Short intro for some design considerations around hyperspectral retinal imaging. Both for research-grade desktop setups built around supercontinuum laser and AOTF tunable filter, and for mobile low-cost retinal imagers.
Available also from:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/5brchl9ntqno0i9/hyperspectral_retinal_imaging.pdf?dl=0
From traditional desktop to novel optical designs in small form factors. Towards portable low-cost fundus imaging designs with computational imaging techniques for image quality improvement.
Small overview of the startups involved in healthcare artificial intelligence, the OCT market, investments, patent and IP issues and FDA regulation.
Alternative download link: https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/6757026/slideShare/retinalAI_landscape.pdf
From traditional desktop to novel optical designs in small form factors. Towards portable low-cost fundus imaging designs with computational imaging techniques for image quality improvement.
Small overview of the startups involved in healthcare artificial intelligence, the OCT market, investments, patent and IP issues and FDA regulation.
Alternative download link: https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/6757026/slideShare/retinalAI_landscape.pdf
Time-resolved biomedical sensing through scattering mediumPetteriTeikariPhD
Time-resolved biomedical sensing through scattering medium | Case study with pupillometry through closed eyelids for neurological monitoring
Download link: https://www.dropbox.com/s/x0f5q6cz5ax33s4/timeResolvedSensing.pdf?dl=0
Time-resolved biomedical sensing through scattering mediumPetteriTeikariPhD
Time-resolved biomedical sensing through scattering medium | Case study with pupillometry through closed eyelids for neurological monitoring
Download link: https://www.dropbox.com/s/x0f5q6cz5ax33s4/timeResolvedSensing.pdf?dl=0
Case for chronobiological experiments for rodents and
non-human primates.
Practical guide for selecting components for your lighting system design to be used with other behavioral measures.
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/34j71dchhstvy0d/animal_lighting.pdf?dl=0
Practical Considerations in the design of Embedded Ophthalmic DevicesPetteriTeikariPhD
Practical level introduction for ophthalmic device design.
How in the future, multimodal measurement devices will be replacing unimodal devices with simple decision tree indices.
Some examples of embedded cameras, measurement illumination, stimulus presentation illumination are shown.
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/lt76ohoeusopkoo/practicalConsiderations_embeddedOphthalmicDevices.pdf?dl=0
Design to accommodate “intelligent adaptive experiments” with future-proof hardware for deep learning-enabled imaging and neuroscience.
In other words, how to design future-proof measurement systems that are both easy to setup and are scalable for more advanced measurement paradigms of the future. And how you would like to think of structuring your data acquisition to be used efficiently with deep learning in neuroscience.
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/j5r8vifvh6e7bfp/animal_instrumentation.pdf?dl=0
Developing an inexpensive optical measurement device to estimate ocular media density.
Selection of HDR camera, deep learning software stack for Purkinje image detection and segmentation, NVIDIA Jetson as the embedded computer triggering either LED or LASER lights to be projected on the cornea
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/fh7r8szuc2pctfr/purkinje_imaging_inPractice.pdf?dl=0
Next Gen Ophthalmic Imaging for Neurodegenerative Diseases and OculomicsPetteriTeikariPhD
Shallow literature analysis on recent trends in (multimodal) ophthalmic imaging with focus on neurodegenerative disease imaging / oculomics. Open-ended literature review on what you could be building next.
#1/2: Hardware
#2/2: Computational imaging (coming)
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/ebp5xkhm3ngfu80hw0lvo/retina_imaging_2024.pdf?rlkey=eeikf3ewxdb481v06wxm34mqu&dl=0
DIAGNOSTICS-IMPACT ON THE PREMIUM CHANNEL - Heidelberg EngineeringHealthegy
Presentation from OIS@ASCRS 2016 - Kester Nahen, PhD, Managing Director
Video Presentation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MqL1-bz4JE&list=PL1dmdBNnPTZJBhQxPOp0vdNg3s3wtN2yw&index=26
High-level overview of the specifications for a portable multispectral/hyperspectral fundus imaging based on the custom-developed MEMS filter developed by VTT, Finland.
Additionally one could do a multispectral purkinje imaging for quick estimation of spectral ocular media transmittance.
The device could be used for structural imaging ("classical fundus") as well as functional vessel response imaging with oximetry.
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/g0ladhqw075w59j/multispectral_fundus_camera_rev2.pdf?dl=0
From lung/heart/ambient source separation to clinical unimodal
classification
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/8s7uq4h0fi8lgqbzqwg83/wearableMic_signal.pdf?rlkey=l2tqg5yffd4e0w224g3cs6pfl&dl=0
Next Gen Computational Ophthalmic Imaging for Neurodegenerative Diseases and ...PetteriTeikariPhD
Shallow literature analysis on recent trends in computational ophthalmic imaging with focus on neurodegenerative disease imaging / oculomics.
Open-ended literature review on what you could be building next.
#1/2: Hardware
#2/2: Computational imaging
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/d34pgi3xopfjbrcqj2lvi/retina_imaging_2024_computational.pdf?rlkey=xnt1dbe8rafyowocl9cbgjh3p&dl=0
Skin temperature as a proxy for core body temperature (CBT) and circadian phasePetteriTeikariPhD
Using distal temperature (wrist temperature with smartwatch / finger temperature with smart ring as Oura) to estimate core body temperature (CBT).
We can then use the wrist temperature shifts as circadian phase shift estimates in circadian phase management. For example when prescribing melatonin or/and light exposure to mitigate the effects of jet lag
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/es7174291yws262rhr568/cbt_estimation.pdf?rlkey=846yeed1wrqsjgkx7kp8ccc2y&dl=0
Summary of "Precision strength training: The future of strength training with...PetteriTeikariPhD
Short visual summary of the preprint:
Petteri Teikari and Aleksandra Pietrusz (2021)
“Precision Strength Training: Data-driven Artificial
Intelligence Approach to Strength and Conditioning.”
SportRxiv. May 20. https://doi.org/10.31236/osf.io/w734a
Precision strength training: The future of strength training with data-driven...PetteriTeikariPhD
Visual presentation of the preprint:
Petteri Teikari and Aleksandra Pietrusz (2021)
“Precision Strength Training: Data-driven Artificial
Intelligence Approach to Strength and Conditioning.”
SportRxiv. May 20. https://doi.org/10.31236/osf.io/w734a
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/47nqp579t1b4m1zs0irhw/precision_strength_training.pdf?rlkey=05mzzw2ep8id71mq86936hvfi&dl=0
Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH): Understanding the CT imaging featuresPetteriTeikariPhD
Overview of CT basics and deep learning literature mostly focused on the analysis of ICH.
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), also known as cerebral bleed, is a type of intracranial bleed that occurs within the brain tissue or ventricles. Intracerebral bleeds are the second most common cause of stroke, accounting for 10% of hospital admissions for stroke.
For spontaneous ICH seen on CT scan, the death rate (mortality) is 34–50% by 30 days after the insult,and half of the deaths occur in the first 2 days. Even though the majority of deaths occurs in the first days after ICH, survivors have a long term excess mortality of 27% compared to the general population.
Deep learning and computational steps roughly can be categorized to 1) Preprocessing, 2) Image Restoration (denoising, deblurring, inpainting, reconstruction), 3) Diffeomorphic registration for spatial normalization, 4) Hand-crafted radiomics and texture analysis, 5) Hemorrhage segmentation, among other relevant head CT issues
Alternative download link: https://www.dropbox.com/s/8l2h93cl2pmle4g/CT_hemorrhage.pdf?dl=0
Clinical applications with a focus on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) management. Quick overview of hand pose tracking for managing rheumatoid arthritis.
For best clinical outcome, you might want to think how to integrate additional modalities like surface electromyography (sEMG) and hand function assessments (like hand grip strength, and finger extension strength) to the clinical prognostics model.
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/rexzt3d5tsm1vgc/hand_tracking_arthritis_management.pdf?dl=0
Hardware landscape from computer vision to wearable sensors, and a light intro for UX requirements to ensure adherence and engagement.
At the intersection of new sensors, big data, deep learning, gamification, behavioral medicine and human factors.
Applications benefiting from "quantitative sensorimotor training", "precision exercise", "precision physiotherapy" or whatever you are calling this, include weight and strength training, powerlifting, bodybuilding, martial arts, yoga, dance, musical instrument training, post-surgery rehabilitation for ACL tears, etc.
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/wcfrzdjkn58xjdq/physio_pipeline_hw.pdf?dl=0
Multimodal RGB-D+RF-based sensing for human movement analysisPetteriTeikariPhD
Combining RGB-D based computer vision with commodity Wifi for pose estimation and human movement analysis for action recognition.
Think of applications especially in healthcare settings, where existing Wifi Access Point already exist and adding USB Wifi dongles to Raspberry Pi (or dedicated chips) is a very easy way to create "operational awareness" of all your patients.
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/awkqqfhibesjcb9/multimodal_remote_MovementSensing.pdf?dl=0
Creativity as Science: What designers can learn from science and technologyPetteriTeikariPhD
What personality traits do creative people share? Is creativity skill like any other? Is creativity suppressed in our world, is creativity misunderstood by "dinosaur companies" stuck with their legacy systems? Are "creatives" actually that creative in the end? Can fashion design exist in some romantic old school silo where no tech understanding is needed?
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/ghiyeo3nyrtutzt/RCA_creativity.pdf?dl=0
High-level concepts For applications such as:
1) Myopia, 2) Jetlag, 3) Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
If you want to add some tech to eyewear / glasses / sunglasses design projects, this slideshow serves as a high-level introduction for technical details
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/qe8dpji6gwh1s8v/lightTreatmentGlasses_concepts.pdf?dl=0
Deep Learning for Biomedical Unstructured Time SeriesPetteriTeikariPhD
1D Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for time series analysis, and inspiration from beyond biomedical field. Short intro for various different steps involved in Time Series Analysis including outlier detection, imputation, denoising, segmentation, classification and forecasting.
Available also from:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/cql2jhrt5mdyxne/timeSeries_deepLearning.pdf?dl=0
Novel deep learning-powered diagnostics hardware for assessing retinal health.
The impact of deep learning and artificial intelligence for the design practice itself is covered better in https://algorithms.design/ and the focus of this presentation is in the visual function diagnostics.
How is the future looking for your high-street optician's (e.g. Specsavers, Boots) vision exam going beyond simple refraction correction, and how possibly in the future AR glasses could allow design of "smarter" every-day eyewear also for health monitoring.
Talk given for “Future of Eyecare: How we see and how we want to be seen” organized by Flora McLean.
Royal College of Art - London UK
Using physics-based OCT Monte Carlo simulation and wave optics models for synthesising new OCT volumes for ophthalmic deep learning.
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/ax15qy47yi76eex/OCT_MonteCarlo.pdf?dl=0
Beyond Broken Stick Modeling: R Tutorial for interpretable multivariate analysisPetteriTeikariPhD
“R Tutorial” for Interpretable multivariate analysis with t-SNE and Random Forests mainly for ophthalmic data modeling.
Bust through the fetish for indices and easy scalar human-readable interpretations of data.
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/wyg5k0k35qxdcyx/beyond_brokenStick.pdf?dl=0
Outlining the common challenges encountered when structuring clinical and research datasets for deep learning training.
Typically the datasets are so unstructured that they are impossible to analyze by any deep learning practitioners. And the cleaning and data wrangling ends up taking most of the time which could have been planned properly even before the clinical data acquisition.
One could argue that especially for medical data, the annotated data is the new gold, and not just the Big Data scattered all over the place. This is practice translates to efforts to design as intelligent as possible data labelling pipelines for efficient use of expert clinician annotation work.
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/bbgc21yc86h0t14/Efficient_Ocular_Data_Labelling.pdf?dl=0
Using off-the-shelf ultrasound imagers, and transition to portable system-on-chip ultrasound imagers such as Butterfly IQ.
Embedded devices such as Butterfly IQ can be further improved by integrating deep learning / artificial intelligence at device level, and naturally at the post-processing and analysis levels
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/rlwv7m29mh6y2w6/pupillometry_throughTheEyelids.pdf?dl=0
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...
Hyperspectral Retinal Imaging
1. Petteri Teikari, PhD
Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI)
Visual Neurosciences group
http://petteri-teikari.com/
Version “Tue 16 April 2019“
Hyperspectral
Retinal Imaging
From scientific desktop
design to low-cost
embedded mobile imaging
Hyperspectral fundus structure,
oximetry, metabolomics, etc.
4. Filter the illuminant
side with AOTFs
Limitations:
Need two AOTFs, ot a lot ofselection for these
guysandfaster switchingspeed isnice forpost-processing
NIR band used less forhyperspectral fundusimaging,
practical implications
●
More to discover
●
Video-rate NIR non-mydriatic fundus
imagingallowsmultiframe reconstruction as
no pupillaryreaction, but NIR cameras
slower:(
●
Fast frame rates more interesting deep
learning -wise then
VISCamera:XimeaCB019MG-CM-X8G3-EF (31,650SGD)
NIRCamera:XimeaCB120RG-CM-X8G3 (10,500SGD?)
“Test”Camera:
Reference funduscameratogetstarted Remidio,3nethra, Nexy,orHorus
Low-costfordeployment e-Con RGB+IRorPi Noir
With the 2,500
fpscamera,one
framethen is 400
µs,thus141bands
take
56.5msintotal
16msforNIR
40.5msforVIS17.73fps
3,525fps required for 25 fpshyperspectral video
5. Imaging Speed
with the AOTF
System
With the 2,500 fps camera,one frame
then is 400 µs, thus101 visible light
bandstake
40.4 ms
Cube:17.73 fpsat thisspeed
With the 330 fps camera,one frame
then is 3,030 µs, thus40 NIR bands
take
121.2ms
Cube:2.34 fps at thisspeed
161.62msper
hyperspectral cube
=6.19fps for
hyperspectral video
121.2msofnon-PLR lightwith
40msof pupilconstricting
lightso “easilyget” onewhole
cube before pupil
constriction
Characteristicsofthe pupillary light
reflex in the alert rhesusmonkey
https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.01131.2002
Thedatafromnormalsubjectswere
fittedwithamodelcomposedofa
cascadeddelayandfirst-andsecond-
order filters.
For therhesusmonkey,thedata
werebestfitbyadelayof160ms,a
first-order filterwithatimeconstantof
0.12s,andasecond-order filterwitha
resonantfrequencyof1.9Hzanda
dampingconstantof0.5.
For thehuman,thedatawerebestfit
byadelayof280ms,afirst-order
filter withatimeconstantof0.15s,and
asecond-order filterwitharesonant
frequencyof1.3Hzandadamping
constantof0.7.
Although thismodel adequately fitted both the
gain and phase datafor the rhesusmonkey, it
failed tofullyfit the phaseadvance seeninthe
human dataat low temporal frequencies.
6. Optical
Design
Contact-free trans-pars-planarillumination enables snapshot fundus
camerafornonmydriatic wide fieldphotography
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27112-x
Benquan Wang,DevrimToslak,MinhajNurAlam, R.V.PaulChan &XinchengYao
B.W., D.T. and X.Y. have pending patent (US 62/518,801) relative to this work. M.N.A. and R.V.P.C. have no competing interests.
DepartmentsofOphthalmology and Visual Sciences/ Bioengineering, University of Illinoisat Chicago, Chicago
~ 508mm
7. Optical
Design
Details Contact-free trans-pars-planarillumination enablessnapshot fundus
camera for nonmydriatic wide field photography
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27112-x
Benquan Wang,Devrim Toslak,Minhaj NurAlam,R.V.PaulChan &XinchengYao
B.W., D.T. and X.Y. have pending patent (US 62/518,801) relative to this work. M.N.A. and R.V.P.C. have no competing interests.
Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences / Bioengineering, University of IllinoisatChicago, Chicago
8. Design
Constraints
What is wanted from
the system in the end?
141 bands
AOTFs
161.62msper
hyperspectral
cube
With the 330fps
NIRcamera as
the bottleneck
for faster imaging
●
Timeframe of thecommercialization? 960fps low cost
camera a realityin 2 years?
●
Your basic 40° fundus cameraeven with multispectral
extension provides very littlevalue?
●
Google rolls outtheir fundus camera andhave alarge
database collected in notime.Who wants non-deep learning
multispectral fundus camera?
●
Cliniciandonot like multitude of devices,nor really the patients,
sowhatis the point in screening multispectral camera?
12. ILLUMINATION
Supercontinuum
white light lasers
NKTPhotonicsSuperK EVO
https://www.nktphotonics.com/lasers-fibers/product/superk-evo-industrial-supercontinuum-l
asers/
NKTPhotonicsSuperK MIR
https://www.nktphotonics.com/lasers-fibers/product/superk-mir-mid-ir-supercontinuum-laser/
Relativelyflatspectrum
withhighpower
Visiblelightandmid-IR
availablefrom
NKT PhotonicsSuperK MIR
deliversmorethan450mW of
continuouslightfrom1.1 to4.2
µm.
the new SuperK EVO
supercontinuum fiberlaser
platform isdesignedfor
OEM integration in
demandingcommercial
applications.
13. FILTERS
Gooch &
Housego
Notalotofoptions inthis
spaceforquickilluminant-
sidefiltering
ACOUSTO-OPTICTUNABLE
FILTERS(AOTF)
Acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTF) are used to rapidly and dynamically
select a specific wavelength from a broadband or multi-line laser source. As
the applied RF frequency is varied, the transmitted wavelength changes,
“tuning” the wavelength of the beam or image in tens of microseconds or
less.
We offer an extensive line of AOTFs for wavelength regions from the UV
through mid-IR, with resolution bandwidths of less than 1nm. We also offer
options such as large-aperture imaging filtering and sideband
suppression. Fiber-coupledAOTF devicesare availableuponrequest.
https://goochandhousego.com/product-categories/tunable-filters-aotf/
22. Mining for
Ocular
Spectral
Signatures
Early work
without
imaging#2
FovealreflectionanalysisinaclinicalsettingbyMartijnJacobKanis
Co-authorsJan vandeKraats, Martijn J. Kanis,Stijn W. GendersandDirkvan Norren.
Utrecht University, Facultyof Medicine, TheNetherlands (2008) Cited by3 -Related articles
Theprimaryaimofthisthesiswastoinvestigatetheclinical-diagnosticvalueofthe FovealReflection
Analyzer (FRA).Thiswasachievedbystudyingcone-photoreceptor involvementinseveralophthalmicdiseases.A
secondaryaimwastoinvestigatetheputativeprotectiveroleofmacular pigmentandmelaninonthe ...
Reduced reflectance caused by increased absorption of the
eye lens is visible at short wavelengths (<450 nm) in the
diabetes patient. Around 460 nm macular pigment
reduces reflectance. At longer wavelengths (>550 nm)
reflectance is seen to increase because of decreasing
absorption of melanin and blood. At yet longer
wavelengths,waterabsorptionreducesreflectance.
Spectral reflectancecurvesof thesamesubjectsatthepupil position wherethe optical SCE is
atitsmaximum. Attheshortwavelengths,thereflectionisverylowbecauseof theabsorption in
theeyelens. Around 460nmthemacular pigmentreducesreflectance.Atlonger wavelengths,
thereflectanceisseen to increasebecauseof decreasing absorptionby melaninand blood.
Atyetlongerwavelengthswater absorption reducesthereflectance.Notethatthereflectance
around 540nmislowerin thePOAG patient(lower dottedcurve) compared to thecontrol
subject(upperdotted curve)
66year oldwoman
withearlyAMD
23. Ocular
Spectral
Signatures
Absorption spectra of major endogenous contrast
agents in biological tissue at normal concentrations.
Oxy-hemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxy-
hemoglobin (HbR), 150g/L in blood; lipid, 20% by
volume in tissue; water, 80% by volume in tissue; DNA
and RNA, 1g/L in cellnuclei; melanin, 14.3g/Lin medium
human skin; reduced myoglobin (MbR) and oxy-
myoglobin (MbO2), 0.5% by mass in skeletal muscle;
bilirubin,12mg/L in blood.- YaoandWang(2014)
Highlighting IR SpectrochemicalImagingof the Retina
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2018.04.005
SpatiallyresolvedIRimageshighlightsimultaneous
chemicalcompositionoftheentirespanoftheretinain a
label-freemanner(e.g. invivometabolomics).
* k = 1/ =1/kλ → λ = 1/k→ λ = 1/kλ → λ = 1/k
λ = 1/3500cm-1
~ 2.9 μm; λ = 1/2500cmm; λ = 1/2500cm-1
~ 4 μm; λ = 1/2500cmm;
Note! Compare this to max wavelength ~ 4 μm; λ = 1/2500cmm of
“NKT Photonics SuperK MIR”
λ = 1/1000cm-1
~ 10 μm; λ = 1/2500cmm
26. Retinal
Oximetry
Fordiabetic
retinopathy (DR)
October2017
RetinalOximetryandVesselDiameterMeasurementsWithaCommerciallyAvailableScanning
LaserOphthalmoscopeinDiabeticRetinopathy
http://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.17-21934
NormanP.Blair; JustinWanek; AnthonyE.Felder; CharlotteE.Joslin; JacobK.Kresovich;JenniferI.Lim;FelixY.Chau; YannekLeiderman; MahnazShahidi
Fourth, we did not account for measurement variations as a
function of the cardiac cycle. While Knudtson et al. have
found that image quality is more important than the cardiac
cycle as a source of measurement variability, Chen et al. have
reported changes in vessel diameter during the heart cycle as
3.46% and 4.82% in arteries and veins, respectively. This
suggests that the heart cycle may have been a major
source of variability in our data over and above the error of
measurement. In the future, taking this into account may
reducethevariabilitysubstantially.
Fifth, aging has been shown to affect retinal SO2
measurements in healthy and diabetic subjects. Although
control and diabetic subjects were age matched, adjustments
for age were taken into account in the models. While changes
in the optical properties of the eye due to disease were
minimized by the calculation of optical density ratios, future
studies are needed for rigorous determination of the effects of
alterations in lenticular light transmission on SO2
measurements.
In summary, we demonstrated that alterations in
retinal vascular diameters and hemoglobin
oxygen saturations according to the stages of
diabetic retinopathy can be detected with awidely
available SLO and that statistical modeling can
reveal the influencesof covariates such asrace on
theresults
27. Retinal
Oximetry
Forglaucoma
management
2018Jan4
Glaucomarelated retinaloximetry:atechnologyupdate
https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2FOPTH.S128459
ZhuLiYap,SushmaVerma,YiFangLee,CharlesOng,AditiMohla,andShamiraAPerera
“… a few studies found that in patients with treated
POAG, deeper visual field defects were associated
with increased oxygen saturation in venules and
decreased arteriovenous (AV) difference in retinal
oxygen saturation. The most likely explanation is that
glaucomatous atrophy decreases the demand
for oxygen, resulting in a higher retinal venous
oxygen saturation. The data suggested that oxygen
metabolism is affected in the glaucomatous
retina, possibly related to tissue atrophy, adding
further to the evidence for ischemia/ hypoxia in
glaucoma
“From the literature, it is known that some
medications can have an effect on the retinal
oxygen saturation by influencing ocular blood flow.
In a literature review and meta-analysis, Siesky et al
looked at an 8-month treatment with dorzolamide–
timolol or timolol alone and found that the decrease in
IOP with dual therapy decreased IOP and
increased retinal blood flow in the superficial
retinal vasculature in both glaucomatous and healthy
patients.”
28. Retinal
Oximetry
Proxyfor cerebral
oxygenation
measurement
January5,2018
Non-invasiveassessmentofcerebral
oxygenation:Acomparisonof retinaland
transcranialoximetry
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190612Karel
VanKeer, Jan Van Keer, João Barbosa Breda, Vahid Nassiri,Cathy De
Deyne, CorneliaGenbrugge, Luís Abegão Pinto, Ingeborg Stalmans,
EvelienVandewalle
This is the first study to show the correlation between
retinal and cerebral oxygen saturation, measured by
near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and retinal
oximetry. The average relative weight of arterial and
venous retinal oxygen saturation to obtain the
measured transcranial oxygen saturation as
measured by NIRS, approximates the established
arterial:venous ratio of 30:70 closely, but
shows substantial inter-individual variation.
These findings provide a proof of concept for the role
of retinal oximetry in evaluating cerebral oxygenation
Current retinal oximeters have several limitations that inhibit the use in the settings mentioned
above. First, retinal oximetry provides a snapshot in time but not a continuous measurement. Next,
the size of the current retinal oximeters limits its bedside usability. In addition, the price is steep.
However, recently developed hyperspectral image sensors at the size of a regular color image sensor will
likely provide an answer to both issues. By replacing the color image sensor with a hyperspectral sensor,
any portable fundus camera could be modified into a portable retinal oximeter. Provided that
retinal oximetry could be performed at the bedside, this technology could become an interesting tool in
the hemodynamic and cerebral assessment of critically ill patients and hence also contribute to a better
understandingofNIRS
29. Retinal Pigment
Epithelium
May2016
SpatialandSpectralCharacterizationofHumanRetinalPigmentEpitheliumFluorophoreFamiliesby
ExVivoHyperspectralAutofluorescenceImaging
http://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.5.3.5
Tal Ben Ami;Yuehong Tong; Alauddin Bhuiyan; CarrieHuisingh;ZsoltAblonczy;ThomasAch;ChristineA.Curcio;R.TheodoreSmith
Finally, our long-term goal isto
translate these methodsto
human eyes invivo,using a
snapshot hyperspectral
camera, and provide a
straightforward and noninvasive
method for evaluatingthe RPE
fluorophores. Altered and/or
newfluorophoresmay be
expected inAMD, aswell as
redistribution of normal
fluorophores. Thus,althoughthe
usefulness of
hyperspectral imaging in
AMD is asyetunproven, the
successof the method
presented here in normal tissues
exvivo suggeststhe potential of
spectral, molecularbiopsy of the
RPE in vivo forearlydetection,
longitudinal follow-up, andtarget
discoveryforAMD
32. Flavoprotein
Fluorescence for the
Diagnosis and
Monitoring of Retinal
Disease
2016
Development and
Commercializationof Functional,
Non-Invasive Retinal Imaging
Device Utilizing Quantification of
Flavoprotein Fluorescence forthe
Diagnosisand Monitoring of Retinal
Disease
http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_nu
m=case1458921113
Heise,ErichA
Masterof Sciences,CaseWestern Reserve
University, Biology.
Diabetes and its related complications are becoming increasingly more
prevalent in the United States and other developed countries. Additionally, an
increasingly earlier age of onset results in more complications, such as
diabetic retinopathy, leading to increased annual medical costs and
poorer quality of life. Therefore, the ability to rapidly and non-invasively detect
diabetes and other retinal diseases at the earliest stages is critical to saving
patients’visionandimprovingtheiroverallqualityoflife.
Retinal metabolic analysis, a measure that the detects the fluorescence
offlavoproteinscritical toATPgeneration,allowsophthalmologistsand
optometrists to identity retinal diseases earlier in the disease process and
intervenebeforeirreversibletissuedamageandlossofvisualacuityoccurs.
Excitation and emission
spectrum, respectively, of free
FAD in neutral aqueoussolution
PNASChristie etal. 1999
Absorption spectrum of flavin adeninedinucleotide
(FAD) inoxidized (a)and reduced forms(b,c)
Nishinaet al. 2007
33. Hyperspectral OCT
2DFundusimagingdoesnot
“depthlocalize” thespectral
signature addingambiguityfor
analysis,OCTaddsthe 3rd
dimension.
WhitelaserOCTswithNKT
Photonicssupercontinuum
lasers
Structural and functionalhumanretinalimagingwithafiber-basedvisible light
OCT ophthalmoscope (2017)https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.8.000323
In conclusion, we described a multi-
functional fiber-based visible light OCT
system for human retinal imaging with < 2 µm
axialresolution intissue,anddemonstrated in
vivo imaging of Doppler velocity, hemoglobin
saturation, and concentration, as well as
spectroscopic imaging ofthe inner and outer
retina with high resolution. These results
suggest that visible light OCT is a promising
avenue for future investigation, with potential
advantages over near-infrared OCT for high-
resolution structural and functional retinal
imaging.
35. Alzheimer’s
Diagnosis
VisualizingADdepositswithouttagging
Newer imaging modalities thattargetspecificreflectance characteristics of biological material hold
thepromise of being non-invasive,contrast agentfree andpotentially specific. Onesuch
method is hyperspectral imaging, whereby tissue reflectance to a wide range of incident
wavelengths are quantified (More and Vince, 2015). Using this technique, More and Vince (2015)
were able to determine that A has a unique hyperspectral signatureβ has a unique hyperspectral signature , capable of
distinguishing these deposits in ex vivo preparations of brain and retina from a mouse model of AD.
More recently, the authors applied this technology to a live mouse retina, demonstrating that the
hyperspectral signatures are preserved even when imaged through the ocular
media. Thisdiscovery provides the firstevidence for the non-invasive invivo detectionof AD using
hyperspectralimaging withouttheneedforanextraneousagent(Moreetal., 2016).
Another emerging imaging technique is the use of cross-polarizers to distinguish ex
vivo human donor retinas with AD from controls (Campbell et al., 2015; Hamel et al., 2016). This
method capitalizes on the fibrillary arrangement of A resulting in specific changes toβ resulting in specific changes to
birefringence thatarequantifiable using Mueller matrix polarimetry. Along theselines, theadventof
PS-OCT mayalsoprovetobeuseful.
Direct visualization of AD hallmarks with or without a contrast enhancing agent in the retina may be
considered the most promising biomarker due to its specificity for the disease. However,
ongoing work is needed to verify that A plaques or accumulations, are indeed present in humanβ resulting in specific changes to
retinal tissues;andthatsuch depositsindicate or are predictiveof braindeposits.
https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnins.2016.00536
→ Cited by 18
36. Fundus
Imaging
Multispectral
imaging identifying
spectral
characteristicsof
Alzheimer’sdisease
Multi-spectral imaging for in vivo imagin
g of oxygen tension and β-amyloid
Dr. Tos TJM Berendschot,
Prof. dr. Carroll AB Webers
University Eye Clinic Maastricht
https://goo.gl/i1nLbe
Moreetal., 2016:[Citedby12]
Inbluelight(510nm),nervefibersspreading
from theopticdiscstrongly reflectlight.In
green light(555nm) wherehemoglobinlight
absorptionisstrong,retinalbloodvessels
appeardarkagainstthefundusbackground,
theveinsbeingdarkerthanthearteriesdue to
theirrelativelyhighercontentofdeoxy-
hemoglobin.Thespectralimage alsoshowsa
reversal inthevesselcontrast,fromdarkerto
brighter,betweengreen(555nm) tored (615
nm)wavelengths.Inredandnearinfrared
light(615and705nm,lowerleftandright),
both vesseltypesnowappearbrightagainst
thebackground.
Opticalspectrarecordedfromhumanandmouse
retinasamples.(A) Comparisonofspectralshapes
fromAlzheimer'sandnormalretina The upper
curves showspectrafromhumanretinalwhole
mounts,obtainedpostmortemfromanindividual
diagnosedwithAD(n =1)comparedwithanormal
subject(n =1).
39. Modify a
fundus
camera
Spectrallyoptimalilluminationsfor
diabeticretinopathydetection
inretinalimaging
Bartczak,P.,Fält, P., Penttinen,N. etal. OptRev (2017)24:105
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10043-016-0300-0
The DMD-based spectrally tunable light source used in this study: a optical setup of the
designed DMD-based system, and b real implementation, where a Light source with focusing
optics, b entrance slit with a UV filter, c collimating lens, d diffraction grating, e focusing lenses,
f DMD, g focusing lens, and h liquid light guide
Modified fundus camera used for retinal
imaging: a Retiga 4000DC monochrome
CCD camera (2048x2048 px), b
illumination collection optics, c DMD’s
liquid light guide, d forehead and chin
rest, and e display
40. Field-of-View
Requirements
At least 45º
field-of-view
(FOV) of the
retina.
For larger destop
devices Optos does
200º FOV and that
of course could be
nice but not
necessary
https://www.optos.com/en/products/the-benefits-of-optomap
/
http://www.boatmansoptical.co.uk/our-services/retinal_imagi
ng?next=&id=18
41. Resolution
Requirements
Atleast30px/deg, and in
general fundus imaging,
the 5 MP resolution (at
least 2 MP for NHS
screening standard) is
more than adequate.
More important the
dynamic range
BEST would be non-
mydriatic fundus camera
so that we don’t need to
pharmacologically dilate
the subjects
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4526243
Dr. BaileyShen’sdesign isso simple he includesa shopping list
ofnecessarypartsand instructionsfor assemblyin his
paper publishedin Journal ofOphthalmology. He saysthe
camera can be replicated from partseasily found online
forabout $185.
42. Dynamicrange
Requirements
Retina
Typically optic disc gets
overexposed making its
quantitative analysis
harder.
Could “ROI HDR” of just
that region be
implemented by us?
Fast acquisition allowed
super-resolution
techniques as well to be
used
Improved
dynamic
range
Super-resolution fromretinal
fundusvideos(Köhleretal.2014)
44. Zoom/ROI
Requirements
One could want to zoom
for vessels for
functional response
analysis.
In other measure the
width of vessels
Amplitude ofsuchchanges are typically
around -5%to+5%
And if the vessel (vein orartery)takesfor example 10
pixelsinwidth,thequantification ofsuchchanges
becomesimpossible in practice.
Theaveragemean timecourseof arterial flicker
reactionin age-relatedmaculardegeneration patients
before(pink line)andafter(red line)thetreatmentaswellas
in olderhealthycontrols(blueline).Thereaction ofyounger
medicallyhealthyvolunteers(green line) isshown for
comparison.Notethattheyoungervolunteersdemonstrate
atwo-peaked flickerresponse
http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01718.x
Characteristicexamplesofindividualsmoothed
averagedretinalarterialandvenousreactionsto
flickeringlight:(A) healthycontrol;(B)MCI-
nonAD; (C)ADD; (D)MCI-AD.
http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13349-5
47. Spectral
Requirements
hbw = 10 nm bands
should be good (or
even slightly wider)
from 400 nm to 810
nm or even further?
Annidis RHA does
480–940 nm
What sort of
technical tradeoffs
are there from this?
e.g.
400nm goodforlensmediameasurements
460 nmgood formacularsegmentation
440-600 nm goodforAD
802nmusedinindocyaninegreenangiographyprocedures
xnmyetunknownspectralsignatures
400-1000nmrangealreadybackin2010,withgooddynamicrangeandspectralresolution
49. Tunable
filters
Youwould liketo
switch abitfaster for
human eyethan a
mechanicalfilter
wheelcoulddo
9March2018
Hyperspectralimaging:comparison ofacousto-
opticandliquidcrystaltunablefilters
RamyAbdlaty; Samir Sahli; JosephHayward; Qiyin Fang
ProceedingsVolume 10573, Medical Imaging 2018:Physicsof Medical Imaging; 105732P (2018)
https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2282532
Event: SPIE Medical Imaging, 2018, Houston, Texas,United States
LCTF:Varispec VIS-10-20,
(CambridgeResearch&
Instrumentation).
400 – 720 nm
AOTF:Gooch&HousegoTF625-
350-2-11-BR1A .
450– 800 nm
+ 8-channel digitalfrequency
synthesizer (Gooch& Housego
MSD040-150-0.2ADM-A5H-8x 1
Spectrophotometer:
highresolution (~1nm)
spectrophotometer(NEWPORT
Model OSM400,Irvine,Ca,USA)
Another distinct advantage of AOTF is the ultrafast (>1000 times) random access to spectral
bands, compared to LCTF. This advantage makes AOTF a better candidate for imaging at
videorate.
55. Acousto-
optical tunable
filters (AOTF)
Valle,Stefano(2017) Design
and applicationofhigh
performanceAcousto Optic
TunableFilters.
EngD thesis.
UniversityofGlasgow
http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8323/
Large aperture AOTFs are typically used as tunable filters for
imaging systems or when a large etendue is required due to the
spectralpropertiesofthesourceorthetarget.
High quality crystals with linear dimensions larger than 30 mm are
difficult to grow and processing significantly increases the cost of the
final device. Therefore the design process is a trade-off between
specificationandcost
NKT Photonics for example is developing a source covering the wavelength
range above 2 µm within the MINERVA Project (FP-7), consequently AOTFs
are the typically used due to the fast random access capability and narrow
bandwidth.
56. Ophthalmic
example of
illuminant
filtering
Spectral Imaging of the Human Retina
and Computationally Determined
Optimal Illuminants for Diabetic
Retinopathy Lesion Detection
Authors: Fält, Pauli1; Hiltunen, Jouni1; Hauta-Kasari, Markku1;
Sorri, Iiris2; Kalesnykiene, Valentina2; Pietilä, Juhani3;
Uusitalo, Hannu
Journal of Imaging Science and Technology
Volume 55, Number 3, May2011, pp. 30509-1-30509-10(10)
https://doi.org/10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2011.55.3.030509
59. Non-Ophthalmic
example of LED
Swept source
April2018
Amultispectrallinearopticalsweepsource,based ontunableInGaN/GaNQWLEDs
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.12.156 DipankarBiswas,AnupGorai,ApuMistry
Citedby1 -Relatedarticles→ https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32012
67. NVIDIA Jetson I/O + Triggering
●
GPIOs,I2
C,I2
S,SPI,CAN
●
TTLUARTwithflowcontrol
●
Display ExpansionHeader
●
CameraExpansionHeader
DISPLAY
The Jetson carrier board includes a 120-pin (2x60, 0.5mm
pitch) Display Expansion Connector (J23). The connector
used on the carrier board is a Samtec QSH-060-01-H-D-A.
ThematingconnectorisaSamtecQTH-060-01-H-D-A.
This expansion connector includes interface options for an
embeddeddisplayandtouchcontroller including:
CAMERA
The Jetson carrier board includes a 120-pin (2x60, 0.5mm
pitch) Camera Expansion Connector (J22). The connector
used on the carrier board is a Samtec QSH-060-01-H-D-A.
The mating connector is a Samtec QTH-060-01-H-D-A. The
expansion connector includes interface options for multiple
camerasaswellassomefor audio(I2S&DMIC):
▪ CSI up to 6x2 lane, CAM_I2C, Clock & Control GPIOs for▪
the Cameras, Digital Microphone IF, I2S, SPI, I2C,▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
UART
NVIDIAJetsonTX1/TX2DeveloperKitCarrier Board| https://developer.nvidia.com/embedded/downloads
69. Google’s TPU Edge Accelerator
Handsonwiththe
CoralDev Board
Gettingstartedwith
Google’snewEdge
TPU hardware
Alasdair Allan Mar 262019
Ialsogo“HandsonwiththeCoralUSBAccelerator
”inacompanionarticle.
https://medium.com/@aallan/hands-on-with-the-
coral-dev-board-adbcc317b6af
5 mega-pixel (2582×1933 pixel)
Omnivision OV5645 sensor, the
camera isdesigned to connect to
the board’sMIPI-CSI connector
whichlocated on the underside of
the Dev Board.More detailsof the
camera hardware can be found in
the datasheet.
Everythingyouneedtogetstarted
settingupthetheCoralUSB
AcceleratorwithaRaspberryPi
board
75. Global Shutter ones for fast motion
SONY® Pregius™–CMOSGlobalShutter https://www.framos.com/media/pdf/2d/69/6d/FRAMOS-Sony-brochure.pdf
Thesemodelsgoodfor
embeddeddeeplearningfor
multiframereconstruction
purposes
IMX287, IMX273,IMX174,IMX252,
IMX250,IMX255,IMX253
Sony IMX250 provideshighresolutionof
5 MP,whichisperfectlysuitablefor
applicationsunder low-light conditions
andinmicroscopy.Framerate:86fps.
MultiAOI
FLIRBlackflyS
1,520SGD
76. Specific sensors for custom use cases
HDR (High Dynamic Range) sensors for multi-lens HD video applications
https://www.sony-semicon.co.jp/products_en/IS/sensor2/technology/dol-hdr.html
https://www.framos.com/en/imx477-aack-c-19503
The Sony IMX477 can support up to
12.3 megapixel @ 60 frames per
second video shooting under the ADC
10bit mode, the resolution format is
4056x3040. Enabling the SME-
HDR mode, the camera can support
60fps, while it supports 30fps if
enablingtheDOL-HDRmode.
ThisnewCMOSimagesensor
featuresSME-HDR (Spatially
MultiplexedExposureHDR) and
DOL-HDR (DigitalOverlapHDR),
supportsdualsensorsynchronization
operation,IMX477alsoadoptsthe
back-illuminatedtechnologycan
achievebetterimagequality underlow
lightilluminationcondition.
77. Due to implementation pains
The embedded camerawith
best SDK/API/libraries will“win”
the race, but which ofthese is it?
NVIDIAPreferredPartners
to startfrom?
83. Allied Vision 130/140Series Interfacing
The 130 U and 140 U camera
families can be operated on Linux
x86/x64, Linux for ARM, and
Windows.
APIs:C,C++,and .NET
84. Basler dartBCON
https://www.baslerweb.com/en/embedded-vision/embedded-vision-portfolio/embedded-vision-cameras/dart-bcon-for-mipi/
Starting from €49 (78 SGD), the dart
camera module allows for leanest
embedded systems with Machine
Vision standards and excellent image
quality.
Easy code migration thanks to
GenICam compliance and thanks to
theunified pylon SDK
Development kit with reference
implementationavailable
5Megapixel,60fps,ONSemiconductor AR0521sensor
https://www.baslerweb.com/en/products/cam
eras/area-scan-cameras/dart/daa2500-60mc/
A 5MP (2592×1944pixels)
Omnivision 5647 sensor in a
fixed focusmodule
Support 1080p30, 720p60
and 640x480p60/90 video
record
vs
86. Multi / Hyper / Ultra -spectral?
Nostandardized nomenclature, the more bands, the morebuzzwordy sounding
HyperspectralImagingfor
LandmineDetection
December 2017
IhabMakki
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323
443295_Hyperspectral_Imaging_for_Landmin
e_Detection
88. Commercial multispectral sensors
LightHaus
https://www.lighthaus.com.sg/hyperspectral.html
Imec's missionistodrive the effective development and
commercialization ofCMOSbased hyperspectral
imagingvision solutions, together with a broad
ecosystem ofpartnersatsensor, camera, software,
illumination toapplication levels.
Get in touch with one of ecosystem partner to
explore potential collaboration for OEM
business:
https://www.imec-int.com/en/hyperspectral-imaging
xiSpec -HyperspectralCameraswithUSB3Vision
Compact,lightweightwithonly26.4x26.4 x31mm,32grams
https://www.ximea.com/usb3-vision-camera/hyperspectral
-usb3-cameras
http://www.vttresearch.com/media/news/vtts-hyperspectral-imaging-technology-
enables-new-artificial-intelligence-applications-as-a-part-of-consumer-devices
MEMSfilterfromVTT Finland
90. Modulating only the illumination for monochromecamera
Ifyouwouldhave fast enoughcameraornon-movingtarget,youcan use “normal”spatial resolutionsusing
off-the-shelf industrialcameraswithmultispectral light engines
Spectrallytunablelight
sourcesforimplementing
computationallydesigned
illuminations
http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20484.22400
Piotr Bartczak
PhD Thesis
Advisor:Markku Hauta-Kasari, JussiParkkinen,
Project: ReVision
https://youtu.be/EFbuwGS2cYE
HyperCam: Hyperspectral Imaging forUbiquitous
Computing Applications
https://doi.org/10.1145/2750858.2804282
https://www.channelsystems.ca/news/cost-effecti
ve-multispectral-solutions-mst-vision-and-xenics-i
nfrared-solutions
91. Examples of Multispectral Illumination Systems
A fastmultispectrallightsynthesiserbasedon
LEDsandadiffractiongrating
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32012
TuLUMIS- atunableLED-based underwater multispectral
imagingsystem https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.007811
Non-contact multi-spectralimaging combined
withthermographytodeterminephysiological
changes in perfusion duringclinicalinterventions
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3
05200249_Non-contact_multi-spectral_im
aging_combined_with_thermography_to_d
etermine_physiological_changes_in_perfusi
on_during_clinical_interventions
92. Active field of research
checkoutthespaceforlow-costoptionssuitableforscreeningdevices→
TunablePlasmonic Filters
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6b01003
Multispectral andpolarimetric
photodetectionusinga
plasmonicmetasurface
JournalofAppliedPhysics 123,043107(2018);
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5011167
Citedby2 Relatedarticles
We distinguish our FPI technology by means of two different
manufacturing platforms: mass-producible optical MEMS-
based chips (MOEMS FPI) for high-volume applications, and
the separately assembled piezo-actuated tunable filter
structures (Piezo FPI) for customised high-performance PFPI
optical instruments.
https://www.vttresearch.com/services/smart-industry/space-
technologies/sensors-imaging-and-data-analysis/optical-mi
crospectrometer
https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.006021
Miniature integratedmicro-spectrometer
arrayforsnap shotmultispectralsensing
OpticsExpressVol.27,Issue4,pp.5719-5728(2019)
https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.005719
99. Pulse Oximetry Biopachttps://www.biopac.com/product/pulse-oximetry-transducers/
Research-gradesystem
Part #: TSD124A,TSD124B, TSD124C
The TSD124 series human oximetry
transducers are reliable and simple to use on a
wide range of subjects for both short-term and
continuous noninvasive monitoring; use with
the OXY100E oximetry amplifier or the
OXYSSH-SYS Human Oximetry System (note:
OXYSSH-SYSincludesone TSD124A).
OXYSSH-SYS Human Oximetry System
https://www.biopac.com/product/human-pulse-oxi
metery-spo2-system/
In addition to SpO2, the OXYSS module supports
threeauxiliaryoutputs:
Pulse: A pulse plethysmogram signal that reflects
changes in blood density on the finger tip caused by
varying blood pressure
Rate: HeartRatein BeatsPer Minute(BPM)
Status optional: Outputs voltage levels that
reflect the SpO2 signal status; requires BSLCBL14A
interfacecable, purchasedseparately
https://www.biopac.com/product/sp
o2-pulse-oximeter-amplifier/
TheOXY100Emeasuresbeat-by-
beat,bloodoxygensaturation
(SpO2)levelinanoninvasivefashion.
TheOXY100Eoutputsfour
signalssimultaneously:
A:SpO2 value(Ch1,2,3,or 4)
B:PulsePlethysmogram(Ch5,6,7,
or 8)
C: Heartpulserate(Ch9,10,11,or 12)
D:ModuleStatus(Ch13,14,15,or16)
Thesesignalsaredirectedto
switchableblocksofdifferentMP
inputchannels.Uptofour OXY100E
modulescanbeusedwithasingle
MPSystem.
101. BluetoothLow Energy
datastreamingnotnecessarily thebest
option?
e.g.
MAX30100 /
MAX30101 /
MAX30102
PulseOximeter
andHeart-Rate
Sensor
UsetheI2
C for
commu-
nication
UserGuide6409
MAX3010xEVKits: RecommendedCon
figurationsandOperatingProfiles
https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/products/sensors/MAX30101A
CCEVKIT.html/tb_tab0
Pulse Oximetry Build yourown?
102. MAXREFDES101#:Health SensorPlatform 2.0
The MAXREFDES101# is a unique evaluation and development platform in a wrist-worn
wearable form factor that demonstrates the functions of a wide range of Maxim’s products for
health-sensing applications.
This second-generation health sensor platform (a follow-on to the MAXREFDES100#)
integratesa PPG analog-front-end(AFE)sensor (MAX86141), a biopotential AFE (MAX30001)
, a human body temperature sensor (MAX30205), a microcontroller (MAX32630), a power-
managementIC (MAX20303),anda 6-axisaccelerometer/gyroscope.
The complete platform includes a watch enclosure and a biometric sensor hub with an
embedded heart-rate algorithm (MAX32664). Algorithm output and raw data can be
streamed through Bluetooth® to an Android® app or PC GUI for demonstration, evaluation, and
customizeddevelopment.
Introducing the Health Sensor Platfor
m 2.0 (MAXREFDES101)
2:45 September 20, 2018
https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/design/reference-design-center/system-board/6779.html
Download All Design Files
HardwareFiles:
Schematic; BillofMaterials(BOM);
PCBLayout;FabPackage;PCBCAD
Software
MAXREFDES101Software:Windows10
MAXREFDES101Software:AndroidAPK
MAXREFDES101Software:Windows7
103. MAXREFDES101 withdual-modeBluetooth
https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/design/reference-design-center/system-board/6779.html
Algorithmoutputandrawdata canbe streamedthrough
Bluetooth® to anAndroid® app orPC GUIfordemonstration,
evaluation,andcustomizeddevelopment. BluetoothMultiMode:PAN1326B/1316B
featuringboth BluetoothLowEnergy and
Bluetoothconnectivity,basedonTexas
Instruments’NEW CC2564Bcontroller,
The Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) standard
is designed to reduce power consumption
by establishing very fast connections
(few ms) and transferring small amounts of
data. Using these techniques, energy
consumption is reduced to a tenth of a
Classic Bluetooth device. Bluetooth Smart
Ready devices can communicate with both
Bluetooth Classic and
Bluetooth Low Energy devices. Smart
Ready devices take advantage of the data
rate of Bluetooth Classic (3Mb/s) and
ultra fast connection time of
Bluetooth Low Energy (3mS).
104. MAX30001 is an analogue front-end
for bio-potential electrocardiogram
(ECG) and bio-impedance (BioZ),
measuring these on the chest or wrist
to detect heart rate, respiration
(BioZ) and arrhythmias – detecting
anomaliessufficientlywelltopromptthe
user to get a medical-grade multi-
electrode ECG, said Shieh. It meets
IEC60601clinicalECGstandards.
MAXREFDES101 Respirationsensing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55GS_3m8VNM
Respiration
(BioZ)
Withelectrodeson
chest(thesameas
usedfor ECG,low-
noiseamplifier)
Canbeusedalsofor
GSR(GalvanicSkin
Response)
112. OCT + Raman
Spectroscopy
filter,M:mirror,NDF: neutral-density
filter,NF: notchfilter,PC:polarization
control,SLD:superluminescent
diode.TheCCDinthesamplearmis
usedasaviewfinder.
Normalized Raman spectra from the foveal region
of the human sample (similar peaks are observedtothe
work of Beattie et al. [14]) compared with an average
Raman spectrum obtained from asingle B-scan of porcine
retinalsample.
113. Raman
Spectroscopy
for inflammation
measurement
MolecularImagingofthehuman
retinabyRamanSpectroscopy
(S26.001)
NeurologyApr 2015,84 (14Supplement)
S26.001
https://n.neurology.org/content/84/14_S
upplement/S26.001
https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201300101
Retina is part of the Central Nervous
System (CNS) and it can be easily
assessed with photonic devices such as
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
that offers a good in-vivo structural
retinal image. In Multiple Sclerosis, OCT
reveals Ganglion Cell Layer thinning that
parallels brain atrophy. However, Inner
Nuclear Layer thickening has been
associated with inflammation and
neurodegeneration. Molecular
imaging may better and earlier
discriminate these mechanisms since
functional changes usually appear in an
early phase of disease, a key period
for neuroprotectivedrugs.
Raman spectroscopy analysis of the Retinal Ganglion Cell
layer of the retina. (A) Design of the analysis of the
Ganglion cell layer (GCL) and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer
(RNFL) of the retina based in the physical properties of
laser light [785 nm (5-100 mW)] and anatomical structure
ofretinallayers.
(B) Examples of raw Raman spectra from representative
retina sample after 10 hours incubation time (black) and
LPS treated retina sample after 10 hours incubation time
(red) and12hoursincubationtime(blue).
114. Raman
Spectroscopy
asAlzheimer’sand
neurodegenerative
biomarker
Label-freeimagingof amyloid
plaquesinAlzheimer’sdisease
withstimulatedRamanscattering
microscopy
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1126/sciadv.aat7715
(2018)
...the existence of extracellular
deposition of amyloid plaques formed
with misfolded amyloid- (A ). Theβ resulting in specific changes to β resulting in specific changes to
conformational change of proteins
leads to enriched contents of sheets,β resulting in specific changes to
resulting in remarkable changes of
vibrational spectra, especially the
spectral shifts of the amide I mode.
Here, we applied stimulated Raman
scattering (SRS) microscopy to image
amyloid plaques in the brain tissue of an
ADmousemodel.
E. Ryzhikova et al. (2015). Raman spectroscopy of blood serum for Alzheimer’s disease
diagnostics: specificity relative to other types of dementia. J Biophotonics, Vol. 8, Issue 7, pp. 584-
596. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201400060,from:
https://www.photonics.com/a63331/Raman_Hyperspectroscopy_Shows_Promise_for
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-018-1151-4
115. Raman useful for
retinopathies from
bloodsamplesalso
Fourier-transform-infrared-
spectroscopybasedmetabolomic
spectralbiomarkerselection
towardsoptimaldiagnostic
differentiationofdiabeteswith
andwithoutretinopathy
https://doi.org/10.1080/00387010.2018.1
471510
Again, lipidic signatures were strongly
corroborated with glycosylated
hemoglobin levels in diabetic
retinopathy and diabetic subjects.
Spectral signatures also revealed an
elevated level of -sheet containingβ resulting in specific changes to
proteins in serum in diabetic retinopathy
condition. The method was validated
through spectral biomarker selection by
the DBMS technique. Thus, this method
has the capability of diagnostic cost
minimization for detection of
diabetic retinopathy by label-free
spectralbiomarker identification.
Raman spectral probe and unique fractal signatures for
human serum with diabetes and early stage diabetic
retinopathy
https://doi.org/10.1088/2057-1976/aaed0e
Most importantly, we observe unique arc-fractals by gold particles in presence of
diabetes retinopathy serum samples. We quantify the fractal geometry by measuring
the persistence length, which can be used as a biomarker in pathological reporting
systems. We believe that our findings will motivate the medical researchers to employ
the proposed methodologies for diagnosing diabetes/early stage diabetic retinopathy
on larger number of subjectsin clinical trials.
118. Mobile
spectrophotometry
withouttheimaging
(a) The smartphone spectrometer with the inset (top-left)
of a plastic fiber assembled into the built-in flash. (b) The
spectral images from different-sized plastic fibers are
shown. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82227
The communication between the smartphone and a
remote server is illustrated in (a) and the developed
ChemTrainer (for testing peroxide levels from urine) app is
presented in (b). Similar systems exist for albumin, pH,
protein and glucose valuesfrom samples.
https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82227
https://spectralworkbench.org/
Luminit One
Luminit Two
Spectruino
https://myspectral.com/
Spectrometryoflight
sources,lasers,
environment
Radiometer – Measure irradiance oflightsources,
LED, laser, sun, Internet ofThings Sensor for Sunlight,
public lighting.
Spectrometer – Measure reflected spectrum from
four spectrallybalanced lights reflected from surfaces.
IoT NDVIindex, Normalized DifferenceVegetationIndex,
whiteness ofpapers, walls, chemical and environmental
agents, and more.
Spectrophotometer – Measure light passing through
a cuvettecontaining liquids ofvarious colors. With
spectrometric cameramode, you can even observe
kinetics of reactions, measure adding ofconcentrates to
beverages online, or measure turbidityand fluorescence
ofliquids, algae, phytoplankton.
Programmable – Spectrometer, spectroradiometer
with Arduino, microbit and RaspberryPi.
LuminiTWOSpectrometer
1 599.00 € excl. VAT
119. Fundus+PPG
Enter Arduino Uno for PPG.
Does notsolve thebulkiness
of the camera
May2018
Assessingblood vesselperfusionandvital
signsthroughretinalimaging
photoplethysmography
https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.9.002351
HarnaniHassan,SheilaJaidka,VincentM.Dwyer,and
SijungHu
The work presented here demonstrates a simple retinal
imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG) system with
the potential to provide screening, diagnosis, monitoring
and assessment that is non-invasive, painless and
radiationless. Time series of individual retinal blood
vessel images, captured with an eye fundus camera, are
processed using standard filtering, amplitude
demodulation and principle component analysis (PCA)
methods to determine the values of the heart rate (HR)
and respiration rate (RR), which are in compliance with
simultaneously obtained measurements using
commercialpulseoximetry.
120. “Spectral
Selfie”
June2018
ExperimentalDemonstrationofRemoteand
CompactImagingSpectrometerBased on
MobileDevices
https://doi.org/10.3390/s18071989
JieChen,FuhongCai,RongxiaoHe,andSailingHe
Citedby4 -Relatedarticles
In this paper, we develop a compact imaging
spectrometer (35 g in weight, 18 mm in diameter, and 72
mm in length) that can be equipped on a motorized
selfiestick toperformremote sensing. Oursystemoffers
a route toward mobile imaging spectrometers used in daily
life
AWi-FiCMOScamerawitha20mmclosed-circuit
television(CCTV)lensisutilizedtocapturethespectral
image.(Inset) onespectralimagecapturedbytheWi-
Ficamerawhenmeasuringamercurylamp.
The selfie stick-based imaging spectrometer was utilized to scan
environmental objects on campus. (a) Photo of the scanned object. The
scanning was performed in the horizontal direction; (b) the spatial image
obtained from the scanning result; (c) the reflectance spectrum from the
tree region; (d) the reflectance spectrum from the building region; (e) the
reflected light ratio index (RLRI) image based on the hyperspectral data
cube; (f) the overlap of the spatial image and the binary image based on
RLRI value.
121. Low-cost
tunable LED
based system
This paper presents a full end-to-end
analysis of a low-cost reflectance-mode
multispectral imaging system operating
in the visible and near-infrared spectra. The
system consists of 13 LEDs mounted on a
printed circuit board, a monochrome
machine vision camera, and a tablet
computer to control the hardware. The bill of
materials for the system is less than
$1000. Hardware design and
implementation are detailed.
December 2018
Portable,low-costmultispectralimagingsystem:design,development,validation,andutilization
FrankJ.Bolton; AmirS.Bernat; Kfir Bar-Am; DavidLevitz; StevenJacquesAuthorAffiliations-
FrankJ.Bolton , AmirS.Bernat , KfirBar-Am , DavidLevitz,StevenJacques
J.ofBiomedicalOptics,23(12),121612(2018). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.23.12.121612
Additional future work will critically assess the combination of LEDs used for the
spectral illumination to maximize performance at reduced cost. The current
implementation is limited by assumptions made in the fitting method, which employs a limited
set of tissue parameters. More extensive Monte Carlo methods will be implemented to
better optimize the method, as a larger lookup table can provide finer estimates of tissue
parameters.
122. Design
considerations
for tunable
LED based
system
April2018
Methodusinginvivoquantitativespectroscopytoguidedesignandoptimizationoflow-cost,
compactclinicalimagingdevices:emulationand evaluationofmultispectralimagingsystems
RolfB.Saager;MelissaL.Baldado;RebeccaA.Rowland; KristenM.Kelly;AnthonyJ.Durkin
https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.23.4.046002|Citedby2 -Relatedarticles
Spectralresponsefunctionsforthe
emulatedimagers:(a) thespectral
bandwidthoftheeightLEDsusedinthe
OxImager, (b) thespectralsensitivityof
theBayerfilterfromthecolorimager,
and(c) thespectralsensitivityofthe16
channelsoftheXiSpechyperspectral
snapshotimager.Panel(d) callsout
fourindividualchannelsfromthe
XiSpecimager,illustratingthebest(top
figures)andworst(bottom)casesof
spectralselectivityfromthisimager.