This document discusses hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level and is a hallmark of diabetes. The main symptoms are increased thirst and frequent urination. Treatment involves controlling blood sugar levels through medication, diet, and exercise. Hypoglycemia is low blood glucose and can be caused by diabetes medications. Symptoms include confusion, weakness, and blurred vision. Treatment focuses on preventing and responding to low blood sugar episodes. Recent research has studied the effects of tea on blood sugar levels and the relationship between hypoglycemia and cognitive dysfunction.

1. HYPERGLYCEMIA
AND
HYPOGLYCEMIA
MADE BY:
SNEHAL SALUNKHE (BBT-2-16036)

2. HYPERGLYCEMIA

3. 1. ABOUT
• Hyperglycemia is the medical term describing an
abnormally high blood glucose (blood sugar) level.
• Hyperglycemia is a hallmark sign of diabetes (both
type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes) and prediabetes.
• Diabetes is the most common cause of hyperglycemia.
• The main symptoms of hyperglycemia are increased
thirst and a frequent need to urinate.

4. 2. PATHWAY
FIG. 1 General features of
hyperglycemia-induced
tissue damage.
FIG. 2 Hyperglycemia increases
flux through the polyol
pathway.

5. 3. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
•The main symptoms of hyperglycemia are increased thirst and a
frequent need to urinate.
•Other symptoms that can occur with hyperglycemia are
headaches, tiredness, blurred vision, hunger, trouble with
thinking or concentrating, poor wound healing, dry or itchy skin
etc.

6. 4. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
• Follow your diabetes meal plan: The food you eat must be in
balance with the insulin working in your body.
• If your blood sugar levels are above your target range, drink
extra liquids. This helps replace the fluids lost through your
urine. Water and sugar-free drinks are best. Drink non-
caffeinated and non-alcoholic beverages that do not contain
sugar. avoid other drinks that have a lot of sugar, such as
fruit juice.
• Make sure you are following your meal plan, exercise
program, and medication routine.
• Check your blood sugar at home often, especially if you are
sick or not following your normal routine. If you don't have a
blood sugar meter, talk with your doctor about getting one.

7. 5. TREATMENT
•Control of high blood sugar is important to prevent complications
caused by chronic hyperglycemia. A doctor may need to review the
treatment plan for a diabetes patient who becomes hyperglycemic
and they may decide to take one of the following actions:
1. Raise the insulin dose
2. Recommend dietary changes
3. Recommend more exercise
4. Recommend closer glucose monitoring.

8. 6. RECENT RESEARCHES
A growing body of evidence showed that tea has anti-
hyperglycemia and anti-diabetes effects during recent years.
Tea may exert beneficial effects on decreasing blood glucose
and ameliorating insulin resistance by:
(i) suppressing carbohydrates absorption
(ii) stimulating glucose metabolism
(iii) alleviating the oxidative stress.
Furthermore, it was also reported that tea consumption
could ameliorate the complications of diabetes mellitus.
However, being a key factor in the occurrence and
development of diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress should be
paid more attention. The relationship between the anti-
oxidative efficacy and anti-diabetes actions of tea, and the
underlying molecular mechanisms of this relevance need
further meticulous research.

9. HYPOGLYCEMIA

10. 1. ABOUT
• Hyperglycemia is the medical term describing an
abnormally low blood glucose (blood sugar) level.
• Hypoglycemia occurs when blood glucose levels fall
below 4 mmol/L (72mg/dL).
• Hypoglycemia can be a side effect of insulin or other
types of diabetes medicines that help your body make
more insulin.

11. 2. PATHWAY

12. 3. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
•Confusion, heart palpitations, shakiness and anxiety.
•Being pale, feeling weak and hungry, irritability.
•Blurred visions Abnormal thinking, impaired judgment Nonspecific
dysphoria, moodiness, depression, crying, exaggerated concerns.
•Negativism, belligerence, combativeness, rage.
•Fatigue, weakness, apathy, lethargy, daydreaming, sleep Confusion,
memory loss, lightheadedness or dizziness, delirium.

13. 4. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
• Record your low glucose reactions
• Carry a glucose source at all times.
• Get enough sleep.
• Pay attention to physical activity.
• Avoid insulin mix-ups.
• If using a fast-acting insulin, pay attention to
blood glucose levels one to two hours after
injection.
• Understand your medications.

14. 5. TREATMENT

15. 6. RECENT RESEARCHES
Glucose is the metabolic fuel for the brain. Acute interruption of glucose
supply may result in functional brain failure and eventually lead to coma
and death. There is a possible association between repeated episodes of
severe hypoglycemia and long term cognitive dysfunction. Åsvold et al.,
reported that the overall cognitive scores were lower in children with
diabetes who had experienced severe hypoglycemic episodes than those
without history of severe hypoglycemia. Earlier studies also showed that
severe hypoglycemia may aggravate the severity of the neurocognitive
dysfunction in patients with diabetes. Severe hypoglycemic episodes in
older patients with diabetes have been shown to be associated with an
increased risk of dementia, functional brain failure and cerebellar ataxia.
In human autopsy studies, of patients dying after an episode of severe
hypoglycemia, as well as in animal models, the superficial layers of the
cerebral cortex, hippocampus and caudate nucleus, were reported to be
affected. More recently, Bree et al., reported that severe hypoglycemia
causes damage in the cortex and the hippocampus regions and the
extent of damage was closely correlated to the presence of seizure-like
activity.

16. REFERENCES
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3784865/
• http://www.diabetesforecast.org/2014/07-jul/10-ways-to-
prevent-low-blood.html
• https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Glycemia.aspx
• https://www.diabetes.co.uk/Diabetes-and-
Hypoglycaemia.html
• http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/87/1/217S.full
• www.wikipedia.org
• https://www.medicinenet.com/hyperglycemia/article.htm
• https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/hypoglycemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373685

17. THANK YOU