During this webinar Kyla discusses the potential causes of thyroid issues and the signs and symptoms to look out for in order to determine whether thyroid dysfunction may be a factor in your clients’ conditions. The negative health effects of thyroid dysfunction, including alterations in metabolism, skin health, digestive issues and fertility, will be covered. Kyla then goes on to discuss the tests available to better understand the extent and type of thyroid dysfunction and the nutritional and lifestyle approach to support thyroid health.
The document discusses thyroid disorders and summarizes key information about the thyroid gland, its hormones and functions. It describes hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, their causes, symptoms and treatment methods. Hypothyroidism is treated mainly with levothyroxine while hyperthyroidism can be treated with antithyroid drugs, beta blockers or radioactive iodine ablation.
The most common manifestation of thyroid disease is the enlargement of the thyroid gland, known as a goiter. Goiters can be diffuse, meaning affecting the whole thyroid, or nodular, consisting of lumps within the thyroid. The document discusses the different types of goiters and nodules, including the causes and characteristics of diffuse goiter, multinodular goiter, solitary nodules, and common thyroid nodule types like colloid nodules and follicular adenomas. Dietary iodine deficiency is identified as the most common cause of diffuse goiter.
Hypothyroidism is caused by an underactive thyroid gland that produces insufficient thyroid hormones. The document summarizes the symptoms, complications, classifications, and treatments for hypothyroidism. It provides details on the thyroid gland, hormones, and regulating system. Treatment recommendations include dietary changes like increasing iodine, calcium and magnesium intake. Herbal supplements like bladderwrack, oats and makandi are also suggested to support thyroid function.
This case study documents the symptoms, lab results, diagnosis, and treatment for a patient with hypothyroidism. The patient presented with symptoms including dull facial expression, dry skin, constipation, and an enlarged heart. Lab tests found low levels of T4 and T3 and an elevated TSH. This led to a diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism caused by insufficient thyroid hormone production. Treatment involves lifelong thyroxine medication to regulate metabolism.
The document summarizes diets for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. It describes the thyroid gland and its functions. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid does not produce enough hormones. Its causes include iodine deficiency and inflammation. Symptoms are fatigue and dry skin. The diet emphasizes proteins, complex carbs, and avoids goitrogens. Hyperthyroidism is an overactive thyroid with causes like Graves' disease. Symptoms are rapid weight loss and anxiety. Its diet focuses on antioxidants, omega-3s, and lean proteins while avoiding caffeine, alcohol and refined foods.
The thyroid gland has two primary functions: secreting thyroid hormones which maintain metabolism, and secreting calcitonin which regulates calcium levels. Congenital hypothyroidism is caused by thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth and can cause mental retardation if not treated. It is usually diagnosed through newborn screening and treated with thyroid hormone replacement medication. Early treatment leads to a better prognosis, while delayed treatment is associated with lower IQ scores.
During this webinar Kyla discusses the potential causes of thyroid issues and the signs and symptoms to look out for in order to determine whether thyroid dysfunction may be a factor in your clients’ conditions. The negative health effects of thyroid dysfunction, including alterations in metabolism, skin health, digestive issues and fertility, will be covered. Kyla then goes on to discuss the tests available to better understand the extent and type of thyroid dysfunction and the nutritional and lifestyle approach to support thyroid health.
The document discusses thyroid disorders and summarizes key information about the thyroid gland, its hormones and functions. It describes hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, their causes, symptoms and treatment methods. Hypothyroidism is treated mainly with levothyroxine while hyperthyroidism can be treated with antithyroid drugs, beta blockers or radioactive iodine ablation.
The most common manifestation of thyroid disease is the enlargement of the thyroid gland, known as a goiter. Goiters can be diffuse, meaning affecting the whole thyroid, or nodular, consisting of lumps within the thyroid. The document discusses the different types of goiters and nodules, including the causes and characteristics of diffuse goiter, multinodular goiter, solitary nodules, and common thyroid nodule types like colloid nodules and follicular adenomas. Dietary iodine deficiency is identified as the most common cause of diffuse goiter.
Hypothyroidism is caused by an underactive thyroid gland that produces insufficient thyroid hormones. The document summarizes the symptoms, complications, classifications, and treatments for hypothyroidism. It provides details on the thyroid gland, hormones, and regulating system. Treatment recommendations include dietary changes like increasing iodine, calcium and magnesium intake. Herbal supplements like bladderwrack, oats and makandi are also suggested to support thyroid function.
This case study documents the symptoms, lab results, diagnosis, and treatment for a patient with hypothyroidism. The patient presented with symptoms including dull facial expression, dry skin, constipation, and an enlarged heart. Lab tests found low levels of T4 and T3 and an elevated TSH. This led to a diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism caused by insufficient thyroid hormone production. Treatment involves lifelong thyroxine medication to regulate metabolism.
The document summarizes diets for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. It describes the thyroid gland and its functions. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid does not produce enough hormones. Its causes include iodine deficiency and inflammation. Symptoms are fatigue and dry skin. The diet emphasizes proteins, complex carbs, and avoids goitrogens. Hyperthyroidism is an overactive thyroid with causes like Graves' disease. Symptoms are rapid weight loss and anxiety. Its diet focuses on antioxidants, omega-3s, and lean proteins while avoiding caffeine, alcohol and refined foods.
The thyroid gland has two primary functions: secreting thyroid hormones which maintain metabolism, and secreting calcitonin which regulates calcium levels. Congenital hypothyroidism is caused by thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth and can cause mental retardation if not treated. It is usually diagnosed through newborn screening and treated with thyroid hormone replacement medication. Early treatment leads to a better prognosis, while delayed treatment is associated with lower IQ scores.
Congenital hypothyroidism MEDICAL STUDENTS level,Mohamed Alfaki
Congenital hypothyroidism is the most common neonatal metabolic disorder and can cause severe physical and neurological impairment if left untreated. It occurs in approximately 1 in 3,000-4,000 births. The thyroid gland normally develops between weeks 3-7 of gestation and begins secreting hormones around week 12. After birth, there is a surge in TSH levels in response to cooling which returns to normal after 3 days. Congenital hypothyroidism can be primary, from defects in the thyroid gland itself, or secondary, from deficiency in TSH. The most common cause is developmental defects of the gland such as hypoplasia or aplasia. Treatment involves lifelong levothyroxine replacement therapy.
A 27-year-old female presents with palpitations. Exam finds an enlarged, tender thyroid. Labs show suppressed TSH, elevated T4 and low radioactive iodine uptake. The next appropriate test would be to check the ESR, as these findings are consistent with subacute thyroiditis, an inflammation of the thyroid gland often caused by a viral infection. The treatment is symptomatic with pain medication as the condition will typically resolve on its own over several months.
This document discusses thyroid health and various thyroid conditions. It begins by describing the anatomy and function of the thyroid gland. It then discusses hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), including causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment with levothyroxine replacement. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) is also covered, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis using labs and imaging, and treatment options. Goiter and thyroid nodules are briefly described.
The document discusses the thyroid gland and hypothyroidism. It provides details on the anatomy, histology, synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones. It also describes the clinical features of hypothyroidism including constitutional symptoms like cold intolerance and fatigue. Laboratory tests for investigating thyroid function and disorders are outlined, including measurement of thyroid hormones and thyroid antibodies. Physical examination findings for the thyroid gland are also reviewed.
The document discusses the physiology of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones such as T3 and T4. It describes how the pituitary-thyroid axis controls thyroid hormone production and discusses different types of thyroid enlargement including simple goiter, diffuse hyperplastic goiter, toxic nodular goiter, and Graves' disease. The principles and advantages/disadvantages of different treatment approaches for hyperthyroidism are provided, including anti-thyroid drugs, surgery, and radioiodine therapy. Potential postoperative complications of thyroid surgery are also listed.
The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck just below the Adam’s apple.
Several different disorders can arise when your thyroid produces too much hormone (hyperthyroidism) or not enough (hypothyroidism).
Four common disorders of the thyroid are Hashimoto’s disease, Graves’ disease, goiter, and thyroid nodules.
AUM ENT Clinic is dedicated to the delivery of compassionate, quality, state-of-the-art and cost effective health care with best-in-class technology and equipment.
Contact us @https://www.aumentclinic.com/contact-us.php
The document summarizes thyroid disorders, including the regulation and synthesis of thyroid hormones, common disorders like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, and thyroid tumors. The thyroid gland secretes T3, T4, and calcitonin hormones which increase metabolism. Hyperthyroidism is caused by Graves' disease, nodular disease, thyroiditis or drugs and results in high T3 and T4 levels. Hypothyroidism has low hormone levels and is treated with levothyroxine. Goiter is thyroid enlargement and tumors can be benign or malignant.
This document provides information on thyroid disorders including their regulation, metabolism, function tests, clinical examination, classifications of hypothyroidism, its multi-system effects and signs. It also discusses hyperthyroidism including its causes, symptoms, signs, diagnosis, complications and treatment options such as anti-thyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, surgery and symptom relief medications. Specific conditions like Graves' disease, thyroid storm, congenital hypothyroidism and myxedema coma are explained.
1) Hypopituitarism occurs when the pituitary gland loses its ability to produce hormones, resulting in deficiencies of growth hormone, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, FSH, LH, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone.
2) It can be congenital due to genetic mutations or perinatal injuries, or acquired from brain damage, tumors, infections, or other causes that damage the pituitary gland.
3) Symptoms depend on which hormones are deficient but may include growth failure, hypoglycemia, delayed puberty, electrolyte imbalances, and diabetes insipidus. Treatment involves hormone replacement therapy and monitoring hormone levels.
The document discusses a case of subclinical hypothyroidism in a 70-year-old woman named Ayesha who presented with fatigue, dry skin, and difficulty losing weight. Laboratory tests found her TSH level to be elevated at 8.1 mIU/L and her FT4 level to be low normal, confirming a diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism likely caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The document then provides information on hypothyroidism, its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options including levothyroxine replacement therapy.
Congenital hypothyroidism results from deficient thyroid hormone production or receptor defects. It can cause growth retardation and impaired mental development if not treated. The document discusses the causes, signs, diagnosis, and lifelong treatment of the disorder, which involves replacing thyroid hormone through medication to maintain normal development. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent intellectual disability, while delays can lead to permanent damage.
Thyroid and its pathology (Hypothyroidism).Vikas Reddy
GREEK :- THYREOS – SHIELD ; EIDOS – FORM
1.LOCATION:- Anterior to trachea in between the cricoid cartilage and the suprasternal notch.
2.SHAPE:- It has 2 lobes connected with an isthmus, each lobe in turn has two poles.
3.Weighs around 10-20 gm, highly vascular and soft in consistency.
4. 4 Parathyroid glands which secrete PTH are located posterior to each pole of thyroid
The RLN traverse the lateral border of thyroid gland and must be identified during thyroid surgery to avoid injury and vocal cord paralysis.
Develops from the floor of primitive pharynx during the 3rd week of gestation.
Fetal cells in which developmental transcription factors TTF-1,TTF-2 & PAX-8 are expressed selectively form the thyroid gland ,secondly they result in induction of thyroid specific genes
Tg,TPO,NIS,TSH-R.
Mutations-THYROID AGENESIS & DYSHORMONOGENESIS(CONG. HYPOTHYROIDISM).
The developing gland migrates along the thyroglossal duct to reach its final location in the neck.
LINGUAL THYROID AND THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST.
Thyroid hormone synthesis begins at about 11 weeks of gestation.
Until 11 week of gestation and even later, it is the maternal thyroid hormones which cross the placenta to reach the fetus and aid its development.
Therefore a child born to a hypothyroid mother would suffer from features of congenital hypothyroidism.
Secondly if the mother has TSH-R blocking antibodies or has received anti thyroid therapy during pregnancy, might lead to transient congenital hypothyroidism.
The document discusses thyroid disorders and provides information about:
1) The thyroid gland, its location and functions including producing thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism.
2) Types of thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, their causes, symptoms and treatment options.
3) Diagnostic tests for thyroid disorders including thyroid function tests and scans.
4) Specific conditions like Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyroid storm and their characteristics.
Congenital hypothyroidism is a condition present at birth where the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones. It can cause arrested physical and mental development. The most common cause is failure of the thyroid to grow before birth. Symptoms in newborns include jaundice, hypotonia, and large tongue. If not treated with levothyroxine replacement, it can lead to intellectual disability and growth impairment. Screening programs allow for early diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications.
This document discusses goiter and hyperthyroidism. It defines goiter as any enlargement of the thyroid gland and describes different types of goiters. It also discusses the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of nontoxic goiters. The document then discusses hyperthyroidism and provides details about Graves' disease, including its pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic testing and treatment options. It also briefly discusses thyroid storm.
This document provides an overview of hypopituitarism, including its anatomy, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Hypopituitarism is a clinical syndrome of deficiency in pituitary hormone production and secretion that can result from disorders of the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, or surrounding structures. Common causes include tumors, trauma, infections, infiltrative disorders, and genetic mutations. Clinical features vary depending on which hormones are deficient but may include fatigue, weight changes, dry skin, and visual disturbances. Diagnosis involves hormonal blood tests and dynamic testing. Treatment is lifelong hormone replacement therapy to mimic normal hormone levels.
This document discusses an approach to a person with an abnormal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level. It begins by introducing the thyroid gland and hormones T4 and T3, which are regulated by TSH. Several conditions can cause high or low TSH, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid hormone resistance, and TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Specific thyroid conditions discussed in detail include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, iodine deficiency, acute/subacute/silent/chronic thyroiditis, and subclinical hypothyroidism. Treatment depends on the underlying condition but may include levothyroxine, glucocorticoids, surgery, or radiation therapy.
This document discusses hyperthyroidism and its management. It begins with definitions of hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis. It then discusses the prevalence, anatomy, physiology and causes of hyperthyroidism. The clinical manifestations involving multiple body systems are explained in detail. Diagnostic tests including blood tests, ultrasound and radioactive iodine uptake scans are outlined. Finally, the medical management including antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine therapy and surgery are summarized.
This document outlines a protocol for using the thyroid medication T3 (Cytomel) following a "2 days on, 2 days off" schedule. It instructs users to take their morning temperature for 7 days to establish a baseline, then increase the T3 dose by 25mcg if their temperature does not rise by 0.3-0.6 Celsius after a week. It advises stopping T3 use if temperatures drop more than 0.6 Celsius below the baseline for 3 days, and provides guidance on timing and dosage of the medication.
Scintigraphic manifistation of thyrotoxicosisharwnahmad
1) Graves' disease is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis and is characterized by diffuse uptake throughout the thyroid gland on scintigraphy. Toxic nodular goiter and toxic multinodular goiter show focal increased uptake in nodules.
2) Subacute thyroiditis appears as minimal uptake on scintigraphy due to inflammation destroying the thyroid follicles.
3) The causes, scintigraphic findings, and therapeutic approaches are different for the various conditions that can cause thyrotoxicosis. Diagnosis relies on correlating clinical information with laboratory values and scintigraphic patterns.
Congenital hypothyroidism MEDICAL STUDENTS level,Mohamed Alfaki
Congenital hypothyroidism is the most common neonatal metabolic disorder and can cause severe physical and neurological impairment if left untreated. It occurs in approximately 1 in 3,000-4,000 births. The thyroid gland normally develops between weeks 3-7 of gestation and begins secreting hormones around week 12. After birth, there is a surge in TSH levels in response to cooling which returns to normal after 3 days. Congenital hypothyroidism can be primary, from defects in the thyroid gland itself, or secondary, from deficiency in TSH. The most common cause is developmental defects of the gland such as hypoplasia or aplasia. Treatment involves lifelong levothyroxine replacement therapy.
A 27-year-old female presents with palpitations. Exam finds an enlarged, tender thyroid. Labs show suppressed TSH, elevated T4 and low radioactive iodine uptake. The next appropriate test would be to check the ESR, as these findings are consistent with subacute thyroiditis, an inflammation of the thyroid gland often caused by a viral infection. The treatment is symptomatic with pain medication as the condition will typically resolve on its own over several months.
This document discusses thyroid health and various thyroid conditions. It begins by describing the anatomy and function of the thyroid gland. It then discusses hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), including causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment with levothyroxine replacement. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) is also covered, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis using labs and imaging, and treatment options. Goiter and thyroid nodules are briefly described.
The document discusses the thyroid gland and hypothyroidism. It provides details on the anatomy, histology, synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones. It also describes the clinical features of hypothyroidism including constitutional symptoms like cold intolerance and fatigue. Laboratory tests for investigating thyroid function and disorders are outlined, including measurement of thyroid hormones and thyroid antibodies. Physical examination findings for the thyroid gland are also reviewed.
The document discusses the physiology of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones such as T3 and T4. It describes how the pituitary-thyroid axis controls thyroid hormone production and discusses different types of thyroid enlargement including simple goiter, diffuse hyperplastic goiter, toxic nodular goiter, and Graves' disease. The principles and advantages/disadvantages of different treatment approaches for hyperthyroidism are provided, including anti-thyroid drugs, surgery, and radioiodine therapy. Potential postoperative complications of thyroid surgery are also listed.
The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck just below the Adam’s apple.
Several different disorders can arise when your thyroid produces too much hormone (hyperthyroidism) or not enough (hypothyroidism).
Four common disorders of the thyroid are Hashimoto’s disease, Graves’ disease, goiter, and thyroid nodules.
AUM ENT Clinic is dedicated to the delivery of compassionate, quality, state-of-the-art and cost effective health care with best-in-class technology and equipment.
Contact us @https://www.aumentclinic.com/contact-us.php
The document summarizes thyroid disorders, including the regulation and synthesis of thyroid hormones, common disorders like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, and thyroid tumors. The thyroid gland secretes T3, T4, and calcitonin hormones which increase metabolism. Hyperthyroidism is caused by Graves' disease, nodular disease, thyroiditis or drugs and results in high T3 and T4 levels. Hypothyroidism has low hormone levels and is treated with levothyroxine. Goiter is thyroid enlargement and tumors can be benign or malignant.
This document provides information on thyroid disorders including their regulation, metabolism, function tests, clinical examination, classifications of hypothyroidism, its multi-system effects and signs. It also discusses hyperthyroidism including its causes, symptoms, signs, diagnosis, complications and treatment options such as anti-thyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, surgery and symptom relief medications. Specific conditions like Graves' disease, thyroid storm, congenital hypothyroidism and myxedema coma are explained.
1) Hypopituitarism occurs when the pituitary gland loses its ability to produce hormones, resulting in deficiencies of growth hormone, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, FSH, LH, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone.
2) It can be congenital due to genetic mutations or perinatal injuries, or acquired from brain damage, tumors, infections, or other causes that damage the pituitary gland.
3) Symptoms depend on which hormones are deficient but may include growth failure, hypoglycemia, delayed puberty, electrolyte imbalances, and diabetes insipidus. Treatment involves hormone replacement therapy and monitoring hormone levels.
The document discusses a case of subclinical hypothyroidism in a 70-year-old woman named Ayesha who presented with fatigue, dry skin, and difficulty losing weight. Laboratory tests found her TSH level to be elevated at 8.1 mIU/L and her FT4 level to be low normal, confirming a diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism likely caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The document then provides information on hypothyroidism, its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options including levothyroxine replacement therapy.
Congenital hypothyroidism results from deficient thyroid hormone production or receptor defects. It can cause growth retardation and impaired mental development if not treated. The document discusses the causes, signs, diagnosis, and lifelong treatment of the disorder, which involves replacing thyroid hormone through medication to maintain normal development. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent intellectual disability, while delays can lead to permanent damage.
Thyroid and its pathology (Hypothyroidism).Vikas Reddy
GREEK :- THYREOS – SHIELD ; EIDOS – FORM
1.LOCATION:- Anterior to trachea in between the cricoid cartilage and the suprasternal notch.
2.SHAPE:- It has 2 lobes connected with an isthmus, each lobe in turn has two poles.
3.Weighs around 10-20 gm, highly vascular and soft in consistency.
4. 4 Parathyroid glands which secrete PTH are located posterior to each pole of thyroid
The RLN traverse the lateral border of thyroid gland and must be identified during thyroid surgery to avoid injury and vocal cord paralysis.
Develops from the floor of primitive pharynx during the 3rd week of gestation.
Fetal cells in which developmental transcription factors TTF-1,TTF-2 & PAX-8 are expressed selectively form the thyroid gland ,secondly they result in induction of thyroid specific genes
Tg,TPO,NIS,TSH-R.
Mutations-THYROID AGENESIS & DYSHORMONOGENESIS(CONG. HYPOTHYROIDISM).
The developing gland migrates along the thyroglossal duct to reach its final location in the neck.
LINGUAL THYROID AND THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST.
Thyroid hormone synthesis begins at about 11 weeks of gestation.
Until 11 week of gestation and even later, it is the maternal thyroid hormones which cross the placenta to reach the fetus and aid its development.
Therefore a child born to a hypothyroid mother would suffer from features of congenital hypothyroidism.
Secondly if the mother has TSH-R blocking antibodies or has received anti thyroid therapy during pregnancy, might lead to transient congenital hypothyroidism.
The document discusses thyroid disorders and provides information about:
1) The thyroid gland, its location and functions including producing thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism.
2) Types of thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, their causes, symptoms and treatment options.
3) Diagnostic tests for thyroid disorders including thyroid function tests and scans.
4) Specific conditions like Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyroid storm and their characteristics.
Congenital hypothyroidism is a condition present at birth where the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones. It can cause arrested physical and mental development. The most common cause is failure of the thyroid to grow before birth. Symptoms in newborns include jaundice, hypotonia, and large tongue. If not treated with levothyroxine replacement, it can lead to intellectual disability and growth impairment. Screening programs allow for early diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications.
This document discusses goiter and hyperthyroidism. It defines goiter as any enlargement of the thyroid gland and describes different types of goiters. It also discusses the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of nontoxic goiters. The document then discusses hyperthyroidism and provides details about Graves' disease, including its pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic testing and treatment options. It also briefly discusses thyroid storm.
This document provides an overview of hypopituitarism, including its anatomy, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Hypopituitarism is a clinical syndrome of deficiency in pituitary hormone production and secretion that can result from disorders of the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, or surrounding structures. Common causes include tumors, trauma, infections, infiltrative disorders, and genetic mutations. Clinical features vary depending on which hormones are deficient but may include fatigue, weight changes, dry skin, and visual disturbances. Diagnosis involves hormonal blood tests and dynamic testing. Treatment is lifelong hormone replacement therapy to mimic normal hormone levels.
This document discusses an approach to a person with an abnormal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level. It begins by introducing the thyroid gland and hormones T4 and T3, which are regulated by TSH. Several conditions can cause high or low TSH, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid hormone resistance, and TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Specific thyroid conditions discussed in detail include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, iodine deficiency, acute/subacute/silent/chronic thyroiditis, and subclinical hypothyroidism. Treatment depends on the underlying condition but may include levothyroxine, glucocorticoids, surgery, or radiation therapy.
This document discusses hyperthyroidism and its management. It begins with definitions of hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis. It then discusses the prevalence, anatomy, physiology and causes of hyperthyroidism. The clinical manifestations involving multiple body systems are explained in detail. Diagnostic tests including blood tests, ultrasound and radioactive iodine uptake scans are outlined. Finally, the medical management including antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine therapy and surgery are summarized.
This document outlines a protocol for using the thyroid medication T3 (Cytomel) following a "2 days on, 2 days off" schedule. It instructs users to take their morning temperature for 7 days to establish a baseline, then increase the T3 dose by 25mcg if their temperature does not rise by 0.3-0.6 Celsius after a week. It advises stopping T3 use if temperatures drop more than 0.6 Celsius below the baseline for 3 days, and provides guidance on timing and dosage of the medication.
Scintigraphic manifistation of thyrotoxicosisharwnahmad
1) Graves' disease is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis and is characterized by diffuse uptake throughout the thyroid gland on scintigraphy. Toxic nodular goiter and toxic multinodular goiter show focal increased uptake in nodules.
2) Subacute thyroiditis appears as minimal uptake on scintigraphy due to inflammation destroying the thyroid follicles.
3) The causes, scintigraphic findings, and therapeutic approaches are different for the various conditions that can cause thyrotoxicosis. Diagnosis relies on correlating clinical information with laboratory values and scintigraphic patterns.
This document discusses how to ensure success with clinical nutrition protocols based on reviewing the latest evidence on effective brain-boosting nutrients. It notes that many nutrition studies fail to show clear results due to flaws in study design and methodology. The document recommends adopting a personalized biomarker-based approach and choosing the right dose for each individual client based on baseline levels. It also emphasizes using high-quality, concentrated forms of nutrients like restructured triglyceride fish oils in order to achieve optimal tissue levels and therapeutic benefits.
This document discusses thyroid diseases including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and thyroiditis. Hyperthyroidism is discussed in detail including its most common causes of Graves' disease and toxic multinodular goiter. Symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism are provided. Hypothyroidism is also discussed including its most common cause of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Symptoms, signs and treatment of hypothyroidism with levothyroxine are covered. The different types of thyroiditis including acute, subacute, chronic and their characteristics are summarized.
This document provides a historical perspective on thyroid gland and thyroid surgery. Some key points covered include:
- Goiter was first documented in the Alps and consuming seaweed was found to cure it due to its high iodine content.
- Leonardo da Vinci discovered and drew detailed sketches of the thyroid gland in the early 1500s.
- In the late 1500s/early 1600s, links were established between goiter in mothers and cretinism in children.
- Iodine was discovered as the key nutrient in preventing goiter in the early 1800s.
- The first total thyroidectomy was performed in 1867 and Theodor Kocher performed over 100 thyroid surgeries,
Goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland, most commonly caused by iodine deficiency affecting up to 200 million people worldwide. While most goiters are benign and cause only cosmetic issues, they can sometimes lead to compression of surrounding structures or thyroid disorders. The thyroid is controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, and deficiencies in thyroid hormones can cause the thyroid to enlarge in an attempt to compensate. Goiters can be diffuse or nodular, and investigations including ultrasound and biopsy may be needed to determine if surgery is required for large goiters, suspected malignancy, or pressure symptoms.
The document discusses goiter, which is an enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by a lack of iodine. It can be caused by Graves' disease, Hashimoto's disease, or thyroid cancer. Without enough iodine, the thyroid is unable to produce thyroid hormones. Goiter affects the body's homeostasis by preventing the production of thyroid hormones. Common symptoms include a swollen throat and difficulty swallowing or breathing. Treatment options include medication like levothyroxine to replace thyroid hormones, surgery, or radioactive iodine. Consuming iodized salt can help prevent goiter.
- TSH is produced by the adenohypophysis and regulates thyroid function by stimulating iodine uptake, colloid endocytosis, and thyroid gland growth. The majority of circulating thyroid hormone is T4, with T3 making up a small percentage.
- Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of goiter and hypothyroidism worldwide. It can lead to miscarriages, stillbirths, neurological issues, and impaired intellectual function in both fetuses and newborns through adults.
- Goiters are classified based on their etiology, morphology, and size. The most common types are diffuse nontoxic goiter and multinodular goiter, which can sometimes become toxic
This document discusses various oral manifestations of systemic diseases. It begins by classifying systemic diseases into 14 categories that can present with oral lesions. Several infectious diseases are then discussed in detail, including viral infections like herpes simplex, herpes zoster, herpangina and hand foot mouth disease. Bacterial infections such as tuberculosis, syphilis and leprosy are also mentioned. Clinical features, diagnosis and treatment are provided for many of the infectious diseases.
1. Lingual thyroid is a rare condition where the thyroid gland is located at the base of the tongue instead of the normal location in the neck. Investigations like thyroid scan and CT neck can help locate the gland. Treatment involves medical therapy initially and surgery if medical treatment fails.
2. Thyroglossal cysts arise from remnants of the thyroglossal duct during embryonic development of the thyroid gland. Sistrunk operation is the treatment of choice which involves removal of the cyst along with a portion of the hyoid bone and any connecting tract.
3. A cold nodule seen on a thyroid scan could indicate a benign cyst, colloid nodule, or follicular carcinoma of the thyroid
This document discusses the thyroid gland and thyroid problems. It introduces the thyroid gland and its functions in producing hormones that regulate metabolism and other bodily processes. It describes the two main thyroid disorders: hypothyroidism, which involves insufficient hormone production and its symptoms and treatments; and hyperthyroidism, which involves excessive hormone production and its potential causes like Grave's disease, symptoms, and treatment options like radioactive iodine. Other conditions discussed include goiter and how to avoid thyroid risks like unnecessary radiation exposure during dental x-rays.
The document discusses thyroid health, including:
- The thyroid's anatomy and functions of producing hormones that regulate metabolism.
- Common thyroid conditions like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism cause different symptoms depending on insufficient or excessive hormone production and are treated with thyroid hormone replacement or medications.
- Thyroid nodules and goiters can develop and are usually evaluated with ultrasound imaging, though most nodules are benign.
- Supplements like iodine and selenium are important for thyroid health, but some like biotin can interfere with thyroid tests.
Goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland located in the neck. It can be caused by iodine deficiency, inflammation, tumors, or genetic defects. There are two main types - diffuse goiter where the entire gland swells, and nodular goiter where lumps develop within the gland. Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound scans, and fine needle aspiration of nodules. Treatment depends on symptoms and includes iodine/thyroid hormone supplementation, diet modification, or surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. Surgical risks include infection, nerve damage affecting voice, and parathyroid gland damage requiring lifelong calcium supplements.
Osteoporosis, Hypothyroidism..... Not Just a Woman's Disease By Ms.Prema Kodical
This is part of the HELP Talk series at HELP,Health Education Library for People, the worlds largest free patient education library www.healthlibrary.com
10 important facts on thyroid | thyroid treatment | Dr Batrasandippatil0
Dr Batra's provides treatment for thyroid through homeopathy remedies that helps to stimulate better functioning of the thyroid gland with no side effects.
Dr. Pradeep Singh is a Senior Consultant and Head, Department of Head & Neck and ENT Surgery, Continental Hospitals, Hyderabad. He possesses hands-on experience in head & neck and ENT surgeries. Dr. Pradeep has more than 18 years of experience in his field.
Most common thyroid disorders are hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). Hyperthyroidism symptoms include nervousness, palpitations, sweating, and eye changes. Causes include Graves' disease and ingestion of excess thyroid hormone. Treatment involves anti-thyroid medications, radioactive iodine, or surgery. Hypothyroidism causes fatigue, weight gain, dry skin and is most often due to autoimmune disease or previous thyroid surgery/radiation. Levothyroxine replacement is the standard treatment monitored through thyroid hormone level testing.
Hyperthyroidism refers to overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in excessive secretion of thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism. Common causes of hyperthyroidism include Graves' disease, multinodular goiter, and thyroiditis. Signs and symptoms include nervousness, palpitations, heat intolerance, tremors, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves thyroid function tests and scans. Treatment options include anti-thyroid medications, radioactive iodine, and surgery. Nursing care focuses on managing nutrition, activity tolerance, risk for injury, hyperthermia, and social interaction issues.
The pituitary gland has three lobes - anterior, posterior, and intermediate. The anterior lobe secretes growth hormone and others to regulate various processes. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. Disorders include dwarfism, gigantism, and others related to hormone imbalances. The pancreas contains islets of Langerhans that secrete insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar. Diabetes occurs when there is insufficient insulin. The thyroid gland produces T3 and T4 which regulate metabolism; disorders include hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease, and goiter. The parathyroid glands secrete PTH which regulates blood calcium levels.
Goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that presents as a visible swelling in the neck. It has various causes like iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders, and thyroid nodules. Symptoms include neck swelling, difficulty swallowing or breathing, and voice changes. Diagnosis involves physical exam, hormone tests, and imaging tests like ultrasound. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medication, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery to manage the condition or remove the thyroid gland if cancer is suspected. Maintaining sufficient iodine intake through diet is important for prevention and management of goiter.
The document discusses the thyroid gland, thyroid hormones, hypothyroidism, and thyroid disease. It provides information on the location and function of the thyroid gland. It describes hypothyroidism as a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, and discusses its prevalence, signs and symptoms, and treatment through thyroid hormone replacement therapy by titrating the dosage of thyroxine. The document also addresses various cases of hypothyroidism and appropriate treatment approaches.
The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the larynx. It produces thyroid hormones including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which increase metabolism in nearly every organ system. Iodine is necessary for thyroid hormone production. Disorders include hypothyroidism, where thyroid hormone production is inadequate, and hyperthyroidism, where production is excessive. Graves' disease is an autoimmune cause of hyperthyroidism. Cretinism results from untreated congenital hypothyroidism and causes severe physical and mental impairment.
The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the larynx. It produces thyroid hormones including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which increase metabolism in nearly every organ system. Disorders of the thyroid gland can cause either hyperthyroidism from excessive hormone production or hypothyroidism from inadequate production. Common diseases include Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and iodine deficiency-related goiter.
The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the larynx. It secretes thyroid hormones like thyroxine and triiodothyronine which regulate metabolism. The thyroid can develop several conditions like goiter, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and cancer. Treatment depends on the condition but may include surgery, medication, radiation, or thyroid hormone replacement pills.
Based on the lab results provided:
- T3/T4 are high
- TSH is low
This pattern is seen in primary hyperthyroidism.
The diagnosis would be A) Primary hyperthyroidism.
The document discusses hypothyroidism and how Ayurveda can help treat it. It defines the thyroid gland and its function of producing hormones. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid does not produce enough hormones. Common causes include autoimmune disorders and stress. Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, and mood changes. Ayurvedic treatments focus on reducing the heavy and dull qualities of excess Kapha dosha and include herbal formulas, nasal therapies, foods high in iodine and selenium, yoga, and exercise.
Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland to overproduce hormones. Symptoms include weight loss, rapid heartbeat, increased appetite, nervousness, tremors, and eye problems. Treatment options include anti-thyroid medications to slow hormone production, radioactive iodine therapy to destroy thyroid cells, and surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. Lifestyle changes like a healthy diet and stress reduction can also help manage symptoms.
This document discusses the relationship between the thyroid, adrenals, and stress. It begins by outlining how stress can impact the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and decrease TSH, resulting in low thyroid symptoms. The document then explains how poor adrenal function from stress can lower sex hormones like progesterone, affecting fertility. Overall, the document summarizes how stress can indirectly lower thyroid function through its effects on the adrenals and hormone production.
1. • The thyroid gland is a soft
smooth fleshy gland which
sits below the larynx
(voice box).
• This gland produces
thyroid hormone which
controls the metabolic rate.
2. • The thyroid gland produces the hormone called
Thyroxine (T4) – this contains 4 molecules of
iodine
• T4 is converted into the much more active form
of thyroid hormone called Triiodothyronine (T3)
– this contains 3 molecules of iodine
• T4 is converted into T3 in the liver, muscle,
kidney and to a lesser degree in all other body
tissues
3. Disorders of the thyroid
• Hypothyroidism (underactive)
• Hyperthyroidism (overactive)
• Thyroiditis (inflammation of thyroid tissue)
• Goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland)
• Thyroid nodules (lumps within the thyroid)
• Thyroid cancer (malignant growth in the thyroid)
5. Symptoms of hypothyroidism
• Weight gain
• Low body temperature
• Constipation
• Hair loss
• Dry flaky skin
• Fluid retention
• Slow reflexes
• Fatigue
• Muscle weakness
6. Symptoms of hypothyroidism
• Rapid ageing
• Slowness of thought
• Depression
• Increased sensitivity to the cold
• Loss of interest in sex
• Puffiness around the eyes
• Heavy or irregular menstrual periods
• Infertility
8. Hyperthyroidism
Over production of thyroid hormone
Causes include:
• Stress & lack of rest
• Autoimmune disease
• Hot nodule
• Over dose of thyroid hormone
• Amiodarone (heart medication)
• Iodine toxicity (rare)
9. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism
• Rapid heart beat
• Shortness of breath
• Increased appetite
• Weight loss
• Intolerance of heat
• Irregularity of menstrual cycle
• Irritability
• Anxiety
• Insomnia
11. Blood tests for thyroid function
• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
(TSH)
• Free T3
• Free T4
• Reverse T3
• Thyroid antibody levels
Feedback circuit
12. Thyroid hormones - normal ranges
• Free T3 2.5 – 6.0
• Free T4 8.0 – 22.0
• TSH 0.30 – 2.5
Auto-immune antibodies against the thyroid
• Anti-thyroglobulin = negative ....... (< 100)
• Anti-microsomal = negative .......... (< 100)
• TSH receptor antibodies
Genetic test for gluten intolerance
Serum vitamin D blood test: a healthy serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D value is
between 75 nmol/L and 125 nmol/L (30 ng/mL and 50 ng/mL)
13. Thyroid antibodies are like missiles.
They travel through the blood
& find the thyroid gland and attack its cells
14. • Men should take their basal body temperature for
four consecutive days
• Women should take their basal body temperature
for first 10 days of your menstrual cycle; this
avoids confusion with the normal spike in body
temperature which occurs after healthy ovulation
• If your temperature is below 36.0º C or 96.8º F,
your thyroid gland function is less than desirable;
this should be confirmed with a blood test
15. Other thyroid tests
• Urinary spot iodine test
• Basal body temperature
• Ultrasound of thyroid
• Nuclear scan of thyroid
• Needle biopsy of nodule
16. Goiter = Enlarged thyroid
Causes include:
• Iodine deficiency
• Selenium deficiency
• Auto-immune inflammation
• Nodules within the thyroid
• Tumours – benign & malignant
• Physiological – During pregnancy & puberty
• Goiters can compress the trachea or esophagus
causing difficulty breathing or swallowing
17. Thyroid Nodules (lumps)
• Single nodules
• Multiple nodules
• Hot nodules
(functioning)
• Cold nodules
(non-functioning)
• Often no symptoms
18. Toxic Multinodular Goiter
• Multinodular goiter – one
or more hot nodules, which
produce excess thyroid
hormone, resulting in
symptoms of
hyperthyroidism.
19. Thyroid hormone replacement may be required;
• Thyroxine (T4) tablets eg. Synthroid or Oroxine
• Cytomel or Tertroxin (T3) tablets
• Porcine desiccated thyroid capsules
• Thyroid cream
20. Treatment for hypothyroidism
Selenium (100-200mcg)
• Vitamin D3 (1000-2000IU)
• Iodine (160-320mcg)
• Zinc (5-10mg)
• Tyrosine – maybe useful in high doses (500mg-3000mg)
• Omega 3 fatty acids – fish, flaxseed, hempseed oil
daily doses given
21. Treatment for thyroid problems
• Bowel and liver detox plan
• Gluten free diet if thyroid antibodies present
• Gluten is found in wheat, rye, barley, oats, spelt,
kamut and many processed foods
• A reduction of dairy products may be required if
thyroid nodules contain a mucus secretion
called colloid
22. Treatment for thyroid problems
• Magnesium supplement
• Fish oil – 1 tablespoon daily before food
• Selenium - 100-200mcg daily
• Vitamin D3 – 1000-2000IU daily
• Zinc – 5-10mg daily
• Iodine (maybe required but needs to be tested)
• Good quality sleep & more rest
• Stress management
23. Natural progesterone cream
• Can help women who have stubborn or hard to
help thyroid problems
• Unfortunately this is often completely overlooked
and is not considered to be significant
• However it can make the difference between
success or failure
• Daily doses vary from 25-100mg
24. Capsules for thyroid health
• Must contain Iodine, Selenium, Vitamin D
and Zinc
• Easy to swallow capsules
25. Iodine
• 70 – 80% of the iodine in your body is stored in
your thyroid gland
• Required for healthy thyroid tissue
• Required for production of thyroid hormones
• Required for healthy breast tissue
• Reduces thyroid & breast cancer
• Iodine deficiency is common worldwide
26. Dietary sources of Iodine
• Seafood and seaweed
(Such as Kelp or Nori)
• Iodised salt
• Plant & animal foods
Contain variable
amounts
27. • Iodine and/or selenium deficiency is a common
cause of under active thyroid gland
• Long term iodine deficiency, particularly in
conjunction with selenium deficiency, can cause
the thyroid to enlarge and form a swelling called a
goiter.
• Selenium and/or iodine deficiency increases the
risk of thyroid and breast cancer.
• Obtaining adequate iodine during pregnancy is
vital for the healthy intellectual development of
the infant. Iodine deficiency in infancy can lead to
reduced IQ
28. Selenium
• Essential for the conversion of T4 to T3
• Essential for healthy thyroid tissue
• Anti-tumor effect and helps to shrink nodules, most
types of warts & some types of skin tags
• Has been shown to stimulate cell death (apoptosis)
in tumor cells
• Reduces anti-thyroid antibody levels – essential for
autoimmune disease
• Geographic studies have shown that people who
live in areas with selenium deficient soils have
higher cancer mortality rates
29. Dietary sources of Selenium
Many areas of the world have
selenium deficient soils
Brazil nuts are the best dietary
source of selenium
30. • The incidence of thyroid cancer
has more than doubled in the
USA since the 1970s
• Regular checkups from your
local doctor of your thyroid are
essential – the most important
being a physical exam of your
gland (palpation)
31. Vitamin D
• Promotes a healthy immune system
• Helps cell differentiate (become specialized) and
inhibits cell proliferation (growing in an out of
control way)
• It is thought that these are the reasons why
Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of at least
17 different types of cancer, including breast
colon and prostrate cancer
• Vitamin D works with the parathyroid glands to
control calcium metabolism and bone strength
32. Sources of Vitamin D
• Skin exposure to
Sunlight
• Sardines, Tuna,
salmon, mackerel,
herring and catfish
• Eggs
• Fortified dairy
products
33. Statistics
• Vitamin D deficiency is a common problem in
those that work indoors
• Vitamin D deficiency affects more than 1 in 3
women during summer, and 1 in 2 during winter
• Sunscreen stops manufacture of vitamin D
• Prolonged sun exposure can be hazardous and
inconvenient and vitamin D is found in very few
foods; therefore supplementing with vitamin D
may be the best option
34. Zinc
• Helps maintain a healthy immune system
• Required for binding of thyroid hormones to
receptors inside cells, therefore zinc is essential to
activate thyroid hormones and enable them to
carry out their functions.
35. Dietary sources of Zinc
• Seafood, esp. Oysters
• Beans, lentils, yeast,
nuts, seeds and
wholegrain cereals.
• Pumpkin seeds (one
of the most
concentrated
vegetarian food
sources of zinc)
36. Capsules for Thyroid Health
Herbal extract equivalent to dry: 533mg
Fucus vesiculosus whole plant
(Kelp) providing 160mcg of iodine
Nutrients:
Selenium (as selenomethionine) 100mcg
Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) 1000IU
Zinc 5mg