.
This document discusses an experimental study that investigated the effects of different fuel types (gasoline, ethanol, gasohol E10, and kerosene) on the performance and combustion characteristics of a spark ignition engine. The study found that the engine's performance was improved when using gasoline and gasohol E10 compared to ethanol and kerosene, as shown by lower specific fuel consumption and brake specific fuel consumption. Emissions of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were also measured and compared across the different fuel types tested.
Performance Analysis of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine by Using Alcohol-Blends...Kalprajsinh Zala
This document summarizes a study on the performance and emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine using ethanol-diesel blends and fuel additives. The study tested blends with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% ethanol by volume. Ethyl acetate was added as an emulsifier to prevent phase separation in the blends. Testing was conducted at no load, 1kg load, and 2kg load. Results showed that brake specific fuel consumption increased for blends compared to diesel due to ethanol's lower heating value. CO emissions decreased for blends compared to diesel. CO2 emissions initially decreased at no load but then increased with load but remained below diesel levels. HC emissions increased for blends likely due to a lack of oxygen
Study on the Investigation of the Effect of Additive Methanol on Performance ...ijtsrd
Internal combustion engines have become recently in attention due the strict regulations regarding the environmental protection, emissions and to reduce the dependency of the fossil fuels. One choice is the use of methanol as it can be produce from renewable sources and blended with gasoline in any proportion. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of methanol ' gasoline blends regarding engine performance and exhaust emissions. The gasoline is fossil fuel which is limited in reserving causes varieties of study in search of alternative fuel for SI engine, where ethanol promises best alternative fuel. Five different blends M5, M10, M15, M20 and M25 were tested in a single cylinder spark ignition engine. The experimental results in engine performance show a decrease of torque and power up to 10 and in emissions characteristics a CO, CO2, HC. It can be concluded that methanol gasoline blends are viable option to be used in gasoline engines to replace partially the fossil fuel. Win Ko Ko Htike | Sandar Aung "Study on the Investigation of the Effect of Additive Methanol on Performance and Exhaust Emission of a SI Engine - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29505.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29505/study-on-the-investigation-of-the-effect-of-additive-methanol-on-performance-and-exhaust-emission-of-a-si-engine-%E2%80%93-a-review/win-ko-ko-htike
Performance analysis of single cylinder diesel engine by ethanol dieselKalprajsinh Zala
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an outcome, blending of diesel fuel has provided a better solution. The objectives of this report is to analyse the performance and the emission characteristic of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine that are using blended fuel & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available in the market. This paper describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyse the emission characteristics of diesel engine. Data that are required for the analysis will be observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis will be done after all the required data needed for the experiment is obtained. A four stroke Single cylinder CI engine will be adopted to study the emissions at zero load, partial load & full load with using 5, 10, 15 & 20% ethanol-diesel blends.
Effect of Pine oil blended with Methanol on Performance and Emissions in a Di...IOSRJMCE
The present fossil fuel crisis and increasing vehicle population made us to think of alternate fuels. The abundance of the fossil fuels is expected to be exhaust in another 30-40 years. The cost of the fossil fuels is day by day increasing and also the emission from these fuels increases the air pollution. With keeping in view of all the above said points, it is made us to think of alternate fuels for all CI Engines. Among alternate fuels, the Pine oil blended with Methanol will promise for substituting the diesel. With pure vegetable oils there is combustion problems and which leads to more emissions in the exhaust. The present investigation evaluates Pine oil blended with Methanol in Diesel Engine. A Twin cylinder Diesel Engine adapted to study the Brake thermal efficiency, Brake specific energy consumption, and emissions in Low Cetane fuels. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using Diesel and Low Cetane Fuels. From this study the emissions like HC and CO has been reduced and Low Cetane Fuels are substitute to diesel fuel. To overcome the above problems we use combustion additives at the time of combustion. So here we use Pine oil blended with Methanol as alternative fuels in diesel Engine and perform various tests and evaluate its performance.
Literature review on need of composite additives for s.i engineIjrdt Journal
One of the major drawbacks of IC engines is low efficiency and pollution resulting from incomplete combustion. In order to improve the emission properties and performance an additive is blended with gasoline. The main objective of this paper was preparation of premium gasoline. The paper do literature study on effect of different additive on engine performance and emission. Through the study of literature survey, effect of different additives has been studied, it is found that different additive had some negative effect when used individually which conclude that there is need for new composite additives having better performance in respect of engine performance and emission control.
The document experimentally investigates the performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with blends of biodiesel extracted from mahua oil. Various blends from 10-50% mahua biodiesel were tested and compared to diesel. The brake thermal efficiency was highest for B30 and the brake specific fuel consumption was lowest for B30 at full load. Carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons decreased with increased biodiesel content while NOx increased. Cylinder pressure and heat release rate were comparable or higher for biodiesel blends compared to diesel. Overall, B30 performed best with reduced emissions and higher efficiency compared to other blends and diesel.
This document discusses improving power quality in a grid-integrated photovoltaic (PV) system. A PV system is connected to a grid-interfacing inverter along with both linear and non-linear loads. Hysteresis current control is used to generate switching pulses for the inverter to regulate power flow. Simulation results show that without inverter control, grid current is distorted and total harmonic distortion is high. With the proposed inverter control, current harmonics are reduced, reactive power demand is compensated, and total harmonic distortion is lowered from 17.03% to 5.43%. Therefore, the control approach improves power quality without additional hardware.
The document proposes a new clustering protocol called Enhanced Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol (ETSEP) for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. ETSEP aims to improve network lifetime, stability, and throughput compared to other clustering protocols like Stable Election Protocol (SEP), Threshold Sensitive Stable Election protocol (TSEP), and Zonal Stable Election Protocol (ZSEP). In ETSEP, cluster head election probability dynamically changes based on three levels of node energy: normal nodes, intermediate nodes with half the energy of advance nodes, and advance nodes with the most energy. Simulation results show that ETSEP performs better than SEP, TSEP, and ZSEP in terms of stability and network lifetime.
This document discusses continuous testing of service-oriented applications using service virtualization. It begins with an introduction to service-oriented architecture and discusses how service virtualization can address challenges in testing SOA applications by virtualizing dependencies and unavailable components. The document then discusses how service virtualization enables simultaneous development and testing, handles out-of-scope data dependencies, and supports heterogeneous technologies and platforms. It also provides an overview of the service virtualization lifecycle and some popular service virtualization tools.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of biodiesel-diesel blends on the exhaust emissions and performance of a compression ignition engine. Specifically, the study tested neat diesel (100% diesel), B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel), and B50 (50% biodiesel and 50% diesel). The results showed that using biodiesel blends resulted in lower brake thermal efficiency, higher specific fuel consumption, lower exhaust gas temperature, higher CO emissions, and higher HC emissions compared to neat diesel. However, CO2 emissions were lower when using biodiesel blends. The conclusion was that B20 and B50 can be used in diesel engines without modifications as an alternative to
This document summarizes a study that tested the effects of adding di tertiary butyl peroxide (DTBP) additive to blends of Pongamia biodiesel, diesel, and butanol in a diesel engine. The study tested various blends with 5%, 10%, and 15% butanol by volume. Engine performance parameters like brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were measured, as well as exhaust emissions like NOx, CO, and hydrocarbons. The results showed that butanol addition slightly reduced fuel consumption and increased efficiency. Emissions were also improved with butanol and DTBP addition, especially for the 15% butanol blend. Therefore, the study concluded that DTBP can be used as a
Performance and Emissions Analysis of N-Butanol Blended with Gasoline in Spar...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The power developed by an internal-combustion
engine depends upon the fuel used for combustion. Fuels
commonly used in internal combustion engines are derived
from crude oil, which are depleting and are important
sources of air pollution. In this study, n-butanol was used
as an additive with gasoline as fuel in spark ignition engine.
N-butanol exhibits good burning characteristics, contain
oxygen, reduces some exhaust emissions and as well, has
energy density and octane rating close to that of gasoline.
The various blend rates (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 percent by
volume) were used in the engine performance analysis
using a TD110-115 single cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled
spark ignition engine test rig, under different loading
conditions. An SV-5Q automobile exhausts gas analyzer
was used to measure the concentration of gaseous emissions
such as unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC), carbon monoxide
(CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2
) from the engine tail pipe.
The results of engine performance showed reduction in the
exhaust temperature was observed for the blends than to
that of gasoline. It was observed that all the blends
improved the brake thermal efficiency and exhibited high
fuel consumption, lower specific energy consumption and
lower emissions than gasoline. All the blends performed
satisfactorily on spark-ignition engine without engine
modification.
An Experimental Study of Variable Compression Ratio Engine Using Diesel Blend...IJAEMSJORNAL
Increase in the scarcity of the fossil fuels, prices and global warming have generated an interest in developing alternate fuel for engine. Technologies now focusing on development of plant based fuel, plant oils and plant fats as alternative fuel. The present work deals with finding the better compression ratio for the honne oil diesel blend fueled C.I engine at variable load and constant speed operation. In order to find out optimum compression ratio, experiments are carried out on a single cylinder four stroke variable compression ratio diesel engine. Engine performance tests are carried out at different compression ratio values. The optimum compression ratio that gives better engine performance is found from the experimental results. Using experimental data Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was developed and the values were predicted using ANN. Finally the predicted values were validated with the experimentally.
Effect of HHO Gas as Fuel Additive on the Exhaust Emissions of Internal Combu...IJASRD Journal
The use of carbon-base fuels by diesel engines release gases such as CO, NOx, SO2, and THCs which constitute a major source of environmental pollution. These gases when released into the atmosphere result in the formation of acid rain and cause greenhouse effect. In the present study, an experiment was carried out with and without the use of HHO gas. The concentrations of the emitted gases were measured using an E8500 Plus gas analyzer. The results showed that the average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), total unburnt hydrocarbons (THCs), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emitted from the combustion chamber of the test engine was decreased by 68.8%, 35.2%, 16.4% and 97.9% respectively when a mixture of HHO gas/petrol/air was used instead of petrol/air mixture in an internal combustion engine. However, the average concentration of oxygen (O2) gas increased by 1.7%.
Enhancing the Performance & Emission for the Blend of Diesel & Pyrolysis oil ...ijsrd.com
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc. have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. The properties of the Tyre pyrolysis oil derived from waste automobile tyres were analysed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as a fuel for compression ignition engine. In the present work, blends of Diesel-Tyre pyrolysis oil was used in a diesel engine without any engine modification. The entire work is concentrated to enhance the performance and emission parameters of C.I. engine for the blend of Diesel and pyrolysis oil of tyre. To enhance the performance the effect of supercharging was used. The experiment is carried out on C.I. engine using pure diesel and various blends such as TPO10, TPO20 and TPO30 at normal atmospheric pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. It is observed from the results that at supercharged pressures 1.2 bar and 1.4 bar, the performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption and emission parameters like emission of CO and HC have been improved. But the emission of NOx was not improved as there is rise in peak temperatures of combustion due to supercharging the emission of NOx increases.
Study and comparison of emission characteristics of n butanol diesel blend i...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study comparing the emission characteristics of n-butanol/diesel blends and pure diesel in a single cylinder diesel engine. Experiments were conducted with blends containing 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% n-butanol by volume. Emissions of HC, CO, CO2, and O2 were measured at engine loads of 30%, 60%, and 90%. The results showed that the n-butanol blends produced lower emissions of HC, CO, and CO2 compared to pure diesel. O2 emissions were higher for the blends, confirming the oxygenating effect of n-butanol. The study concluded that n-butanol blending reduced harmful emissions while helping to limit global warming and
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes a review paper on performance and emission testing of a 4-stroke diesel engine using ethanol-diesel blends at different pressures. The paper reviews several previous studies that tested blends of 5-30% ethanol mixed with diesel fuel. The studies found that a 10-20% ethanol blend can improve brake thermal efficiency compared to pure diesel, while also reducing emissions like NOx and smoke. Higher ethanol blends required advancing the injection timing to allow the engine to run. Ethanol-diesel blends were found to have lower density, viscosity, pour point and higher flash point compared to pure diesel. Overall, ethanol shows potential as a renewable fuel to improve engine performance and reduce emissions when blended with diesel
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance and emissions of a twin cylinder diesel engine fueled with blends of waste plastic pyrolysis oil, ethanol, and diesel with a cetane additive. The engine was tested using blends with ratios of ethanol, waste plastic pyrolysis oil, and diesel of 5:5:90, 10:10:80, and 15:15:70 by volume. Pyrolysis is a process that converts waste plastics to fuel oil using heat in the absence of oxygen. The properties of the blended fuels were evaluated. The engine tests measured brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperatures, NOx, CO, HC, and CO2 emissions at varying loads. The 5
This document summarizes a study that investigated the performance and emissions of a diesel engine operating on apricot oil blended with methanol. The study found that using the biofuel blend can reduce emissions like hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide compared to diesel fuel alone. Experiments were conducted on a twin cylinder compression ignition engine to evaluate brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and exhaust emissions including hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and smoke at varying engine loads. The results showed that the biofuel blend provided better performance characteristics than diesel in terms of emissions and thermal efficiency. Therefore, the document concludes that apricot oil blended with methanol is a suitable alternative fuel for diesel engines.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Jatropha and ...IOSR Journals
This document experimentally investigates the performance and emissions of a twin cylinder diesel engine using a blend of 20% jatropha oil, 70% hippie oil, and 10% ethanol (biofuel) compared to diesel. The objectives are to analyze fuel consumption, emissions, and engine performance. Experimental results found that the biofuel blend had higher brake thermal efficiency, lower particulate matter and carbon monoxide emissions, and higher specific fuel consumption compared to diesel. The study concludes that the biofuel blend represents a good alternative fuel with better emission characteristics and closer engine performance to diesel.
This document discusses an experimental study that investigated the effects of different fuel types (gasoline, ethanol, gasohol E10, and kerosene) on the performance and combustion characteristics of a spark ignition engine. The study found that the engine's performance was improved when using gasoline and gasohol E10 compared to ethanol and kerosene, as shown by lower specific fuel consumption and brake specific fuel consumption. Emissions of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were also measured and compared across the different fuel types tested.
Performance Analysis of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine by Using Alcohol-Blends...Kalprajsinh Zala
This document summarizes a study on the performance and emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine using ethanol-diesel blends and fuel additives. The study tested blends with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% ethanol by volume. Ethyl acetate was added as an emulsifier to prevent phase separation in the blends. Testing was conducted at no load, 1kg load, and 2kg load. Results showed that brake specific fuel consumption increased for blends compared to diesel due to ethanol's lower heating value. CO emissions decreased for blends compared to diesel. CO2 emissions initially decreased at no load but then increased with load but remained below diesel levels. HC emissions increased for blends likely due to a lack of oxygen
Study on the Investigation of the Effect of Additive Methanol on Performance ...ijtsrd
Internal combustion engines have become recently in attention due the strict regulations regarding the environmental protection, emissions and to reduce the dependency of the fossil fuels. One choice is the use of methanol as it can be produce from renewable sources and blended with gasoline in any proportion. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of methanol ' gasoline blends regarding engine performance and exhaust emissions. The gasoline is fossil fuel which is limited in reserving causes varieties of study in search of alternative fuel for SI engine, where ethanol promises best alternative fuel. Five different blends M5, M10, M15, M20 and M25 were tested in a single cylinder spark ignition engine. The experimental results in engine performance show a decrease of torque and power up to 10 and in emissions characteristics a CO, CO2, HC. It can be concluded that methanol gasoline blends are viable option to be used in gasoline engines to replace partially the fossil fuel. Win Ko Ko Htike | Sandar Aung "Study on the Investigation of the Effect of Additive Methanol on Performance and Exhaust Emission of a SI Engine - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29505.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29505/study-on-the-investigation-of-the-effect-of-additive-methanol-on-performance-and-exhaust-emission-of-a-si-engine-%E2%80%93-a-review/win-ko-ko-htike
Performance analysis of single cylinder diesel engine by ethanol dieselKalprajsinh Zala
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an outcome, blending of diesel fuel has provided a better solution. The objectives of this report is to analyse the performance and the emission characteristic of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine that are using blended fuel & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available in the market. This paper describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyse the emission characteristics of diesel engine. Data that are required for the analysis will be observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis will be done after all the required data needed for the experiment is obtained. A four stroke Single cylinder CI engine will be adopted to study the emissions at zero load, partial load & full load with using 5, 10, 15 & 20% ethanol-diesel blends.
Effect of Pine oil blended with Methanol on Performance and Emissions in a Di...IOSRJMCE
The present fossil fuel crisis and increasing vehicle population made us to think of alternate fuels. The abundance of the fossil fuels is expected to be exhaust in another 30-40 years. The cost of the fossil fuels is day by day increasing and also the emission from these fuels increases the air pollution. With keeping in view of all the above said points, it is made us to think of alternate fuels for all CI Engines. Among alternate fuels, the Pine oil blended with Methanol will promise for substituting the diesel. With pure vegetable oils there is combustion problems and which leads to more emissions in the exhaust. The present investigation evaluates Pine oil blended with Methanol in Diesel Engine. A Twin cylinder Diesel Engine adapted to study the Brake thermal efficiency, Brake specific energy consumption, and emissions in Low Cetane fuels. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using Diesel and Low Cetane Fuels. From this study the emissions like HC and CO has been reduced and Low Cetane Fuels are substitute to diesel fuel. To overcome the above problems we use combustion additives at the time of combustion. So here we use Pine oil blended with Methanol as alternative fuels in diesel Engine and perform various tests and evaluate its performance.
Literature review on need of composite additives for s.i engineIjrdt Journal
One of the major drawbacks of IC engines is low efficiency and pollution resulting from incomplete combustion. In order to improve the emission properties and performance an additive is blended with gasoline. The main objective of this paper was preparation of premium gasoline. The paper do literature study on effect of different additive on engine performance and emission. Through the study of literature survey, effect of different additives has been studied, it is found that different additive had some negative effect when used individually which conclude that there is need for new composite additives having better performance in respect of engine performance and emission control.
The document experimentally investigates the performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with blends of biodiesel extracted from mahua oil. Various blends from 10-50% mahua biodiesel were tested and compared to diesel. The brake thermal efficiency was highest for B30 and the brake specific fuel consumption was lowest for B30 at full load. Carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons decreased with increased biodiesel content while NOx increased. Cylinder pressure and heat release rate were comparable or higher for biodiesel blends compared to diesel. Overall, B30 performed best with reduced emissions and higher efficiency compared to other blends and diesel.
This document discusses improving power quality in a grid-integrated photovoltaic (PV) system. A PV system is connected to a grid-interfacing inverter along with both linear and non-linear loads. Hysteresis current control is used to generate switching pulses for the inverter to regulate power flow. Simulation results show that without inverter control, grid current is distorted and total harmonic distortion is high. With the proposed inverter control, current harmonics are reduced, reactive power demand is compensated, and total harmonic distortion is lowered from 17.03% to 5.43%. Therefore, the control approach improves power quality without additional hardware.
The document proposes a new clustering protocol called Enhanced Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol (ETSEP) for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. ETSEP aims to improve network lifetime, stability, and throughput compared to other clustering protocols like Stable Election Protocol (SEP), Threshold Sensitive Stable Election protocol (TSEP), and Zonal Stable Election Protocol (ZSEP). In ETSEP, cluster head election probability dynamically changes based on three levels of node energy: normal nodes, intermediate nodes with half the energy of advance nodes, and advance nodes with the most energy. Simulation results show that ETSEP performs better than SEP, TSEP, and ZSEP in terms of stability and network lifetime.
This document discusses continuous testing of service-oriented applications using service virtualization. It begins with an introduction to service-oriented architecture and discusses how service virtualization can address challenges in testing SOA applications by virtualizing dependencies and unavailable components. The document then discusses how service virtualization enables simultaneous development and testing, handles out-of-scope data dependencies, and supports heterogeneous technologies and platforms. It also provides an overview of the service virtualization lifecycle and some popular service virtualization tools.
This document proposes two methods for finding researchers at a conference who share similar research interests based on topics announced by the conference. The first method represents each researcher's selected topics of interest as a binary vector, where a 1 indicates interest in a topic and 0 indicates no interest. All researchers' vectors are then stored in a 2D array and compared to find shared interests. The second method similarly represents topics as a decimal vector based on their index number. Both methods aim to efficiently match researchers with shared interests so they can develop shared papers. The document outlines the conference registration process and proposed system algorithms to analyze interest data and generate reports matching shared researchers.
1) The document analyzes the interaction forces between two non-identical cylinders spinning around their stationary and parallel axes in an ideal fluid.
2) It derives the exact equations for the velocity field of the fluid using Laplace's equation and the boundary conditions.
3) It then determines the pressure field from the velocity field using Bernoulli's equation and integrates the pressure around the cylinder surfaces to find the forces acting on their axes.
4) It finds that the cylinders will repel or attract each other in inverse relation to their separation distance, depending on whether their directions of rotation are similar or opposite.
This document summarizes an algorithm for efficiently refining why-not questions on top-k queries. It begins by executing a top-k query and identifying a missing object m. It then samples potential replacements for m from a restricted sample space and computes m's new ranking if modified to each sample value. The refined query with the smallest penalty, which returns m in the results, is returned as the answer. The algorithm improves efficiency by skipping unnecessary ranking computations and is tested on a basketball player database, demonstrating effectiveness. It answers why-not questions faster than without optimization techniques.
The document summarizes a proposed fuzzy logic-based joint space path planning system for a 3 degree-of-freedom robot manipulator. The system is composed of three separate fuzzy logic units that each control one of the manipulator joints. The inputs and outputs of each fuzzy block control the change in joint position for each time step. Simulation results show the robot is able to reach the goal configuration successfully using this approach. The fuzzy logic method is able to meet real-time requirements for robot motion planning without requiring an exact model of the robot.
This document summarizes the design and analysis of an inverted-F antenna for wideband applications. It presents the geometry of the coaxially-fed inverted-F antenna and discusses its ability to resonate at wideband frequencies. The antenna is designed on an FR4_epoxy substrate using simulation software. Key parameters like return loss, VSWR, and gain are simulated and validated through measurements. The antenna operates in five bands from 1.18GHz to 7.97GHz with good matching between simulated and measured results, making it suitable for multi-band applications.
This document summarizes the design of an air conditioning system for cooling the cabin of a truck using an air refrigeration cycle. The system uses a turbocharger and waste exhaust gases from the truck engine. Atmospheric air is compressed using the turbocharger and sent to an intercooler to reduce its temperature. It is then expanded in a turbo-expander to further lower its temperature before being supplied to the truck cabin. Thermodynamic and heat transfer analyses are presented to evaluate the performance of the system components and the cooling capacity. The results show that the air refrigeration cycle can provide enough cooling to lower the truck cabin temperature by 10-15°C without significantly impacting engine performance.
This document proposes a cryptographic key generation technique for 2D graphics images using RGB pixel shuffling and transposition. The technique extracts RGB pixel values from an input image, shuffles them to generate a cipher image, and can decrypt the image back to its original form. It aims to increase image security during transmission by manipulating pixel values rather than expanding pixel data. The algorithm is implemented in Java. Experimental results show the technique can encrypt and decrypt images while maintaining the original size and shape. Advantages include effectively increasing security against attacks and easily reconstructing image features from RGB values.
1) The document studies blast wave parameters over the facade of high-rise buildings using the US Army Technical Manual 5-1300. It analyzes incident and reflected pressures, arrival time, and positive phase time duration over a 13-story reinforced concrete building for different TNT charge weights (1000kg and 4000kg) and distances (10m and 40m).
2) Graphs show that for lower charge weights and distances, pressure variation is less over upper floors but more over lower floors. For high charge weights and shorter distances, pressure variation is more uniform but magnitude depends on charge weight and distance.
3) For longer distances, pressure is nearly uniform regardless of charge weight because distance is the predominant factor over angle
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an algorithm to predict epileptic seizures up to 5 minutes in advance using EEG data. The algorithm analyzes EEG recordings to extract seizure prediction characteristics and correlates these with seizure occurrence times. The algorithm could enable preventative therapies by triggering deep brain stimulation to avoid imminent seizures. When tested on 21 patients, the algorithm achieved 81.7% accuracy in predicting seizures up to 5 minutes beforehand, ranging from 80.7-81.5% accuracy for individual brain channels. If validated, this type of advanced seizure prediction could help minimize injuries from sudden seizures.
The document discusses the challenges and current solutions of cyber physical systems. It begins by defining cyber physical systems as systems that tightly integrate computation, networking, and physical processes. It then outlines three main challenge areas for cyber physical systems: 1) monitoring and actuation infrastructure challenges related to dependability, accuracy, efficiency, robustness, availability, and cost, 2) communication network challenges related to wiring, power/energy, mobility, data rate, security, and signal fading, and 3) computation and control operation challenges related to complexity, scalability, real-time operation, and fault tolerance. Current solutions discussed include developing common languages for dependability analysis, improving sensor accuracy, implementing energy efficient sensing, and using error control for improved data
This document studies the use of industrial wastes like crusher dust, aggregates, and ground granulated waste tires (GGWT) as materials for granular subbase (GSB) in flexible pavement construction. Five gradations (GSB11 to GSB15) were developed using different sieve sizes and mixes of crusher dust, aggregates, and 0-2% GGWT by weight were tested. Compaction and CBR tests found that optimum moisture content increased and maximum dry density decreased with higher GGWT content. CBR values increased up to 1% GGWT then decreased. GSB13 with 1.5% GGWT achieved the highest CBR of 58%, meeting requirements for heavier traffic roads. Using industrial wastes
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a multi-account embedded ATM card with enhanced security. Key points include:
1) The proposed system would embed multiple bank accounts onto a single smart ATM card, allowing customers to access all accounts from any ATM without carrying multiple cards.
2) Security would be enhanced through fingerprint authentication instead of just a PIN. A fingerprint scanner would be integrated into the ATM to verify customers' identities.
3) This would provide more convenience for customers while reducing fraud risks compared to traditional single-account cards authenticated solely with PINs.
This document summarizes various stemming algorithms used for information retrieval. It discusses rule-based stemming algorithms like the Porter stemmer and Lovins stemmer which use language rules to remove suffixes and extract word stems. It also describes statistical stemming methods which use machine learning on text corpora to identify morphological variants. Finally, it analyzes different techniques for conflating words during stemming, such as affix removal, successor variety, table lookup, and n-gram methods.
This document analyzes the aerodynamic performance of blended winglets on aircraft wings through computational fluid dynamics modeling. It finds that winglets can increase the lift to drag ratio of wings by 6-15% compared to wings without winglets. The maximum efficiency occurs at a winglet cant angle of 45 degrees and an angle of attack of 4 degrees. CFD simulations are validated against experimental data and show good agreement on lift coefficient values. Winglets improve efficiency by reducing wingtip vortices and increasing effective aspect ratio without adding structural weight.
This document provides an overview of computational cardiac electrophysiology. It discusses the blood flow physiology in the heart and the electrical excitation and conduction system. It describes the cardiac action potential and the specialized conductive tissues that control heart rhythm. It also reviews several common mathematical models used to study cardiac electrophysiology, including cable models, Hodgkin-Huxley models of the action potential, and bidomain and monodomain models. The models aim to provide diagnostic information about heart function and electrical abnormalities by simulating the propagation of electrical signals throughout the heart.
This document discusses the role of operational system design in data warehouse implementation. It begins by introducing the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) project in India, which aims to provide quality healthcare. The document then discusses operational system and data warehouse design techniques. It notes that data warehouse design relies on input from the organization's operational system. Limitations in the operational system can hinder effective data warehouse implementation. The document analyzes the NRHM operational system and identifies some limitations. It proposes design techniques and practices to address limitations and achieve an effective data warehouse solution to support strategic decision making for the NRHM project.
This document discusses the design, simulation, and analysis of a PWM-based buck converter for low power applications. It begins with an introduction to linear regulators and switching regulators, explaining that switching regulators have higher efficiency. It then provides details on the components and operation of a basic buck converter circuit. The document describes open loop and closed loop buck converter designs, continuous and discontinuous operating modes, and simulations of a buck converter in MATLAB to maintain a constant output voltage of 7.995V with less than 4% ripple. It analyzes the performance of the converter using a PID controller to regulate the output based on variations in load and input voltage.
Evaluate the Performance and Emission using EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) i...IOSR Journals
To study different paper related to exhaust gas recirculation on four stroke compression ignition
engine fuelled with diesel/methanol blend of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 of methanol to diesel respectively were
studied to evaluate the performance and emission of engine. The performance of diesel engine increase with
increase in compression ratio exhaust gas recirculation is a common way to control in-cylinder NOx production
and is used in most modern high speed direct injection diesel engines because it lowers oxygen concentration
and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. To study evaluate and performance with
different EGR rate with and without variable compression ratio. After studying all different papers to review the
result the output power and torque for diesel fuel is lower compared to methanol-diesel blended fuel at any
mixing ratio and because of EGR the NOx emission and exhaust gas temperature reduced but emissions of
particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR in CI engine.
This document summarizes research on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of methanol and diesel fuel at different injection timings. The tests were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine at three injection timings (15°, 20°, and 25° CA BTDC) and various fuel blends (0-15% methanol). The results showed that increasing the methanol content or retarding the injection timing generally increased emissions and fuel consumption but decreased combustion efficiency and pressures. Advanced injection timing had the opposite effects. Overall, the original injection timing of 20° CA BTDC performed best across fuel blends in terms of emissions, fuel consumption, and efficiency.
Biogas –diesel dual fuel engine exhaust gas emissionsIAEME Publication
This document describes a study examining the exhaust gas emissions of a biogas-diesel dual fuel engine. A computer program was developed to simulate the mole fractions of exhaust constituents for varying biogas-diesel mixtures, equivalence ratios, temperatures, and pressures. The simulation results show that as the percentage of carbon dioxide in the biogas increases, the mole fractions of CO2 and H2O in the exhaust generally increase, while the mole fractions of NO, O2, OH, CO and N2 generally decrease. Experimental data was also collected and showed similar trends as the simulation results. The goal of the study was to analyze biogas-diesel engine exhaust pollutants and determine optimal biogas mixtures and operating conditions for reduced
This document experimentally investigates the performance and emissions of a twin cylinder diesel engine using a blend of 20% jatropha oil, 70% hippie oil, and 10% ethanol (biofuel) compared to diesel. The objectives are to analyze fuel consumption, emissions, and engine performance. Experimental results found that the biofuel blend had higher brake thermal efficiency, lower particulate matter and carbon monoxide emissions, and higher specific fuel consumption compared to diesel. The study concludes that the biofuel blend represents a good alternative fuel with better emission characteristics and closer engine performance to diesel.
In this investigation, Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) biodiesel, hydrogen and
ethanol (BHE) mixtures remained verified in a single cylinder direct-injection diesel
engine to examine the recital plus discharge features of the engine. The engine stayed
verified at supreme force and rapidity of 1500 rpm. The ethanol remained
supplemented 5%, 10% and 15% correspondingly through enhanced CNSL as well as
hydrogen functioned twin fuel engine. The consequences designate that while
associated through well-ordered diesel and biodiesel-hydrogen process, the recital
and discharge features of ethanol mixtures obligates upgraded. The brake thermal
efficiency upsurges somewhat through 10% ethanol mixtures and nope noteworthy
enhancement by advanced ethanol mixtures. The exhaust gas temperature and NOx
release augmented by 10% ethanol accumulation. Through greater proportion of
ethanol in the biodiesel hydrogen (BH) mixtures the HC, CO releases might upsurge.
However the routine of 10% ethanol might diminish the HC and CO releases
equally. Overall the BHE mixtures ensure greater NOx discharges, associated by
biodiesel and diesel energy. Throughout the BHE mixtures offers lesser HC, CO, as
well as greater NOx release associated through the well-ordered diesel fuel.
Nevertheless the embellishments of added ethanol thru BH mixtures require no
substantial enhancement in the recital discharge and stages
1) The document discusses the performance and emissions of a twin cylinder diesel engine fueled with rapeseed oil blended with methanol.
2) Experiments were conducted to evaluate the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and exhaust emissions including hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and smoke when using the biofuel blend compared to diesel fuel.
3) The results showed that the biofuel blend can be a suitable substitute for diesel fuel as it achieved similar performance characteristics while reducing most exhaust emissions compared to diesel fuel alone.
Engine Performance and Emission Test of Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil, Methanol...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: In this study, diesel fuel, Methanol and Waste Plastic Pyrolysis oil with an addition of cetane additive blends were tested in a four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine. The objective of adding Cetane Additive is to improve the combustion of blended fuel and have better performance characteristics for the blend. The Cetane additive addition is as recommended by TOTAL AC2010A. The 1ml cetane additive is added to 1000ml of blended fuel. The main objective of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a diesel engine which uses waste plastic pyrolysis oil in alternation of an ordinary diesel which are available in the market. Four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine was used in this study to find out the brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and emissions with the fuel of fraction methanol and Waste plastic pyrolysis oil in diesel. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using methanol and waste plastic pyrolysis oil blended with diesel at certain mixing ratio of 5:5:90, 10:10:80 and 15:15:70 of methanol and waste plastic pyrolysis oil to diesel respectively. Experimental results of blended fuel and diesel fuel are also compared.
A Study on Engine Performance and Emission Reduction by Ethanol Addition in C...inventionjournals
Using alcohol fuels instead of fossil fuels is encouraging for alternative fuels. However, the use of compression ignition engines has been limited by its low viscosity and cetane number. In this study, fumigation combustion was performed using a dual fuel supply system that supplies diesel fuel through a compression ignition engine and ethanol through a carburetor. As the ethanol feed rate increased compared to pure diesel fuel, Torque, BMEP and BHP were slightly decreased. As the latent heat of vaporization of ethanol is higher than that of diesel and oxygen is sucked due to the role of ethanol as an oxygenate, the generation of CO, HC, and Smoke is less as the ethanol mixture increases compared with the operation of diesel fuel . Ethanol fuel has the effect of lowering the combustion temperature because it has larger latent heat of vaporization than diesel fuel. Therefore, it was found that the effect of reducing NOx is great.
Experimental investigation of ethanol blends with gasoline on SI engineIJERA Editor
The document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the performance of a two-stroke spark ignition engine using gasoline blended with 10%, 20%, and 30% ethanol by volume. The study found that:
1) Blending gasoline with 10% ethanol (E10) improved the engine's brake thermal efficiency and decreased its brake specific fuel consumption compared to running on pure gasoline alone.
2) Further increasing the ethanol content to 20% (E20) and 30% (E30) resulted in lower brake thermal efficiency and higher brake specific fuel consumption compared to E10.
3) Of the blends tested, E10 exhibited the best performance, providing comparable or improved efficiency and fuel consumption over pure gasoline.
The search for alternative fuels in last few decades is intensive due to the rapid
depletion of petroleum fuels and their ever increasing costs. There is a great need to
reduce the consumption of conventional fuels in both developed and developing countries.
The consumption and demand of the petroleum based fuels is increasing every year due
to the increased industrialization and innovation in the world. The aim of the present
experimental work is to evaluate the impact of various compression ratio using blends of
diesel fuel with 20% concentration of Methyl Ester of Jatropha biodiesel blended with bio
additive and the blends of diesel fuel with 20% concentration of methyl ester of mahua
biodiesel blended with bio additive as an alternate fuel. The experiment is carried out
with three different compression ratios in DI diesel engine. Biodiesel is extracted from
Jatropha oil and mahua oil, 20% (B20) concentration with 3ml bio additive is found to
be the best blend ratio from the earlier experimental study. 3ml of biodiesel B20MEOJBA
and 3ml of B20MEOMBA is tested with compression ratio of 17.5. The purpose of the
experimental study is to obtain better efficiency, minimum specific fuel consumption, and
lower smoke and lesser emission. This is done by increasing cetane number using
combustion additives of 3ml bio additive blends with biodiesel when compared with the
baseline diesel.
NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel using Selective ...IOSR Journals
A comparison analysis for different flow rates of urea-water selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has
been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. An optimum nozzle opening pressure of 250 bar and static
injection timing of 20°bTDC is considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions
and better performance. An engine set up with SCR is made to study the influence of SCR on reduction of
emissions from the diesel engine. The volume flow rate of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute have been used with a
mixture of 30% urea and 70% water as SCR for the entire experiment. From the test results, it could be noted
that, among all flow rates, the volume flow rate of3 ml/minute gives better performance, combustion and lowest
emissions. Among the blends, B100 gives lowest emissions of smoke density and hydrocarbon as compared to without SCR. But in the presence of SCR, there is a drastic reduction in NOx of 17.81% for B100 as compared
to without SCR at full load condition of the engine
This paper describes the CFD analysis and experimental validation for a blend of Ethanol and Diesel in CI Engine. Ethanol is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages but it also makes an effective motor fuel. Since, ethanol possess low Cetane number it fails to auto ignite. In order to overcome this Diesel is blended with Ethanol. Thus the Diesel will ignite and thus facilitate the Ethanol to start burning. In this work a CFD model was created and the combustion analysis was carried out and the results were validated with experimental data. The Ethanol and Diesel fuels were mixed in different proportions and they were injected to the combustion chamber of a normal diesel engine. A single cylinder PC based VCR Engine was operated with this Ethanol - Diesel blend in different concentrations and at various loads. The experiment was successful and it showed that the Ethanol could be mixed with Diesel and could be injected without any engine modification. The difference between CFD and the experimental results obtained was found within acceptable range.
Performance & emission of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & EthanolIJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like ethanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide range
of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates Ethanol as a diesel engine fuel. The
objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a twin
cylinder diesel engine that are using Ethanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available
in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyze
the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the both fuels. Detail
studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the experiment started.
Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis have
been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained. The experiment used diesel
engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine was
adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and emissions at zero
load & full load with the fuel of Ethanol. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using 100% Ethanol.
By the end of the report, the successful of the project have been started which is Diesel engine is able to
run with Ethanol but the engine needs to run by using diesel fuel first, then followed by Ethanol and
finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the engine turned off. The performance of the
engine using Ethanol fuel compared to the performance of engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results
of Ethanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
IRJET- Fabrication of Test Rig and Testing of Performance and Emission Pa...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the performance and emission parameters of blended ethanol and gasoline fuels in a four-stroke single cylinder engine. Researchers fabricated a test rig consisting of the engine connected to a dynamometer. They tested various ethanol-gasoline blends (E0, E5, E10, E15, E20) by measuring parameters like brake power, fuel consumption, efficiency and exhaust temperatures at different engine speeds and loads. Results showed that the E15 blend performed best in terms of these parameters due to ethanol's higher octane rating and complete combustion. Emissions of CO and HC decreased with ethanol addition while CO2 increased.
THE INFLUENCE OF CETANE NUMBER AND OXYGEN CONTENT IN THE PERFORMANCE AND EMIS...IAEME Publication
Waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPPO) and ethanol are attractive renewable energy
sources, as ethanol has a high content of oxygen. However, for this particular study,
direct blending of conventional diesel, WPPO, ethanol and 2-ethyl hexyl nitrate (EHN)
was attempted. The purpose was, firstly, to improve the combustion, ignition quality,
performance and emission characteristics of the WPPO blends. Secondly, EHN has the
potential to reduce emissions of CO, CO2, UHC, NOX and PM. Thirdly, ethanol
improves viscosity and miscibility of biodiesel blends, besides increasing the oxygen
content of WPPO. Five mixing ratios were used in the following order,
50/WPPO25/E25, 60/WPPO20/E20, 70/WPPO15/E15, 80/WPPO10/E10 and
90/WPPO5/E5 for conventional diesel (CD), WPPO and ethanol and respectively.
However, for EHN the mixing ratio was determined by the total quantity of blended fuel
and put at 0.01 %. Complete miscibility was observed with no phase separation allowed
from the blended mixtures throughout the experiment. Performance and emission
characteristics of a stationary single cylinder water-cooled diesel power generator
were evaluated. The results obtained were compared carefully to ASTM standards and
discussed using tables and graph figure curves. The conclusion was that ethanol and
EHN can be used in diesel engine power generators as an alternative fuel to help
improve cetane numbers and to increase the oxygen content without or with
modification with WPPO blends. This is due to the densities 792 kg/m3
, 963 kg/m3
, 825
kg/m3 for WPPO, ethanol and EHN respectively, which are close to CD fuel at 845
kg/m3
. The addition of EHN, reduced emissions and improved engine performance so
that it equalled that of CD fuel
1) The document presents the results of an experimental study investigating the performance of a single cylinder diesel engine fueled with blends of palm biodiesel and diesel.
2) The performance parameters of brake power, brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and mechanical efficiency were evaluated for various blends (P10, P20, P40, P60, P80) and compared to diesel (P0) and pure palm biodiesel (P100).
3) The results show that brake thermal efficiency slightly decreased with increasing palm biodiesel concentration in the blends, while specific fuel consumption increased. The P40 blend performed closest to diesel in terms of fuel consumption.
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON DI-DIESEL ENGINE RUNS WITH THE COMBINATION OF BLENDE...IAEME Publication
An experimental Study is carried out to study the performance and emission on direct injection, diesel engine run with Bio diesel (PaME), Diesel and ethanol blended fuel taking
conventional Diesel as base line. The test fuels (six) are pure Diesel, pure PaME, (95% PaME + 5%
ethanol in vol.), (80% Diesel+15% PaME+5% ethanol in vol.), (95% Diesel + 5% ethanol in vol.),and (80% PaME +15% Diesel +5% ethanol in vol.) respectively.
The document summarizes an experimental study on the combustion performance and tailpipe emissions of a diesel engine run on blends of palm methyl ester (biodiesel), diesel, and ethanol. Six test fuels were evaluated: pure diesel, pure palm methyl ester, 95% palm methyl ester + 5% ethanol, 80% diesel + 15% palm methyl ester + 5% ethanol, 95% diesel + 5% ethanol, and 80% palm methyl ester + 15% diesel + 5% ethanol. The engine was run at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and compression ratio of 18.5. Results for brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and emissions of CO, CO2, HC, NO, and
Experimental Study of B20 Blend Honne Oil and Diesel Fuel with Cuo Nano Addit...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested the performance of a diesel engine using blends of Honne oil biodiesel and diesel fuel with the addition of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles. Honne oil biodiesel was produced through a standard transesterification process from Honne oil seeds. B20 blend (20% biodiesel, 80% diesel) was tested along with additions of 25ppm, 50ppm and 75ppm of CuO nanoparticles. Experiments were conducted to analyze the impact on engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics compared to neat biodiesel fuel. The results showed that CuO nanoparticle blended fuels had considerably higher brake thermal efficiency and lower harmful emissions compared to neat biod
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
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End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
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My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
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1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 6 Ver. VI (Nov. - Dec. 2015), PP 17-23
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12661723 www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page
Emission Control Using Methanol, Ethanol And Butanol In Diesel
Engine: A Comparison Through CFD Simulation
Dinesh Kumar Soni1*
, Dr. Rajesh Gupta2
1
Research scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal (INDIA).
2
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal (INDIA).
Abstract:This present investigation is primarily focused on comparison of emission reduction in diesel engine
by biofuels namely Methanol, Ethanol and Butanol when added to diesel as blends with the help of CFD
simulation. The simulation is performed on a 1.9L, four-cylinder direct injection diesel engine using a
commercial code AVL FIRE for a rectangular piston geometry . To perform the combustion simulation,
hexahedral mesh of engine bowl shape was created using AVL FIRE ESE diesel module. Further, ECFM-3Z
type of combustion model based on laminar flame let concept is applied in the present work. The three fuel
Methanol (D+M), Ethanol (D+E) and Butanol (D+B) are blended to diesel in the ratio of 5% (M5, E5 and B5)
and 10% (M10, E10 and B10) by volume. The effects of these blended fuels on the emission such as NO, SOOT,
CO and HC are compared. The results indicated minimum value of NO while using 5% Methanol and 10%
Ethanol with Diesel whereas Soot increased while using with Methanol, Ethanol and Butanol with blends
compared to pure diesel fuel. Peak value of HC (Hydrocarbons) was recorded by using pure diesel fuel
compared with other blends. Pure diesel fuel indicated higher CO values compared with blends while blends
were same at 5% by using methanol and butanol whereas decreased for 10% blends of Ethanol, Butanol and
Methanol respectively. In general, it can be concluded that 5% Methanol is suitable quantity to blend with
diesel while any one can be choose as fuel with 10% blend as it reduces emissions at comparatively up to
sufficient level.
Keywords:- Diesel, Diesel - biodiesel blends, CFD approach.
I. Introduction
In the wake of stringent emission norms and rapidly dwindling fossil fuel reserve, researchers around
the world are keen to find alternative fuels for diesel engine so that their emission levels can be brought down
further while preserving the engine performance. As a renewable and oxygenated biofuel such as Methanol,
Ethanol and Butanol can be considered as prospective fuel for vehicle, which can be blended with diesel or be
injected into the engine cylinder directly. There are numerous experimental studies on the application of these
biofuel in diesel engine, which focus on the three aspects particularly properties of diesel - biofuel blends,
techniques through which these biofuel being applied in diesel engine and their effects on the combustion and
emission characteristics of diesel - biofuel blends.
As on increasing demand of biofuels, one should think about the alcohols those have similar properties
like diesel fuel and tendency to reduce emissions then diesel fuel burn alone. Number of experiments with
biofuels increasing year and year, and have shown good impact by using blends in terms of performance
parameters and emissions reduction. Sahin et.al, 2015 [1] used Low ratio butanol - diesel blends which have
been investigated experimentally under varying loads and speeds concluded that smoke was low with blend of
nb4 (4% butanol + 96% diesel by volume) at 2500 rpm while NOX reduces at 2000, 3000 and 4000 rpm with
nb4 blends. Yilmaz et al, 2014 [2] used butanol as blend in biodiesel and diesel at different engine loads in
which it seems to get reduction by using butanol blends in NO emissions but CO and HC were higher side
compared with neat biodiesel. In case of low concentration of butanol-diesel blends (say 5% and 10%), result
reported low CO and high NO but no significant change in HC. Zheng et al, 2015 [3] carried out experimental
investigation at two injection pressure by using four different fuel (pure diesel and blended fuels of
diesel/gasoline, diesel/n-butanol, diesel/gasoline/n-butanol ) and showed that smoke emissions of blended fuels
were highly dependent on post injection strategies compared to pure diesel. Choi et al, 2015 [4] employed diesel
fuel blend with n - butanol (10% and 20% by volume) in turbo charged common rail direct injection diesel
engine used and results were compared with neat diesel fuel. Result concluded that 20% butanol increases HC,
CO and NO compared with the neat diesel fuel while 5% butanol could be a better option to reduce PM. Sharon
et al,2013 [5] varied proportion of butanol with diesel and collected palm oil from different restaurants, used in
a diesel engine and concluded that fuel property of blends were better than used palm oil. It also concluded that
by increasing butanol content in blends, increases brake thermal efficiency and decreases CO, NOX and smoke
opacity compared with diesel fuel. Sahir et al, 2015 [6] used a ternary blend fuel ( biodiesel is used as an
additives in diesel alcohol blend) which have similar property as diesel fuel and significantly reduced PM
2. Emission control using Methanol, Ethanol and Butanol in diesel engine: A comparison through CFD simulation
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12661723 www.iosrjournals.org 18 | Page
(particulate matter) emissions from diesel fuel but other emissions were similar to diesel fuel and depends on
operating conditions of engine. Morsy, 2015 [7] carried out an experiment by using ethanol - water mixture
fumigation technique with inlet air, which had been done by different mixing ratios and result indicated that NO
and exhaust gas temperature tend to decrease while CO, HC emissions and fuel consumptions tend to increase
with pure ethanol / water fumigation. Herraros et al, 2015 [8] worked with high cetane number and oxygen
content DGE ( di ethylene glycol di ethyl ether ) fuel which had tendency to reduce gaseous emissions and
simultaneously reduction in both soot and NOX. Shaafi et al,2015[9] carried out Experimental investigation by
using two modified fuel blends diesel soya bean biodiesel and diesel soyabean biodiesel ethanol blends with
alumina as a nano additive and result showed high NOX at full load but reduction in CO,HC due to presence of
oxygen in soyabean oil and mixing ability of nano particles. Tse et al, 2015 [10] studied comparison between
DBE ( diesel-biodiesel-ethanol) and ULSD (ultra-low sulfur diesel), and concluded that DBE has tendency to
reduce PM and NOX emissions. Sarjovaara et al,2015[11] used ethanol/gasoline blend (E85) which was injected
at low pressure in to intake manifold and ignited with diesel at high/low load condition. Results concluded that
E85 increases CO and HC emissions while reduce NO and soot emissions at all loads. Motlagh 2014[12] carried
out a numerical investigation by using gasoline with ethanol by considering a jet stirred reactor and revealed that
the emission of CO2 and CO can be reduced by ethanol blending where as H2O concentration increases with
decreasing C/H ratio by ethanol addition. Qi et al, 2010[13], carried out experiment by using methanol as an
additive with 5% and 10% by volume in biodiesel diesel mixture (BD50% = 50% biodiesel and 50% diesel in
vol). The results indicated reduction in power, torque, smoke and CO emissions while HC and NOX emissions
of BDM5 and BDM10 were similar to those for BD50 at full engine load. An et al, 2015 [14] had an numerical
simulation which concluded reduction in CO and soot emissions with 5% methanol at all load conditions while
methanol was used with 5% and 10% volume, under loads of 10%, 50% and 100% with fixed engine speed of
2400 rpm. Liu et al, 2015[15] analyzed dual fuel operation in which Methanol used with air to form
air/methanol lean mixture and then ignite with diesel in engine which revealed reduction in NOX and soot at low
injection pressure while soot, CO, HC were decreased and NO, CO2 increased with high injection pressure as
compare to diesel alone. Sayin et al ,2009 [16] used methanol blended diesel fuel from 0% -15% with increment
of 5% were used at different injection timings and loads. Study concluded that Brake specific fuel consumption,
NOx and CO2 emissions were increased while Brake thermal efficiency, soot ,CO and HC emissions were
decreased with increasing percent of methanol in the fuel mixture. Wu yu et al, 2011[17] used a cetane number
improver (0.3% and 0.6%) with Biodiesel -Methanol blend (30% methanol) in an experiment and result showed
reduction in CO and HC emissions where as NO and Soot increased slightly.
Above literature survey concluded that Methanol, Ethanol and Butanol has tendancy to reduce level of
emissions compared to neat diesel when engine works with diesel alone. Some researchers used them as an
additives to work with diesel - biofuel blends because they are capable to affect the engine combustion
characteristics, performance and emissions of a direct injection diesel engine under variable operating
conditions. Fumigation techniques are showing good impact on emissions while some of these blends were
fumigated with inlet air via intake manifold.
This numerical study shows combined effect of Methanol, Ethanol and Butanol on a same engine
geometry which was meshed by AVL FIRE CFD code. Two different blends of biofuels by volume basis has
been numerically investigated and simulation can suggest the better one out of these three biofuels. The aim of
this simulation to investigate the effects of 5% and 10% blends of biofuels (Methanol, Ethanol and Butanol)
with diesel in hexahedral meshed rectangular piston geometry on emission characteristics under same operating
conditions. As all three biofuels used frequently in to the engine, so it is necessary to use simulation first rather
than experiments to predict better fuel.
II. Validation
Validation is carried out by using a GM diesel engine model Table 1. The results of the simulation are
compared with experimental results; which was conducted on the same engine at Argonne National Laboratory
[18]. Following fig 1, show good agreement between experimental and simulated results in terms of in cylinder
pressure and temperature at 1500 rpm.
3. Emission control using Methanol, Ethanol and Butanol in diesel engine: A comparison through CFD simulation
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12661723 www.iosrjournals.org 19 | Page
Table 1. Engine data
Bore 82 mm
Stroke 90.4 mm
Connecting rod length 145.4 mm
Engine speed 1500 rpm
Compression ratio 16.8
Fuel C7H16
Spray cone angle 9°
Mass of fuel 1.2495e-06 kg
Injection duration 8.5°
Figure 1. Comparison of cylinder pressure (Pa) and temperature (K)
III. Description of the CFD models
A 4.1 L, 4 cylinder, DI diesel engine has been modeled with rectangular piston geometry shown in Fig
2. The specifications of the engine are given in Table 2. In order to perform the combustion simulation with less
time consuming cell size , hexahedral mesh of rectangular bowl geometry with 35976 cell size is created using
AVL FIRE ESE diesel module shown in Fig 3. Grid independency test was conducted for three different cell
sizes 35976, 58452 and 78332 of the same geometry and the cylinder pressure is depicted in Fig 4 for the three
meshes; the variation in pressure is found to be ±1%.Thus, the simulation was carried out with cell size of 35976
to reduce the process time. Models used in the simulation are listed in Table 3.
Present work uses a three zone coherent flam let combustion model ECFM-3Z shown in Fig 5. It is a
type of combustion model based on laminar flame let concept and used to solve the problems regarding
chemistry and turbulence inside combustion chamber. The flame let models assume that reaction takes place in a
relatively thin layer separating unburned gases from the burned gases[19 -20]. ECFM-3Z model is applicable for
auto ignition cases. This model has capability to handle both ignition procedure i.e. auto ignition and spark
ignition. A non linear and extended eddy viscosity turbulence model, K-zeta-f model has been used in the
simulation instead of standard K-ε model due to its reliability.
Table 2: Engine specifications
Figure 2. Geometry of piston having rectangular
cavity.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
588
614
640
664
684
702
720
730
740
750
760
772
784
Temperature(k)
Deg (CA)
EXPERIMENT
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
592
614
636
660
683
702
717
728
740
751
762
775
788
Pressure(Pa)
Deg (CA)
EXPERIMENT
Bore 0.105 m
Stroke 0.120 m
No. of cylinders 4
Displacement volume 4.1 L
Connecting rod length 0.200 m
Compression ratio 16.00
Swirl ratio 1.6
Engine speed 1800 rpm
Fluid mass 1.7286e-05 Kg
4. Emission control using Methanol, Ethanol and Butanol in diesel engine: A comparison through CFD simulation
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12661723 www.iosrjournals.org 20 | Page
Figure 3. Computational grid at TDC Figure 4. Grid independency test.
Table 3: Models used.
Figure 5. ECFM-3Z Model computational cell
Kinetic soot model is based on chemical kinetics which has been applied for the calculation of soot
formation and oxidation of present simulation. This model has ability to solve behavior of soot formation and
oxidation for different fuel classes [20]. Dukowicz model [21], wave model [19] and Zeldovich mechanism is
applied for droplet evaporation, droplet breakup and NO emission formation respectively in present simulation.
For the simulation of compression and power strokes, the volume of gases has been considered enclosed
between three wall boundaries namely piston, cylinder head and liner. In order to close the system of equations,
boundary conditions needs to be prescribed at these boundaries; the temperatures of cylinder head and piston are
570.15 K and that for the liner is 470.15 K.
IV. Result and discussion
Numerical study is carried out by using three biodiesel with diesel fuel at two blends of 5% and 10%
by volume basis and result has been summarized by following figures.
Table 4: Comparison of fuel properties [22]
Properties Methanol Ethanol Butanol
Chemical formula CH3OH C2H5OH C4H9OH
Molecular weight 32.04 46.07 74.12
Oxygen content, wt% 49.93 34.73 21.59
Carbon content, wt% 37.5 52.2 64.8
Hydrogen content, wt% 12.5 13.1 13.5
Stoichiometric AFR 6.43 8.94 11.12
Lower heating value, Mj/kg 20 27 33
Heat of evaporation, Kj/kg 1178 840 578.4
Research octane number 112 111 113
Motor octane number 91 92
Vapor pressure (psi at 37.7) 4.6 2 0.33
0
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
562
582
602
622
642
660
680
698
714
724
734
744
753
763
773
Pressure(Pa)
Deg (CA)
35976 58452 78332
Model Use
ECFM-3Z Combustion
K-ZETA-f Eddy viscosity Turbulence
Kinetic Soot Model Soot formation and Oxidation
Dukowicz model Droplet evaporation
Wave model Droplet break up
Zeldovich mechanism NO emission model
5. Emission control using Methanol, Ethanol and Butanol in diesel engine: A comparison through CFD simulation
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12661723 www.iosrjournals.org 21 | Page
V. NO Emissions
It can be seen from Fig 6. that NO emission can be control by using biodiesel as part of fuel. Results
reported reduction in NO emission when biodiesel used with diesel than diesel alone. M5 takes heat from
combustion chamber to burn itself which causes reduction in cylinder temperature inside combustion chamber.
Reduction of temperature reduces formation of NO too [22-24] , however some studies show other face of NO
emissions. Researches indicates high NO formation due to high oxygen content in methanol fuel [25]. Similarly
presented study is also showing high NO when volume of blend is move from 5% to 10%. It has been seen that
the effect of temperature is dominating over oxygen content effect because of 5% blend but in case of higher
side i.e. 10% blend oxygen content effect is dominating over temperature. Result clearly indicating towards use
of 10% ethanol is better than other fuel while using same blend ratio with methanol and butanol. E10 is choose
as a appropriate fuel because it has high miscibility (mixability) with diesel in all proportion of blends and high
cooling effect at high blends. This proper mixing results to further reduction in temperature as well as NO
emissions.
VI. Soot Emissions
Soots are defined as unburned carbon particles. Increasing ratio of blends from 5% to 10% results to
decrease in cylinder temperature than diesel alone. Reduction of temperature results in high number of
unburned carbon particles inside combustion chamber those incorporated with soot at the exhaust. As shown in
Fig 7, increasing blend ratio of methanol from M5 to M10 results in high soot formation. Same trend of high
soot formation is recorded with E5, E10, B5 and B10 as well.
VII. HC Emissions
HC emissions are present in exhaust due to incomplete combustion of the fuel. Methanol, Ethanol and
Butanol are high oxygenated fuel and responsible to increase the amount of oxygen inside combustion chamber.
It can be seen from Fig 8, that HC emissions are decreased while diesel used with biodiesel at 5% and 10%
blends by volume. Results are not showing any major difference of HC emissions as diesel used with Methanol,
Ethanol and Butanol because all three fuels are oxygenated which results to proper mixing of fuel with air and
provide sufficient amount of oxygen for complete combustion of the mixture.
VIII. CO Emissions
CO emissions found in exhaust gases because of partial oxidation of fuel rich zone inside combustion
chamber. It can be seen from Fig 9 that M5 and M10 blends decreases CO emissions when compared with pure
diesel. As discussed above that Methanol is one of the high oxygenated fuel and permits proper mixing inside
chamber, thus it prevents the formation of fuel rich zones inside chamber reduce partial oxidation as well.
Addition of more oxygen take place while blend of Methanol moved from M5 to M10, leads to complete
combustion of fuel rich zones which results to reduction in CO emissions. It is also important to see that
methanol is high oxygen content fuel ( 49.93 %) compared with Ethanol ( 34.73 %) and Butanol ( 21.59 %), So
Methanol can be used as good CO emission reducer than Ethanol and Butanol as shown in Fig 9.
Figure 6. NO Emissions
Figure 7. SOOT Emissions
0.00019
0.0002
0.00021
0.00022
0.00023
D D+M D+E D+B
Diesel and biofuel blends
NO MASS FRACTION at…
0.00E+00
5.00E-07
1.00E-06
1.50E-06
2.00E-06
D D+M D+E D+B
Diesel and biofuel blends
SOOT MASS FRACTION at…
6. Emission control using Methanol, Ethanol and Butanol in diesel engine: A comparison through CFD simulation
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12661723 www.iosrjournals.org 22 | Page
Figure 8. HC Emissions
Figure 9. CO Emissions
IX. Conclusions
Present study predicts the emissions characteristics of three biofuels under same operating condition
and at two diesel - biofuels blends. There is change in every parameter of emission which have been discussed
above while amount of blend increased from 5% 10%. Conclusion can be done by following two ways-
1. Emission specified conclusion:-
In case of NO emissions, E10 is showing promising results over other blends while working with 5%
blend ,M5 will be a good option. Soot is showing just reverse effect of NO emission because both are
temperature dependent but in opposite manner. Butanol is reducing much soot formation comparison other fuels
in both blends of B5 and B10. As discussed earlier, HC is same for all fuels at all blends so any one blend can
be use appropriately when reduction of HC emissions is prime motive. It is obvious to use Methanol to reduce
CO emissions from exhaust compared with other fuels but M10 is looking better than M5.
2. Blend specific conclusion
If engine has to run with only one blend at a time to reduce emissions than one should use M5 blend as
it reduces NO, HC and CO up to some extent comparison to other fuels at same percentage of blend. As it can
be seen from results that it is very difficult to choose a single fuel when engine has to run with 10% blend as
Ethanol is effective with NO, Butanol seems good with soot and Methanol is showing considerable reduction in
CO with compare to other fuels of 10% blend. So any fuel can be used with blend of 10% in a diesel engine.
Finally it can be concluded from above study that M5 is best option for 5% blend while at 10% blend,
choice is depends up on aim to reduce specific content emission from exhaust gas of the engine.
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