Blood pressure is affected by many factors including age, gender, body build, emotions, and sleep. It is determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Secondary hypertension is caused by an identifiable underlying primary cause like renal disease or genetic conditions and accounts for 5% of cases. It often has a more dramatic onset compared to essential hypertension, which accounts for 95% of cases and has an unknown cause.

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3. General Factors affecting blood pressure
Age: Increase in elderly due to decrease elasticity of
blood vessels.
Gender: In adult male higher than adult female.
Body built: usually higher in obese.
Emotion: increase due to sympathetic tone.
Sleep: decrease due to parasympathetic tone.
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Factors affecting blood pressure
Mean arterial
Blood pressure
Cardiac out put
Peripheral
resistance
Stroke
volume
Heart rate Determine by:-
● Diameter
● Viscosity
● Length
DBPSBP

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Factors affecting blood pressure
Cardiac out put
Stroke
volume Heart rate
EDV ESV
•Filling time
•Venus return
• preload
• Contractility
• Afterload
• Autonomic innervation
•Blood pressure
↓PO2, ↑PCO2, ↓PH
•Venus return
•Emotion
•Exercise

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Factors affecting blood pressure
Peripheral resistance:-
Viscosity
• RBCs count
• Plasma protein
concentration.
Diameter Blood vessels length
physiologically
normal blood
vessels have fixed
length.
Vasoconstriction ↑ PR
Vasodilatation ↓ PR

7. Hypertension
Definition:-
Is persistent elevation of blood pressure that
characterized by:-
- DBP above 89 mm Hg.
- SBP above 139 mm Hg.
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8. Hypertension cont.,
Etiological
classification
Essential
hypertension
Secondary
hypertension
Clinico-pathological
classification
Benign
hypertension
Malignant
hypertension
Classifications Of Hypertension
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9. Secondary Hypertension
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Definition:-
Secondary hypertension is a type of
hypertension caused by an identifiable
underlying primary cause.

10. The differences between Secondary
Hypertension and essential hypertension
Essential
hypertension
Account for 95%
Unknown etiology
with multifactorial
Secondary
hypertension
Account for 5%
Due to primary
cause include
Renal disease
Post ductal coarctation
Graves disease
Genetic
Excessive
sympathetic outflow
High salt intake
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Essential Hypertension Secondary Hypertension
More common. Less common.
Gradual in onset. Dramatic in onset.
Age: affected after 40 years. 1st-2nd decade/5th-6th decade.
S/S occur years after onset of
hypertension.
S/S occur at the start of
hypertension.
Strong family history. may/may not be present.
Hypertension is life long. May/may not be resolve.
The differences between Secondary
Hypertension and essential hypertension

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Summary

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Summary
Hypertension is: persistent elevation of blood pressure
more than normal.
It subdivide into
Essential “unknown etiology” .
Secondary “have primary cause”.

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15. • Robbins Basic Pathology 10th edition.
• Guyton and Hall 13th Edition.
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References