Controlling blood sugar (glucose) levels is the major goal of diabetes treatment, in order to prevent complications of the disease.
Type 1 diabetes is managed with insulin as well as dietary changes and exercise.
Type 2 diabetes may be managed with non-insulin medications, insulin, weight reduction, or dietary changes.
Medications for type 2 diabetes are designed to
increase insulin output by the pancreas,
decrease the amount of glucose released from the liver,
increase the sensitivity (response) of cells to insulin,
decrease the absorption of carbohydrates from the intestine, and
slow emptying of the stomach, thereby delaying nutrient digestion and absorption in the small intestine.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
The effects of diabetes mellitus include long–term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs.
Obesity - Pathophysiology, Etiology and management Aneesh Bhandary
Obesity is a state of excess adipose tissue mass. A massive psychosocial, pathophysiological problem that results in a high rate of mortality as well as morbidity. The basic mechanisms of the illness and its management as of 2017 are described in this presentation
A comprehensive presentation on Diabetes Mellitus for undergraduate students from medical /dental/biotechnology /pharmacology education.It describes causes, classification, symptoms ,diagnostic biochemical tests,biochemical changes in metabolism,Management, drugs used for DM .Google images relevant to text are presentation.
Controlling blood sugar (glucose) levels is the major goal of diabetes treatment, in order to prevent complications of the disease.
Type 1 diabetes is managed with insulin as well as dietary changes and exercise.
Type 2 diabetes may be managed with non-insulin medications, insulin, weight reduction, or dietary changes.
Medications for type 2 diabetes are designed to
increase insulin output by the pancreas,
decrease the amount of glucose released from the liver,
increase the sensitivity (response) of cells to insulin,
decrease the absorption of carbohydrates from the intestine, and
slow emptying of the stomach, thereby delaying nutrient digestion and absorption in the small intestine.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
The effects of diabetes mellitus include long–term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs.
Obesity - Pathophysiology, Etiology and management Aneesh Bhandary
Obesity is a state of excess adipose tissue mass. A massive psychosocial, pathophysiological problem that results in a high rate of mortality as well as morbidity. The basic mechanisms of the illness and its management as of 2017 are described in this presentation
A comprehensive presentation on Diabetes Mellitus for undergraduate students from medical /dental/biotechnology /pharmacology education.It describes causes, classification, symptoms ,diagnostic biochemical tests,biochemical changes in metabolism,Management, drugs used for DM .Google images relevant to text are presentation.
These slides content the explanation of what happen in Diabetes Melitus exactly. By learn how it could happen, may it be beneficial and help people in preventing the disease.
All what you have to know about Diabetes MellitusYapa
All what you have to know about Diabetes Mellitus is here.Introduction of Diabetes,Regulation of blood glucose,Predisposing factors of DM,Clinical presentation,DM and pregnancy ,Diabetes ketoacidosis ,Complications of DM ,Diagnosis ,Dietary management of DM & Prevention of DM.
Student seminar on Diabetes Mellitus presented by 2007/2008 Batch students of Faculty of Medicine,University of Peradeniya,Sri Lanka.
This presentation was delivered by 3rd year MBBS students of Frontier Medical College during 4th Clinico-Pharmacological Conference held in the Pharmacology Dept of College. The Presentation aims at providing key features in detail about diabetes and its Pharmacological treatment. The Presentation was well applauded by the Faculty and students of Medical College. (Abbottabad, Pakistan).
Diabetes Mellitus is a group of disorders characterized by high levels of blood glucose in the body which is a result from the defects caused by insulin production, insulin action and sometimes both.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
50. Sulfonylureas (Oral Hypoglycemic drugs) Tolbutamide Acetohexamide Tolazamide Chlorpropamide Glipizide Glyburide (Glibenclamide) Glimepiride Short acting First generation Intermediate acting Long acting Long acting Short acting Second generation
51. FIRST GENERATION SULPHONYLUREA COMPOUNDS * Good for pts with renal impairment ** Pts with renal impairment can expect long t1/2 Tolbutamid short-acting Acetohexamide intermediate-acting Tolazamide intermediate-acting Chlorpropamide long- acting Absorption Well Well Slow Well Metabolism Yes Yes Yes Yes Metabolites Inactive * Active +++ ** Active ++ ** Inactive ** Half-life 4 - 5 hrs 6 – 8 hrs 7 hrs 24 – 40 hrs Duration of action Short (6 – 8 hrs) Intermediate (12 – 20 hrs) Intermediate (12 – 18 hrs) Long ( 20 – 60 hrs) Excretion Urine Urine Urine Urine
52. SECOND GENERATION SULPHONYLUREA COMPOUNDS Glipizide Short- acting Glibenclamide (Glyburide) Long-acting Glimepiride Long-acting Absorption Well Well Well Metabolism Yes Yes Yes Metabolites Inactive Inactive Inactive Half-life 3 – 4 hrs Less than 3 hrs 5 - 9 hrs Duration of action 10 – 16 hrs 12 – 24 hrs 12 – 24 hrs Excretion Urine Urine Urine
53. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF SULPHONYLUREAS 1) Release of insulin from β-cells 2) Reduction of serum glucagon concentration 3) Potentiation of insulin action on target tissues
54. SIDE EFFECTS OF SULPHONYLUREAS 1) Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea 2) Hypoglycaemia 3) Dilutional hyponatraemia & water intoxication (Chlorpropamide) 4) Weight gain
55. CONTRAINDICATIONS OF SULPHONYLUREAS 1) Type 1 DM ( insulin dependent) 2) Parenchymal disease of the liver or kidney 3) Pregnancy, lactation 4) Major stress
56. Drugs other than Sulfonylurea Metformin Biguanides α-Glucosidase Inhibitors Thiazolidinediones Acarbose Rosiglitazone Pioglitazone Repaglinide Nateglinide Meglitinides
57. MEGLITINIDES e.g. Repaglinide, Nateglinide PHARMACOKINETICS Taken orally Rapidly absorbed ( Peak approx. 1hr ) Metabolized by liver t 1/2 = 1 hr Duration of action 4-5 hr
58. MEGLITINIDES (Contd.) MECHANISM OF ACTION Bind to the same K ATP Channel as do Sulfonylureas, to cause insulin release from β-cells.
59. MEGLITINIDES (Contd.) CLINICAL USE Approved as monotherapy and in combination with metformin in type 2 diabetes Taken before each meal, 3 times / day Does not offer any advantage over sulfonylureas; Advantage: Pts. allergic to sulfur or sulfonylurea SIDE EFFECTS: Hypoglycemia Wt gain ( less than SUs ) Caution in pts with renal & hepatic impairement.
60. BIGUANIDES e.g. Metformin PHARMACOKINETICS Given orally Not bind to plasma proteins Not metabolized Excreted unchanged in urine t 1/2 2 hr
61. BIGUANIDES (Contd.) MECHANISM OF ACTION 1. Increase peripheral glucose utilization 2. Inhibits gluconeogenesis 3. Impaired absorption of glucose from the gut
62.
63. BIGUANIDES (Contd.) SIDE EFFECTS 1. Metallic taste in the mouth 2. Gastrointestinal (anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort) 3. Vitamin B 12 deficiency (prolonged use) 4. Lactic acidosis ( rare – 01/ 30,000-exclusive in renal & hepatic failure)
66. α-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS e.g. Acarbose PHARMACOKINETICS Given orally Not absorbed from intestine except small amount t 1/2 3 - 7 hr Excreted with stool
67. MECHANISM OF ACTION Inhibits intestinal alpha-glucosidases and delays carbohydrate absorption, reducing postprandial increase in blood glucose α-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS (Contd.)
68. SIDE EFFECTS Flatulence Loose stool or diarrhea Abdominal pain Alone does not cause hypoglycemia α-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS (Contd.)
69. INDICATIONS Patients with Type 11 inadequately controlled by diet with or without other agents( SU, Metformin) Can be combined with insulin may be helpful in obese Type 11 patients (similar to metformin) α-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS (Contd.)
74. INDICATIONS Type 11 diabetes alone or in combination with metformin or sulfonylurea or insulin in patients resistant to insulin treatment. THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVES (Contd.)
86. 3. Intermediate - acting insulins (contd.) Lente and NPH insulins Are roughly equivalent in biological effects. They are usually given once or twice a day. N.B: They are not used during emergencies (e.g. diabetic ketoacidosis).
87. 4. Long – acting insulins e.g.Insulin glargine Onset of action 2 hr Absorbed less rapidly than NPH&Lente insulins. Duration of action upto 24 hr Designed to overcome the deficiencies of intermediate acting insulins Advantages over intermediate-acting insulins: Constant circulating insulin over 24hr with no pronounced peak. More safe than NPH&Lente insulins due to reduced risk of hypoglycemia(esp.nocturnal hypoglycemia). Clear solution that does not require resuspention before administration.
88.
89. COMPLICATIONS OF INSULIN THERAPY 1. Severe Hypoglycemia (< 50 mg/dl )– Life threatening Overdose of insulin Excessive (unusual) physical exercise A meal is missed 2. Weight gain 3. Local or systemic allergic reactions (rare) 4. Lipodystrophy at injection sites 5. Insulin resistance 6. Hypokalemia
