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ALTERATIONS IN OXYGENATION (OCYGEN ADMINISTRATION))
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- 3. Hyperventilation • It isdefined as the ventilation occurs in excess of metabolic requirement. • In hyperventilation the breathing pattern will be deeper and more rapid than the normal breathing. • The immediate results of hyperventilation is decreased in alveolar carbon dioxide pressure (hypocapnia) and increase of pH in the blood (respiratory alkalosis).
- 4. Hypoventilation • Hypoventilation occurswhen there is retention of co2 due to decrease in the rate and depth of respiration and alveolar ventilation is also compromised. • In other words hypoventilation includes hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis. • There are certain cause and conditions which lead to hypoventilation like COPD Stroke affecting the respiratory center Voluntary breath holding Mountain sickness Drug overdose like opioid overdose causes respiratory depression
- 5. Hypoxia • Deficiency ofoxygen to the tissues. • Hypoxia is mainly four types • Hypoxemic • Anemic • Stagnant • Histotoxic
- 6. S/S • Anxiety • Restlessness •Tachycardia/tachypnea • Cyanosis • Respiratory acidosis.
- 7. Hypoxemia • Low levelof oxygen in the blood / deficiency of oxygen in the arterial blood. • Respiratory disorders are the main reason of Hypoxemic
- 8. Causes of Hypoxemic •Mismatch of ventilation perfusion ratio. • Impaired alveolar diffusion. • Decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in inhaled air. • Alveolar hypotension.
- 9. Anemic • Anemia isa problem of not having enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the body's tissues. • The capacity of blood to carry oxygen is too low. • The hemoglobin is too small to supply the oxygen needs.
- 10. Stagnant • The bloodflow to the tissue is reduced or low, and the blood may be normal • There may be insufficient blood flow through the capillaries to supply the tissues. • It may be due to heart disease that affects the circulation or impaired venous in return. • It may reduce the blood supply to a particular area like Raynaud’s disease and Buerger’s disease.
- 11. Histotoxic • In thistype of hypoxia, tissue cells are unable to make proper use of oxygen due to poisoning of tissue cells but the amount of blood may be normal. • Mainly caused by the cyanide, narcotics, alcohol,
- 12. Hypercapnia • It isalso known as retention of carbon dioxide. • There is an increase carbon dioxide level in the blood. • Hypercapnia causes increase in the breathing and arousal during the sleep.
- 13. S/S • Flushed skin •Dyspnea • Muscle twitches • Reduced neural activity • Increased blood pressure.