Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, is caused by very low levels of blood glucose, below 3.0 mmol/L. It is common in type 1 diabetes and can occur due to overdose of insulin or diabetes medications, excessive alcohol consumption, or certain illnesses. Symptoms range from irregular heartbeat and sweating to confusion and loss of consciousness. Treatment involves giving the person glucose tablets, juice, or an IV glucose solution to quickly raise their blood sugar levels. Preventing hypoglycemia requires education on recognizing symptoms early and always having access to fast-acting carbohydrates.
Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, occurs when the body has too little insulin or cannot use insulin properly to regulate blood glucose levels. Insulin moves glucose from the blood into cells where it is used for energy. Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the blood. Hyperglycemia can be caused by diabetes, certain medications, critical illness, gestational diabetes, or other factors. High blood glucose levels over time can damage organs and blood vessels. Symptoms of hyperglycemia include increased thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, and fatigue. Risks include dehydration, blood clots, pancreatitis, and long-term organ damage.
Hypoglycemia is defined as a glucose level below 55 mg/dL with symptoms relieved by raising glucose levels. It can occur in diabetes due to excessive insulin or missed meals, and in non-diabetics due to drugs, critical illness, or tumors. Symptoms include autonomic symptoms like sweating and tremors, and neuroglycopenic symptoms like confusion and drowsiness. Treatment involves oral glucose if able, or IV glucose and glucagon injections. Prevention focuses on glucose monitoring, education, flexible regimens, and glycemic goals tailored to each individual.
Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, can affect both people with diabetes and those without. It occurs when blood sugar levels drop below normal, typically below 70 mg/dL. Symptoms include hunger, sweating, weakness and mood changes. Hypoglycemia is most common in people with diabetes who take too much insulin but can also occur due to excessive alcohol, tumors, or lack of the hormone glucagon. Dietary modifications like eating smaller, more frequent meals and limiting sugary foods can help manage hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia
Characterized by an abnormally low level of blood sugar below a set point
Normal range : 70-110 mg/dL or 3.9-6.1mmol/L
Glucose is body’s main energy source
Hypoglycemia is Not a disease in itself
But the Indicator of health problems
This document discusses hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level and is a hallmark of diabetes. The main symptoms are increased thirst and frequent urination. Treatment involves controlling blood sugar levels through medication, diet, and exercise. Hypoglycemia is low blood glucose and can be caused by diabetes medications. Symptoms include confusion, weakness, and blurred vision. Treatment focuses on preventing and responding to low blood sugar episodes. Recent research has studied the effects of tea on blood sugar levels and the relationship between hypoglycemia and cognitive dysfunction.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin production or insulin action. There are four main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and secondary diabetes. The main symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss. Treatment involves managing diet, exercise, blood glucose monitoring, oral medications or insulin therapy, and diabetes self-management education. Lifestyle modifications like following a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, weight control, and avoiding tobacco can help prevent and manage diabetes.
Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, occurs when the body has too little insulin or cannot use insulin properly to regulate blood glucose levels. Insulin moves glucose from the blood into cells where it is used for energy. Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the blood. Hyperglycemia can be caused by diabetes, certain medications, critical illness, gestational diabetes, or other factors. High blood glucose levels over time can damage organs and blood vessels. Symptoms of hyperglycemia include increased thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, and fatigue. Risks include dehydration, blood clots, pancreatitis, and long-term organ damage.
Hypoglycemia is defined as a glucose level below 55 mg/dL with symptoms relieved by raising glucose levels. It can occur in diabetes due to excessive insulin or missed meals, and in non-diabetics due to drugs, critical illness, or tumors. Symptoms include autonomic symptoms like sweating and tremors, and neuroglycopenic symptoms like confusion and drowsiness. Treatment involves oral glucose if able, or IV glucose and glucagon injections. Prevention focuses on glucose monitoring, education, flexible regimens, and glycemic goals tailored to each individual.
Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, can affect both people with diabetes and those without. It occurs when blood sugar levels drop below normal, typically below 70 mg/dL. Symptoms include hunger, sweating, weakness and mood changes. Hypoglycemia is most common in people with diabetes who take too much insulin but can also occur due to excessive alcohol, tumors, or lack of the hormone glucagon. Dietary modifications like eating smaller, more frequent meals and limiting sugary foods can help manage hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia
Characterized by an abnormally low level of blood sugar below a set point
Normal range : 70-110 mg/dL or 3.9-6.1mmol/L
Glucose is body’s main energy source
Hypoglycemia is Not a disease in itself
But the Indicator of health problems
This document discusses hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level and is a hallmark of diabetes. The main symptoms are increased thirst and frequent urination. Treatment involves controlling blood sugar levels through medication, diet, and exercise. Hypoglycemia is low blood glucose and can be caused by diabetes medications. Symptoms include confusion, weakness, and blurred vision. Treatment focuses on preventing and responding to low blood sugar episodes. Recent research has studied the effects of tea on blood sugar levels and the relationship between hypoglycemia and cognitive dysfunction.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin production or insulin action. There are four main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and secondary diabetes. The main symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss. Treatment involves managing diet, exercise, blood glucose monitoring, oral medications or insulin therapy, and diabetes self-management education. Lifestyle modifications like following a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, weight control, and avoiding tobacco can help prevent and manage diabetes.
Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, occurs when a person's blood glucose levels drop below normal. It can be caused by issues like taking too much insulin, lack of food, excessive alcohol, or tumors in the pancreas. Mild symptoms include trembling, sweating, and irritability, while more severe symptoms can include confusion, irrational behavior, seizures, or loss of consciousness. Treatment depends on the severity, ranging from consuming sugar to IV glucose administration. Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels, eating habits, and exercise routines can help prevent hypoglycemic episodes.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including:
1) DM is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the body not properly using the insulin produced.
2) There are two main types of DM - type 1 is usually diagnosed in childhood/early adulthood and results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, while type 2 accounts for 80% of cases and involves insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin.
3) Uncontrolled DM can lead to serious damage of various organs and body systems, and was responsible for an estimated 1.5 million deaths in 2012. Lifestyle changes such as healthy diet, exercise and weight control can help
Based on the information provided:
- Betty should receive her usual Lantus dose as scheduled since it is a basal insulin that works continuously to control her blood sugar throughout the day and night. Missing the dose could lead to hyperglycemia.
- She should not receive any Humulin R (regular insulin) since she is NPO for surgery and regular insulin requires food to avoid hypoglycemia.
- She may receive her usual Humalog dose if her blood sugar is elevated, as Humalog is a rapid-acting insulin used to control post-meal blood sugars. However, since her current blood sugar of 130mg/dL is in a reasonable range, the Humalog dose can be held until after her surgery when she
This document discusses hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), including its causes, symptoms, management, and prevention. It defines hypoglycemia as a low serum glucose level and describes the most common causes as taking too much insulin (for diabetics) or lack of food intake. Symptoms are discussed as well as treatment approaches, which involve giving oral glucose, IV dextrose, or glucagon injections depending on the severity and consciousness of the patient. Reactive hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar occurring after eating, is also examined along with potential contributing factors and recommended treatments like dietary changes and frequent small meals. Prevention strategies highlighted include eating regularly, exercising with food, and diabetics always carrying fast-acting sugar.
The Diabetic coma is one the most dangerous and again emergent case experienced during dental care delivery. Actually it mistreated and aggravated-diabetic cases resulting coma, that is categorized into Hypoglycemic coma, Diabetic ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar coma.
This document discusses hypoglycemia, defining it as low plasma glucose levels leading to symptoms that are resolved by raising glucose levels. It notes hypoglycemia is common in type 1 diabetes and less frequent in type 2 diabetes. The defenses against hypoglycemia are impaired in diabetes due to defective insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine responses. Recent low blood sugar can cause hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure, increasing risk of future episodes. Causes of hypoglycemia include medications, medical conditions, and nonislet cell tumors.
Diabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications.
Diabetes mellitus- Easy explanation for NursesSwatilekha Das
Diabetes mellitus- Easy explanation for Nurses-
Introduction
Related anatomy and physiology
Definition of Diabetes Mellitus
pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus
risk factors of Diabetes Mellitus
Clinical manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus
Diagnostic tests of Diabetes Mellitus
Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. The main types are type 1 diabetes, which accounts for 10% of cases and results from autoimmune destruction of beta cells, and type 2 diabetes, which accounts for 80% of cases and involves insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Diagnosis is confirmed by random plasma glucose over 200 mg/dL or an oral glucose tolerance test. Complications include acute issues like ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia, and chronic complications involving the cardiovascular, renal, neurological, and ophthalmic systems.
Angina pectoris, or angina, is a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. There are different types of angina that vary based on factors like when the pain occurs and how long it lasts. Risk factors include obesity, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes. Treatment involves medications like nitroglycerin to relieve symptoms as well as procedures like CABG to restore blood flow if needed. Nurses manage angina by addressing pain, activity tolerance, and providing patient education.
Nursing Management · Monitor blood sugar and use a sliding scale to treat high levels of glucose · Educate patient about diabetes · Examine feet .
Diagnosis involves measuring blood glucose levels. Ongoing specialized assessment and evaluation for complications are essential for diabetes management.
This document discusses diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening complication of diabetes that occurs when there is not enough insulin in the body. It outlines the causes of DKA including missed insulin doses, infections, and stress. Clinical signs include excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea, and breath that smells like fruit. Treatment involves rapid fluid replacement, insulin therapy, monitoring of electrolytes and glucose levels, and identifying and treating any underlying causes. Patient education emphasizes the importance of medication adherence and seeking medical help for symptoms of high blood sugar or ketones in the urine.
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action. There are three main types: type 1 diabetes results from beta cell destruction and requires insulin therapy; type 2 involves insulin resistance and sometimes relative insulin deficiency; gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to microvascular complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, and nerves as well as increased cardiovascular risk. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, oral hypoglycemic medications or insulin depending on the type and severity of diabetes.
The document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including its classification, pathophysiology, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic criteria, management through nutrition, exercise, glucose monitoring, drug therapy including insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents, and potential complications. It discusses the different types of diabetes in detail.
Detail information about Oral Glucose Tolerance Test.
Here we discuss about the type, indications, contra-indications, precautions, Medication avoiding, Nursing care plan, Risks of OGTT & explain the technique, procedures of doing the test. Thus OGTT is a very important test in medical field. Upgrade your knowledge by reading this. Thanks.
The blood glucose level is tightly regulated between 70-110 mg/dl. After eating, levels may rise to 120-140 mg/dl before returning to normal. The liver plays a key role in regulating glucose through metabolic processes and hormones like insulin and glucagon. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage after eating, while glucagon and other hormones like epinephrine release glucose into the blood during periods of low blood sugar. Together, these hormonal and organ responses help maintain blood glucose within a narrow range.
COMPLICATIONS, MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT APPROACH OF DIABETES MELLITUSAnas Indabawa
This document presents information on complications, management, and treatment of diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a group of metabolic diseases involving high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production or cells not responding to insulin. It discusses the types and classifications of diabetes, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, acute and chronic complications, and current pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment approaches including insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, lifestyle changes, and education. The goal of diabetes management is to eliminate hyperglycemia symptoms, reduce complications, and allow patients to live as normal a lifestyle as possible.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus. It begins with objectives of reviewing the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications, signs, and treatments of diabetes. It then covers the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications of diabetes types I and II. Key differences and clinical manifestations are described for each type. Complications are identified including cardiovascular, renal, and neurological issues. The document concludes with nursing diagnoses and interventions for managing diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has routinely been described as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia that develops as a consequence of defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
Such a deficiency results in increased concentrations of glucose in the blood, which in turn damage many of the body's systems, in particular the blood vessels and nerves.
1. Microvascular (due to damage to small blood vessels).
2. Macrovascular (due to damage to larger blood vessels).
This document defines hypoglycemia and describes its causes and clinical manifestations. It discusses hypoglycemia in diabetes, including its epidemiology, risk factors like insulin excess, and complications like hypoglycemia unawareness. It also covers hypoglycemia without diabetes, caused by drugs, critical illness, hormone deficiencies, tumors, and inborn errors of metabolism. The approach to patients involves recognition, diagnosis of the hypoglycemic mechanism through tests, and urgent/definitive treatment depending on the underlying etiology.
MANAGEMENT OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA IN DIABETES MELLITUS-1.pptxKemi Adaramola
1) Hypoglycemia is commonly caused by insulin and sulfonylureas used to treat diabetes and can present a barrier to long term glycemic control.
2) Symptoms of hypoglycemia range from autonomic symptoms like sweating to neuroglycopenic symptoms like confusion. Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia can also develop, increasing risk of severe hypoglycemia.
3) Management of hypoglycemia depends on severity and patient's level of consciousness. Mild cases are treated with oral carbohydrates, while more severe cases require glucagon or intravenous glucose administration.
Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, occurs when a person's blood glucose levels drop below normal. It can be caused by issues like taking too much insulin, lack of food, excessive alcohol, or tumors in the pancreas. Mild symptoms include trembling, sweating, and irritability, while more severe symptoms can include confusion, irrational behavior, seizures, or loss of consciousness. Treatment depends on the severity, ranging from consuming sugar to IV glucose administration. Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels, eating habits, and exercise routines can help prevent hypoglycemic episodes.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including:
1) DM is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the body not properly using the insulin produced.
2) There are two main types of DM - type 1 is usually diagnosed in childhood/early adulthood and results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, while type 2 accounts for 80% of cases and involves insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin.
3) Uncontrolled DM can lead to serious damage of various organs and body systems, and was responsible for an estimated 1.5 million deaths in 2012. Lifestyle changes such as healthy diet, exercise and weight control can help
Based on the information provided:
- Betty should receive her usual Lantus dose as scheduled since it is a basal insulin that works continuously to control her blood sugar throughout the day and night. Missing the dose could lead to hyperglycemia.
- She should not receive any Humulin R (regular insulin) since she is NPO for surgery and regular insulin requires food to avoid hypoglycemia.
- She may receive her usual Humalog dose if her blood sugar is elevated, as Humalog is a rapid-acting insulin used to control post-meal blood sugars. However, since her current blood sugar of 130mg/dL is in a reasonable range, the Humalog dose can be held until after her surgery when she
This document discusses hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), including its causes, symptoms, management, and prevention. It defines hypoglycemia as a low serum glucose level and describes the most common causes as taking too much insulin (for diabetics) or lack of food intake. Symptoms are discussed as well as treatment approaches, which involve giving oral glucose, IV dextrose, or glucagon injections depending on the severity and consciousness of the patient. Reactive hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar occurring after eating, is also examined along with potential contributing factors and recommended treatments like dietary changes and frequent small meals. Prevention strategies highlighted include eating regularly, exercising with food, and diabetics always carrying fast-acting sugar.
The Diabetic coma is one the most dangerous and again emergent case experienced during dental care delivery. Actually it mistreated and aggravated-diabetic cases resulting coma, that is categorized into Hypoglycemic coma, Diabetic ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar coma.
This document discusses hypoglycemia, defining it as low plasma glucose levels leading to symptoms that are resolved by raising glucose levels. It notes hypoglycemia is common in type 1 diabetes and less frequent in type 2 diabetes. The defenses against hypoglycemia are impaired in diabetes due to defective insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine responses. Recent low blood sugar can cause hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure, increasing risk of future episodes. Causes of hypoglycemia include medications, medical conditions, and nonislet cell tumors.
Diabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications.
Diabetes mellitus- Easy explanation for NursesSwatilekha Das
Diabetes mellitus- Easy explanation for Nurses-
Introduction
Related anatomy and physiology
Definition of Diabetes Mellitus
pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus
risk factors of Diabetes Mellitus
Clinical manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus
Diagnostic tests of Diabetes Mellitus
Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. The main types are type 1 diabetes, which accounts for 10% of cases and results from autoimmune destruction of beta cells, and type 2 diabetes, which accounts for 80% of cases and involves insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Diagnosis is confirmed by random plasma glucose over 200 mg/dL or an oral glucose tolerance test. Complications include acute issues like ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia, and chronic complications involving the cardiovascular, renal, neurological, and ophthalmic systems.
Angina pectoris, or angina, is a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. There are different types of angina that vary based on factors like when the pain occurs and how long it lasts. Risk factors include obesity, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes. Treatment involves medications like nitroglycerin to relieve symptoms as well as procedures like CABG to restore blood flow if needed. Nurses manage angina by addressing pain, activity tolerance, and providing patient education.
Nursing Management · Monitor blood sugar and use a sliding scale to treat high levels of glucose · Educate patient about diabetes · Examine feet .
Diagnosis involves measuring blood glucose levels. Ongoing specialized assessment and evaluation for complications are essential for diabetes management.
This document discusses diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening complication of diabetes that occurs when there is not enough insulin in the body. It outlines the causes of DKA including missed insulin doses, infections, and stress. Clinical signs include excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea, and breath that smells like fruit. Treatment involves rapid fluid replacement, insulin therapy, monitoring of electrolytes and glucose levels, and identifying and treating any underlying causes. Patient education emphasizes the importance of medication adherence and seeking medical help for symptoms of high blood sugar or ketones in the urine.
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action. There are three main types: type 1 diabetes results from beta cell destruction and requires insulin therapy; type 2 involves insulin resistance and sometimes relative insulin deficiency; gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to microvascular complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, and nerves as well as increased cardiovascular risk. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, oral hypoglycemic medications or insulin depending on the type and severity of diabetes.
The document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including its classification, pathophysiology, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic criteria, management through nutrition, exercise, glucose monitoring, drug therapy including insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents, and potential complications. It discusses the different types of diabetes in detail.
Detail information about Oral Glucose Tolerance Test.
Here we discuss about the type, indications, contra-indications, precautions, Medication avoiding, Nursing care plan, Risks of OGTT & explain the technique, procedures of doing the test. Thus OGTT is a very important test in medical field. Upgrade your knowledge by reading this. Thanks.
The blood glucose level is tightly regulated between 70-110 mg/dl. After eating, levels may rise to 120-140 mg/dl before returning to normal. The liver plays a key role in regulating glucose through metabolic processes and hormones like insulin and glucagon. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage after eating, while glucagon and other hormones like epinephrine release glucose into the blood during periods of low blood sugar. Together, these hormonal and organ responses help maintain blood glucose within a narrow range.
COMPLICATIONS, MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT APPROACH OF DIABETES MELLITUSAnas Indabawa
This document presents information on complications, management, and treatment of diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a group of metabolic diseases involving high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production or cells not responding to insulin. It discusses the types and classifications of diabetes, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, acute and chronic complications, and current pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment approaches including insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, lifestyle changes, and education. The goal of diabetes management is to eliminate hyperglycemia symptoms, reduce complications, and allow patients to live as normal a lifestyle as possible.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus. It begins with objectives of reviewing the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications, signs, and treatments of diabetes. It then covers the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications of diabetes types I and II. Key differences and clinical manifestations are described for each type. Complications are identified including cardiovascular, renal, and neurological issues. The document concludes with nursing diagnoses and interventions for managing diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has routinely been described as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia that develops as a consequence of defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
Such a deficiency results in increased concentrations of glucose in the blood, which in turn damage many of the body's systems, in particular the blood vessels and nerves.
1. Microvascular (due to damage to small blood vessels).
2. Macrovascular (due to damage to larger blood vessels).
This document defines hypoglycemia and describes its causes and clinical manifestations. It discusses hypoglycemia in diabetes, including its epidemiology, risk factors like insulin excess, and complications like hypoglycemia unawareness. It also covers hypoglycemia without diabetes, caused by drugs, critical illness, hormone deficiencies, tumors, and inborn errors of metabolism. The approach to patients involves recognition, diagnosis of the hypoglycemic mechanism through tests, and urgent/definitive treatment depending on the underlying etiology.
MANAGEMENT OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA IN DIABETES MELLITUS-1.pptxKemi Adaramola
1) Hypoglycemia is commonly caused by insulin and sulfonylureas used to treat diabetes and can present a barrier to long term glycemic control.
2) Symptoms of hypoglycemia range from autonomic symptoms like sweating to neuroglycopenic symptoms like confusion. Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia can also develop, increasing risk of severe hypoglycemia.
3) Management of hypoglycemia depends on severity and patient's level of consciousness. Mild cases are treated with oral carbohydrates, while more severe cases require glucagon or intravenous glucose administration.
This document discusses hypoglycemia in diabetes, including its definition, symptoms, causes, treatment, and the role of technology in prevention. Hypoglycemia is defined as a low blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL that causes symptoms. The most common cause is insulin treatment, and symptoms include neurogenic and neuroglycopenic effects. Treatment involves consuming 15-20g of fast-acting carbohydrates. Glucagon injections are recommended for severe hypoglycemia. Continuous glucose monitors can help detect and prevent hypoglycemic episodes through real-time glucose monitoring and alerts.
23-10-2023 DKA management by Tamilnadu IAP 2021.pptxmanjujanhavi
1. Hypoglycemia is defined as a blood glucose level below 3.9 mmol/L and can occur in people with diabetes treated with insulin or sulfonylurea drugs.
2. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include autonomic nervous system activation and neuroglycopenic effects.
3. Risk factors for hypoglycemia include errors in insulin dosing, missed or delayed meals, and increased exercise. Treatment involves oral carbohydrate intake or glucagon injection depending on severity.
This document provides information on causes and treatment of hypoglycemia. It defines hypoglycemia and outlines symptoms. It describes various causes of hypoglycemia including insulin excess, critical illness, hormone deficiencies, drugs, and tumors. It discusses diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches. Hypoglycemia is a common side effect of diabetes treatment that physicians must work to prevent and address promptly when it occurs.
The document discusses acute complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), including hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS). It defines these conditions, describes their pathophysiology and clinical features, and outlines how to diagnose and manage them. The objective is for learners to understand acute DM complications, how to diagnose them, and how to manage hypoglycemia, DKA, and HHS.
This document provides an overview of hypoglycemia, including its definition, causes, clinical manifestations, and treatment. It begins by defining hypoglycemia and describing normal glucose metabolism and regulation. It then discusses hypoglycemia in those with and without diabetes. For those with diabetes, it covers frequency, definitions, pathophysiology including defective counterregulation and unawareness, and risk factors. It details treatment approaches. For those without diabetes, it reviews potential causes such as drugs, illnesses, tumors, and endogenous hyperinsulinemia. Throughout it provides details on clinical evaluation and management goals of correcting the underlying causes of hypoglycemia.
This document provides an overview of hypoglycemia. It defines hypoglycemia, classifies its severity, and describes the symptoms and physiology. It discusses hypoglycemia in diabetes, including hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure and unawareness. It also covers hypoglycemia without diabetes, caused by drugs, illness, tumors, or deficiencies. The diagnostic approach and management strategies are outlined.
Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when there is little to no insulin present in Type 1 diabetics or occasionally in Type 2 diabetics during illness. This results in high blood sugar, breakdown of fats, production of ketone bodies, and metabolic acidosis. Signs include dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities, Kussmaul breathing, and varying mental status. Treatment focuses on rehydration, electrolyte replacement, and insulin administration to resolve the acidosis. Patient education on sick day rules can help prevent DKA. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic state is a similar emergency characterized by severe hyperglycemia without acidosis. Hypoglycemia and hyponatremia are also
Hypoglycaemia Biochemistry decrease in Glucose mechanismMirzaNaadir
glucose decrease due to lots of reason because there are lots of problem regerding it i detail i have given its problems and causes and symptoms and treatment also
1. Myxedema coma is a life-threatening complication of severe untreated hypothyroidism, often precipitated by an acute illness. It involves altered mental status and multiple organ dysfunction.
2. Clinical features include symptoms of hypothyroidism along with hypothermia, hypotension, hypoventilation, coma and signs of precipitating illnesses. Investigations show features of hypothyroidism.
3. Treatment involves intensive care support including ventilatory support, cardiac monitoring and gradual rewarming. Thyroid hormone replacement is given cautiously along with treating any underlying illnesses.
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is an important source of energy for the cells that make up the muscles and tissues. It's also the brain's main source of fuel.
Hypoglycemia is a condition in which your blood sugar (glucose) level is lower than the standard range. Glucose is your body's main energy source. Hypoglycemia is often related to diabetes treatment. But other drugs and a variety of conditions — many rare — can cause low blood sugar in people who don't have diabetes.
What is diabetes mellitus, Epidemiology of diabetes, Diabetes diagnosis, Features of diabetes, WHO classification of Diabetes Mellitus, Complications of diabetes, Metabolic alterations of diabetes, Oral glucose tolerance test, WHO criteria of OGTT interpretation, Classification of diabetes mellitus, Gestational diabetes, Pre-diabetes, Insulin, Biosynthesis of insulin, Insulin actions, Hypoglycemia, Impaired fasting glucose, Insulin structure
The pancreas secretes enzymes to help digest food and hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body does not respond properly to insulin, resulting in high blood sugar. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 is characterized by lack of insulin production; type 2 is caused by insulin resistance; and gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy. Long-term complications of high blood sugar include damage to organs and blood vessels. Diagnosis involves testing blood sugar levels through fasting plasma glucose tests or oral glucose tolerance tests.
This document defines diabetic hypoglycemia and describes its causes, symptoms, and treatment. Hypoglycemia is low blood glucose below 50mg/dl causing symptoms that are relieved by raising blood glucose. It can be caused by excessive insulin, missed meals, exercise, or drugs interacting with insulin. Symptoms range from autonomic reactions to neuroglycopenic effects like confusion. Treatment involves oral glucose for conscious patients or IV glucose/glucagon for unconscious patients. Strict avoidance and glucose monitoring are needed to prevent hypoglycemia in insulin-treated diabetics.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
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2. HYPOGLYCEMIA
• Hypoglycemia is a condition caused by a very low level of blood sugar (glucose),
your body's main energy source.
• Blood glucose less than 3.0mmol/l
• Hypoglycemia, also known as.
• low blood sugar,
• fall in blood sugar to levels below normal.
3. Epidemiology
• Hypoglycemia is common in type 1 diabetes, especially in
• patients receiving intensive therapy, in whom the risk of severe
• Incidence :
• Increased risk among women,
• African Americans,
• those with less than high school education,
• elderly participants .
4. • Hypoglycemia is less frequent in type 2 diabetes than it is in type1.
• Hypoglycemia was reported in 38% of patients withT2DM who added a sulfonylurea or
meglitinide to metformin therapy.
5. Signs and Symptoms
• An irregular heart rhythm
• Fatigue
• Pale skin
• Shakiness
• Anxiety
• Sweating
• Hunger
• Irritability
• Tingling sensation around the mouth
• Crying out during sleep
6.
7. •As hypoglycemia worsens, signs and
symptoms may include:
•Confusion,
•Visual disturbances, such as blurred vision
•Seizures
•Loss of consciousness
•People with severe hypoglycemia may appear as if they're intoxicated.They
may slur their words and move clumsily
8. causes
• Hypoglycemia occurs when your blood sugar (glucose) level falls too low.
• 1) Overdose of insulin or anti-diabatic medicines.
• Possible causes, without diabetes
2.Medications.
• Taking someone else's oral diabetes medication accidentally is a possible cause of
hypoglycemia. Other medications may cause hypoglycemia, especially in children or in
people with kidney failure. One example is quinine which is used to treat malaria.
3.Excessive alcohol consumption.
• Drinking heavily without eating can block your liver from releasing stored glucose into
your bloodstream, causing hypoglycemia.
•
9. 4.Some critical illnesses.
• Severe illnesses of the liver, such as severe hepatitis, can cause hypoglycemia. Disorders
of the kidney, which can keep your body from properly excreting medications, can
affect glucose levels due to a buildup of those medications.
5. Long-term starvation, as may occur in the eating disorder anorexia
nervosa, can result in the depletion of substances your body needs to generate glucose
(gluconeogenesis), causing hypoglycemia.
6.Insulin overproduction. A rare tumor of the pancreas (insulinoma) may cause
overproduction of insulin, resulting in hypoglycemia.
10. 7.Hormone deficiencies.
Certain disorders of the adrenal glands and the pituitary gland can result in a deficiency of key
hormones that regulate glucose production. Children may experience hypoglycemia if they have a
deficiency of growth hormone.
8.Strenous exercises.
9.Prematurity.
10.Sepsis, critical illnesses.
11. Pathophysiology.
• The brain uses glucose as its preferred fuel. When a person's
• plasma glucose level is less than 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L),
• signals are sent from the brain to the pancreas, liver, and
• adrenal glands that collectively raise the plasma glucose level.
• The hormones involved are insulin,glucagon,epinephrine,norepinephrine, Cortisol,
and growth hormone .
12.
13. Patho…conti….
• As plasma glucose levels decline within the physiologic range
• in the fasting state, pancreatic beta-cell insulin secretion
• decreases, thereby increasing hepatic glycogenolysis and
• hepatic (and renal) gluconeogenesis.
• Low insulin levels also reduce glucose utilization in peripheral
• tissues, inducing lipolysis and proteolysis, thereby releasing
• gluconeogenic precursors.
• Thus, a decrease in insulin secretion is the first defense against hypoglycemia.
14. • When hypoglycemia is prolonged beyond 4 hours, cortisol and
• growth hormone also support glucose production and limit
• glucose utilization.
• As plasma glucose levels fall to lower levels, symptoms prompt
• the behavioral defense against hypoglycemia, including the
• ingestion of food.
15.
16. Classifications of
Hypoglycemia
• In diabetes mellitus the hypoglycemia is classified as :
• 1) Severe hypoglycemia
• 2) Documented symptomatic hypoglycemia
• 3) Probable symptomatic hypoglycemia
• 4) Asymptomatic hypoglycemia(or hypoglycemic Unawareness)
• 5) Relative hypoglycemia
• • Without diabetes mellitus the hypoglycemia
• 1) reactive(sometimes called "postprandial")
• 2) nonreactive(sometimes called "fasting").
17. •Severe hypoglycemia: which requires the assistance of another
person to administer a carbohydrate (preferably glucose
sublingually or intravenously) or subcutaneous glucagon
•Documented symptomatic hypoglycemia : which occurs when
a patient feels typical hyperadrenergic hypoglycemic
symptoms and verifies the blood glucose level is less than
70mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) before self treating with 15 grams of a
carbohydrate
•Probable symptomatic hypoglycemia :Typical hypoglycemia
symptoms not accompanied by plasma glucose determination
but likely caused by plasma glucose ≤70 mg/dL (≤3.9 mmol/L)
18. • Asymptomatic hypoglycemia (or hypoglycemic unawareness):
•Here the patient does not develop typical hyperadrenergic symptoms
but has a measured plasma glucose level of lessthan 70 mg/dL
(3.9mmol/L).
• this situation occurs most often in type 1 diabetes in patients
striving for excellent glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c value<7.0%)
who have chronic, frequent episodes of hypoglycemia.
19. •Relative hypoglycemia: in which a patient experiences hyperadrenergic
hypoglycemic symptoms but has a measured plasma glucose level greater than 70 mg/dL (3.9
mmol/L).
• this situation occurs most often in patients who have had months (or
• longer) of hyperglycemia (plasma glucose levels >200 mg/dL[11.1mmol/L] at all times) whose
plasma glucose levels are then lowered by medication or lifestyle changes closer to the
normalrange.
• Hyperadrenergic hypoglycemic symptoms can occur when the
• plasma glucose level in these patients is 120 mg/dL (6.7 mmol/L) or
• even higher.
• If these patients continue to keep their plasma glucose level substantially less than 200 mg/dL
(11.1 mmol/L), the threshold at which they manifest hypoglycemic symptoms will fall to more
typicallevels (<70 mg/dL [3.9mmol/L]).
20. • Reactive hypoglycemia.(postprandial). Refers to low blood sugar that occurs
after a meal. Usually within 4 hours after eating.
• Possible causes, alcohol, gastric bypass surgery, inherited metabolic disorders
tumors of the git.
• Non reactive hypoglycemia. fasting hypoglycemia.
21. Laboratory tests
1. 2) Glucose (RBS)
2. 4) C-peptide
3. 5) Beta-hydroxybutyrate
4. 6) Proinsulin
5. 7) Antibodies for insulin and its receptors
6. 8) Sulfonylurea and meglitinide screen
7. 9) Electrolytes, BUN/Cr, UA
8. 10) liver function tests, cortisol and thyroid levels , growth
9. hormone level
22. Diagnosis.
• History
• Physical exam. Profuse sweating, loss of consciousness, dizziness,
• Investigations.
• Random blood sugar.
23. SIGNS-SYMPTOMS-Physical-Exam
• General : confusion, lethargy
• 2) diplopia
• 3) CVS : tachycardia
• 4) Neurologic: tremulousness, weakness, paresthesias , stupor,
• seizure, or coma
• 5) Mental status: irritability, inability to concentrate, or short-term
• memory loss
• 6) Skin: pale, diaphoresis
24. Management of Hypoglycemia
• The management of hypoglycemia can be divided into three
• phases:
•1. acute intervention to prevent and minimize neurological
•damage .
•2. maintenance therapy to prevent recurrence of hypoglycemia
.
•3. subsequent measures to search for and treat the underlying
cause .
25. Management.
• If the patient is able to swallow.
• Give oral glucose or sugar 10-20 g in 100-200ml of water every 15 minutes.
• If patient is unconscious
• Give 50% DEXTROSE 20-50 mls iv slowly (3ml/min) or diluted with normal saline
followed by 10% dextrose by drip at 5-10 mg/kg/minute.
• If patient remains unconscious after 30 min consider other other causes of coma.
• Investigate the causes of hypoglycemia.
26. Prevention.
• Educate at risk of hypoglycemia on recognition of early symptoms.
• Advise patients to always have regular meals and always have glucose or sugar
with them for emergency treatment.
• Advise diabatic patients to carry an identification tag.
27. Acute intervention
•it is important if possible to obtain a blood sample for
laboratory glucose measurement before glucose
administration and to save serum for more sophisticated
investigation if the cause of hypoglycemia is not obvious
(i.e. hypoglycemia in a seemingly healthy, nondiabetic
patient).
•If the patient has a history of malnutrition or chronic alcohol
abuse, intravenous (IV) thiamine at a bolus dose of 12 mg/kg
should be given before initiation of glucose treatment, to
avoid precipitatingWernicke’s encephalopathy.
28. Maintenance therapy• The clinical response of hypoglycemia to IV glucose administration
should be rapid.
• Patients with hypoglycemic coma are expected to regain consciousness and become coherent
within 5-10 minutes.
• However, complete cognitive recovery may be delayed for 30-60 minutes after restoration of
norm glycaemia.
• If there is no obvious improvement in symptoms or consciousness within 10-15 minutes, alternative
diagnoses (e.g. stroke or drug overdose) should be reconsidered.
29. •Subsequent Measures
•After initial stabilization, subsequent management should
be directed at searching for the underlying etiology of
hypoglycemia and preventing further attacks .
•Once the underlying cause is established, definitive therapy
should be offered.
30. • Treatment of Non-Diabetes Related
• Hypoglycemia
• Non diabetic hypoglycemia definitive management depends on the underlying etiology.
• Hypoglycemia induced by medications improves promptly once the medication is removed.
• Correction of sepsis and improvement in hepatic and renal function improves hypoglycemia of
the critical illness.
• Deficiencies of counter regulatory hormones can be corrected Switch replacement of relevant
hormone.
31. • Dietary changes are important in the context of hyperinsulinaemic
hypoglycemia, and the frequency and severity of episodes can be
• significantly reduced with frequent smaller volume meals.
• Complex carbohydrates such as bread, rice and pasta should be
• consumed frequently.
• Wherever possible, surgery to remove an insulinoma should be employed, although patient
preference and significant comorbidities may preclude the use of surgery.
• In these cases and in the context of NIPHS (where partial pancreatectomy can also be offered
if diet and/or medical treatment fails, although may be ineffectual if diffuse nesidioblastosis
is present), medical therapies should be used in the knowledge that each has significant
limitations or side effects
32. • Diazoxide is a potassium channel activator, first developed as an
• antihypertensive agent, but now more commonly used in the context of hypoglycaemia
due to inhibition of insulin secretion.
• It is administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day (with higher doses in refractory cases up to
15 mg/kg/day) in two or three divided oral doses (e.g. 200-1200 mg/day) .
• somatostatin inhibits insulin production, and analogues can be used in any state of
chronic hyperinsulinaemia.
• Octreotide therapy is effective in reducing hypoglycaemia in over 50% of patients
with an insulinoma and can be administered as a long-acting formulation.
• Octreotide is commenced at a dose of 50 mcg three times daily by SC injection, and can
be titrated to a maximum dose of 500mcg three times daily.
33. • Summary Of Management
• Obtain blood glucose concentration as soon as possible (usually with a meter and strips,
if available):
• For symptomatic patient known to have diabetes and with a low glucose value, <70
mg/dL, administer treatment. If a glucose test cannot be performed, do not delay.Treat
as if hypoglycemia has been confirmed.
• If the glucose is low (<55 mg/dL) and the patient is a not a diabetic, draw blood for
glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and an oral hypoglycemic agent screen and then treat
• Do not delay treatment if symptomatic hypoglycemia is suspected but rapid blood
glucose measurement is not available or blood for diagnostic studies cannot be
collected
34. • If conscious and able to drink and swallow safely (ie, administer a rapidly absorbed carbohydrate
(eg, 3 to 4 glucose tablets or a tube of gel with 15 grams, 4 to 6 oz. fruit juice or non-diet soda, or a
teaspoon of honey or table sugar).
• for altered mental status, is unable to swallow, or does not respond to oral glucose administration
within 15 minutes, give an IV bolus of 12.5 to 25 g of glucose (25 to 50 mL of 50 percent dextrose).
• Measure a blood glucose 10 to 15 minutes after the IV bolus.
• Re-administer 12.5 to 25 grams of glucose as needed to maintain the blood glucose above 80
mg/dL.
• If glucose cannot be given by parenteral or oral routes, give glucagon 1 mg IM or SQ. Response
may be transient and should be followed by careful glucose monitoring and oral or intravenous
glucose administration
35. • Give additional maintenance glucose by mouth or IV. IV
• dextrose infusion should ensure delivery of 6 to 9 mg/kg per
• minute of glucose.
• • Amounts needed vary depending upon the cause and severity
• of the symptomatic hypoglycemia. Once the patient is able to
• ingest carbohydrate safely, providing a mixed meal (including
• carbohydrates, such as a sandwich) is the preferred means of
• maintaining glucose levels.
• • Measure a blood glucose 10 to 15 minutes after the initial IV
• bolus and monitor every 30 to 60 minutes thereafter until stable
• (minimum of 4 hours).
39. Nursing care plan.
NURSING
DIAGNOSIS
GOAL INTERVENTION
.
RATIONAL.
unstable blood sugar
related to low plasma
glucose conc evidenced by
blood sugar less than
3.0mmol./l
Restore the normal
glucose levels from
3.0mmol/l to at least
6.0mmol./l in the next
30 minutes
Monitor blood sugar.
Educate patient on the
early symptoms of
hypoglycemia.
Administer dextrose 10%
5-10 mg/kg/minute
Dextrose 10% replaces
the low sugar.
Acute Confusion related
low glucose levels in the
brain evidenced
Fluctuation in level of
consciousness
Patient regains
normal reality
orientation and
level of
consciousness in
the next 10
minutes.
Administer 10% dextrose
solution by drip at 5-
10mg/kg/minute until the
patient regains
consciousness.
Monitor the blood
glucose over hours.
dextrose 10% restores
blood glucose level
,which later restores
consciousness.
40. NURSING DIAGNOSIS GOAL INTERVENTION
Activity intolerance related to low
blood sugar evidenced by
shortness of breathe, dizziness,
rapid pulse.
Treat the underlying cause with in
the next 30 min.
• .Administer iv glucose 10%.
• Advise the patient to have small
frequent meals.
Imbalanced nutrition less than
body requirements related to
insufficient levels of glucose
evidenced by weight loss.
Treat the underlying cause within
the next 30 minutes.
• Administer dextrose 10% iv
slowly.
• give small frequent meals .
• Find out the cause of
hypoglycemia.
• Treat the cause of hypoglycemia.