Hydrocephalus
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This document presents a case of hydrocephalus in a 10-week-old baby boy. The baby was diagnosed with hydrocephalus prenatally via ultrasound and MRI scans, which showed an excess of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles. After birth, the baby exhibited symptoms of hydrocephalus including a large head, bulging soft spot, poor feeding, and seizures. Treatment included an endoscopic third ventriculostomy to reduce fluid and medications to control seizures. The baby will require monitoring of epilepsy and fluid levels, and may need a shunt placed if fluid builds up again in the future. Hydrocephalus can affect learning abilities long-term if not properly treated.
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Hydrocephalus and Shunts: Sean's Story
Information from Kelley Whisler: Sean is my nephew, he and his twin sister Kaitlyn were born 10 weeks premature. He has Cerebral Palsy due to brain trauma at birth (like having a stroke on both sides of his brain) and acidosis due to his heart not converting to self-sufficiency at birth (PDA non-closure / therefore not enough oxygen in blood to brain/body). He also has some vision disability, due to ROP (retinopathy of prematurity - retina did not fully develop) as well as the stroke affected the vision area of his brain, which makes it hard for him to process what he does see. My sister made this powerpoint for me to share with my students as they have taken both Sean & Kaitlyn into their hearts, and they have wanted to know and understand what was happening with them.
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain that causes increased intracranial pressure. It can be caused by excessive CSF production, decreased absorption, or obstruction of flow. Symptoms vary depending on age but include headache, vomiting, visual changes, irritability, and cognitive or motor problems. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT or MRI of the brain. Treatment options include medical management but primarily involves surgically diverting CSF through shunts or endoscopic procedures to reduce pressure and allow drainage. Complications can arise from shunt malfunctions or infections.
Hydrocephalous, shunting & shunt systems
This document discusses hydrocephalus, including its definition, epidemiology, types, special forms, treatment options, and risks. Hydrocephalus is an excess of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain resulting from disturbances in its flow or absorption. It can be treated through medical management, lumbar punctures, surgical interventions like shunting, or in some cases may arrest without treatment. Shunting carries risks of failure or complications that require close monitoring.
Hydrocephalus
This document provides an overview of hydrocephalus including its definition, causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Hydrocephalus is an excess of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain resulting in ventricular enlargement. It can be communicating or non-communicating depending on the site of obstruction.
- Causes include congenital defects, infections, hemorrhage, tumors, and idiopathic factors. In newborns, symptoms include head enlargement and bulging fontanelles. In adults, symptoms include headache, nausea, gait changes, and vision problems.
- Diagnosis involves imaging like ultrasound, CT, or MRI to evaluate
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the intracranial spaces, which can be caused by increased CSF production, obstruction of CSF pathways, or impaired CSF absorption. This results in dilation of the cerebral ventricles and enlargement of the head. Hydrocephalus can be congenital or acquired later in life due to factors such as infection, birth trauma, tumors, or connective tissue disorders. Treatment involves surgical placement of a shunt to divert CSF from the ventricles to the peritoneal cavity, atrium, or other sites to relieve pressure on the brain. Long-term risks include shunt complications, infections, neurological deficits, and developmental delays.
hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is a condition where there is excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain. It occurs when there is an imbalance between the production and absorption of CSF, disrupting normal fluid flow. Symptoms vary depending on age but include headaches, nausea, vision problems, and developmental delays. Hydrocephalus is diagnosed using imaging tests like CT or MRI scans. Treatment involves surgically inserting a shunt to drain CSF from the brain to the abdomen where it can be absorbed. With proper treatment and management, hydrocephalus patients can often live normal lives.
Hydrocephalus
1) Hydrocephalus is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain's ventricles, increasing intracranial pressure. It can be treated with shunt surgery but complications are common.
2) Understanding cerebrospinal fluid dynamics is important for diagnosing hydrocephalus and predicting outcomes from shunt surgery. Cerebrospinal fluid flow and pulsatility are assessed using techniques like infusion tests and MRI.
3) Shunt selection is challenging in normal pressure hydrocephalus given variability in intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics between patients. Adjustable valves allow non-invasive management of complications.
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain due to imbalance between CSF production and absorption. It can be congenital or acquired. The excess fluid increases pressure on the brain and causes damage. Treatment involves surgical placement of a shunt to drain fluid from the brain ventricles to the abdomen, heart, or other sites to relieve pressure. Complications can include infection, shunt malfunction, or subdural hematoma from rapid reduction in brain size.
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Information from Kelley Whisler: Sean is my nephew, he and his twin sister Kaitlyn were born 10 weeks premature. He has Cerebral Palsy due to brain trauma at birth (like having a stroke on both sides of his brain) and acidosis due to his heart not converting to self-sufficiency at birth (PDA non-closure / therefore not enough oxygen in blood to brain/body). He also has some vision disability, due to ROP (retinopathy of prematurity - retina did not fully develop) as well as the stroke affected the vision area of his brain, which makes it hard for him to process what he does see. My sister made this powerpoint for me to share with my students as they have taken both Sean & Kaitlyn into their hearts, and they have wanted to know and understand what was happening with them.
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain that causes increased intracranial pressure. It can be caused by excessive CSF production, decreased absorption, or obstruction of flow. Symptoms vary depending on age but include headache, vomiting, visual changes, irritability, and cognitive or motor problems. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT or MRI of the brain. Treatment options include medical management but primarily involves surgically diverting CSF through shunts or endoscopic procedures to reduce pressure and allow drainage. Complications can arise from shunt malfunctions or infections.
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This document discusses hydrocephalus, including its definition, epidemiology, types, special forms, treatment options, and risks. Hydrocephalus is an excess of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain resulting from disturbances in its flow or absorption. It can be treated through medical management, lumbar punctures, surgical interventions like shunting, or in some cases may arrest without treatment. Shunting carries risks of failure or complications that require close monitoring.
Hydrocephalus
This document provides an overview of hydrocephalus including its definition, causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Hydrocephalus is an excess of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain resulting in ventricular enlargement. It can be communicating or non-communicating depending on the site of obstruction.
- Causes include congenital defects, infections, hemorrhage, tumors, and idiopathic factors. In newborns, symptoms include head enlargement and bulging fontanelles. In adults, symptoms include headache, nausea, gait changes, and vision problems.
- Diagnosis involves imaging like ultrasound, CT, or MRI to evaluate
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the intracranial spaces, which can be caused by increased CSF production, obstruction of CSF pathways, or impaired CSF absorption. This results in dilation of the cerebral ventricles and enlargement of the head. Hydrocephalus can be congenital or acquired later in life due to factors such as infection, birth trauma, tumors, or connective tissue disorders. Treatment involves surgical placement of a shunt to divert CSF from the ventricles to the peritoneal cavity, atrium, or other sites to relieve pressure on the brain. Long-term risks include shunt complications, infections, neurological deficits, and developmental delays.
hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is a condition where there is excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain. It occurs when there is an imbalance between the production and absorption of CSF, disrupting normal fluid flow. Symptoms vary depending on age but include headaches, nausea, vision problems, and developmental delays. Hydrocephalus is diagnosed using imaging tests like CT or MRI scans. Treatment involves surgically inserting a shunt to drain CSF from the brain to the abdomen where it can be absorbed. With proper treatment and management, hydrocephalus patients can often live normal lives.
Hydrocephalus
1) Hydrocephalus is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain's ventricles, increasing intracranial pressure. It can be treated with shunt surgery but complications are common.
2) Understanding cerebrospinal fluid dynamics is important for diagnosing hydrocephalus and predicting outcomes from shunt surgery. Cerebrospinal fluid flow and pulsatility are assessed using techniques like infusion tests and MRI.
3) Shunt selection is challenging in normal pressure hydrocephalus given variability in intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics between patients. Adjustable valves allow non-invasive management of complications.
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain due to imbalance between CSF production and absorption. It can be congenital or acquired. The excess fluid increases pressure on the brain and causes damage. Treatment involves surgical placement of a shunt to drain fluid from the brain ventricles to the abdomen, heart, or other sites to relieve pressure. Complications can include infection, shunt malfunction, or subdural hematoma from rapid reduction in brain size.
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain. It can be congenital or acquired due to factors like hemorrhage, meningitis, head trauma, or tumors. Clinical manifestations include headache, nausea, cognitive impairment, and gait abnormalities. Treatment involves ventricular shunting to drain excess fluid or endoscopic procedures to improve fluid flow. Physiotherapy focuses on improving motor skills, cognition, and independence through exercises and developmental techniques.
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Hydrocephalus with fetal hydrops
This document summarizes a clinical case presentation of a 26-year-old pregnant woman with hydrocephalus and fetal hydrops. An ultrasound found extensive cerebral spinal fluid collection in the fetus, indicating severe hydrocephalus. Additional findings of diffuse skin thickening, ascites, cardiomegaly, and edema suggested fetal hydrops. The fetus was in a cephalic presentation with normal anatomy elsewhere. After counseling, the woman opted for termination by cesarean section, which was performed and revealed an intrauterine fetal demise.
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Hydrocephalus is caused by an accumulation of cerebral spinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain. It can be congenital or acquired through events like hemorrhage or brain tumors. Shunt systems are commonly used to treat hydrocephalus by diverting CSF from the ventricles to the abdominal cavity through a series of catheters and a pressure-regulating valve. However, shunts have high failure rates, requiring multiple revision surgeries. Alternatives like endoscopic third ventriculostomy may help in some cases but have lower success rates than shunts, especially in infants.
Hydrocephalus mallappa hs
Hydrocephalus, commonly known as "water on the brain", is a medical condition where there is abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain. It can be caused by impaired CSF reabsorption or obstruction of CSF flow. The main types are communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus. Symptoms include headache, nausea, and enlarged head size. Treatment involves surgically inserting a shunt to drain CSF out of the brain ventricles and reroute it to the abdomen, or performing an endoscopic third ventriculostomy to create a new pathway for CSF drainage. Complications of shunt surgery include infection and obstruction.
Hydrocephalus
This document provides information about hydrocephalus, including:
1) Hydrocephalus is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain's ventricles and spinal cord spaces, dilating them.
2) It can be caused by obstruction of CSF flow, inadequate CSF absorption, or overproduction of CSF.
3) Symptoms vary depending on age but include headaches, vomiting, blurred vision, and gait or cognitive difficulties.
Hydrocephalus
This document discusses hydrocephalus, which is an excess buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain. It can be congenital or acquired and either obstructing or communicating. The excess fluid increases ventricle size and pressure on the brain. Symptoms depend on if it is acute or chronic and can include headaches, nausea, blurred vision, and increased head circumference. Risks include brain herniation. Diagnosis involves CT or MRI scans to view enlarged ventricles. Treatment often involves surgically inserting a shunt to drain CSF from the brain or performing a ventriculostomy.
Neonatal head usg
Neonatal cranial sonography is an important tool for evaluating infants with suspected brain abnormalities. It can detect hemorrhages, hydrocephalus, hypoxic ischemic injury, infections, and congenital anomalies. USG is rapid, portable, and avoids radiation, making it well-suited for neonatal intensive care. The summary outlines key findings on USG like germinal matrix hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, hydranencephaly, and how to evaluate features of hydrocephalus. USG is also discussed as the initial study for complications of conditions like TORCH infections and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.
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This document provides information about hydrocephalus including its causes, symptoms, nursing assessments, diagnoses, goals of care, interventions, and discharge planning. Hydrocephalus is a condition where cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain ventricles, which can increase intracranial pressure and cause head enlargement, seizures, tunnel vision, and intellectual disability. The nursing assessments note increased head size, bulging fontanel, dilated veins, eye positioning, restlessness, and fever in the patient. The nursing diagnoses are related to altered thermoregulation and ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion. The goals are to maintain normal temperature and improve cerebral perfusion. Nursing interventions include monitoring, baths, positioning, medication administration,
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is a condition where there is an excess of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain, resulting in increased pressure inside the skull. It occurs when there is an imbalance between the production and absorption of CSF, causing it to accumulate in the ventricles of the brain. Symptoms vary depending on age but can include an enlarged head size, vomiting, irritability, and problems with vision. Treatment involves surgically placing a shunt to divert fluid from the brain ventricles to another part of the body to decrease pressure. Complications from hydrocephalus and its treatment can include infections, mechanical issues with shunts, and neurological problems.
Hydrocephalus
This document discusses hydrocephalus, which is an excess of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain that increases pressure. It can be caused by various disorders and makes diagnosis complex. The document covers epidemiology, pathophysiology, causes, symptoms, investigations, treatment, and prognosis. Hydrocephalus can be treated with surgical placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, though lifelong follow-up is often needed, especially in children. Outcomes depend on type of hydrocephalus, with seizures associated with poorer outcomes and lower IQ. About 60% of children can attend school, and 40% may lead normal lives with treatment.
Hydrocephalus diagnosis and management
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This document defines and describes hydrocephalus, including its causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Hydrocephalus is an increased volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles due to overproduction or impaired absorption. It can be congenital due to malformations, or acquired due to hemorrhage, infections, or tumors. Diagnosis involves head growth monitoring and imaging. Treatment involves medical management with acetazolamide or surgical intervention like ventriculoperitoneal shunting to divert cerebrospinal fluid. Complications can include shunt malfunctions or infections. Prognosis includes reduced IQ and increased risks of vision problems.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of hydrocephalus.
This document discusses radiological imaging techniques for evaluating hydrocephalus. It describes various imaging findings in different types of hydrocephalus like congenital hydrocephalus and hydrocephalus secondary to tumors. It focuses on techniques for evaluating normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), including phase contrast MRI to quantify cerebrospinal fluid flow. It hypothesizes that NPH may be caused by a combination of naturally enlarged ventricles and later deep white matter ischemia restricting CSF flow, leading to symptomatic hydrocephalus. Quantitative CSF flow studies can help diagnose shunt-responsive NPH.
Hydrocephalus presentation
Hydrocephalus is a condition where there is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It can be congenital or acquired later in life due to infections, tumors or hemorrhages. The excess fluid increases intracranial pressure which can damage the brain. Symptoms depend on age but include headaches, vomiting, vision problems and cognitive decline. Treatment is usually surgery to implant a shunt to drain fluid from the brain ventricles to the abdomen to be absorbed. Complications can include infections, shunt malfunctions or continued brain damage if not treated promptly.
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus
introduction
Hydrocephalus, also known years ago as “water on the brain”, is a condition where the circulation system of the body’s cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is not functioning properly. The CSF accumulates in the brain and causes intracranial pressure. A shunt is usually placed to equalize the flow of CSF, which requires surgery. The diagnosis and surgery can be very frightening for the parents as well as the child
definition
Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an excess of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces of the cranial cavity
INCIDENCE
It is found in 1-3 of every 1000 born children in world wide
Classification
Non communicating. In the non communicating type of congenital hydrocephalus, an obstruction occurs in the free circulation of CSF.
Communicating. In the communicating type of hydrocephalus, no obstruction of the free flow of the CSF exists between the ventricles and the spinal theca; rather, the condition is caused by defective absorption of CSF, thus causing increased pressure on the brain or spinal cord.
CAUSES
Obstruction. The most common problem is a partial obstruction of the normal flow of CSF, either from one ventricle to another or from the ventricles to other spaces around the brain.
Poor absorption. Less common is a problem with the mechanisms that enable the blood vessels to absorb CSF; this is often related to inflammation of brain tissues from disease or injury.
Overproduction. Rarely, the mechanisms for producing CSF create more than normal and more quickly than it can be absorbed.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Poor feeding. The infant with hydrocephalus has trouble in feeding due to the difficulty of his condition.
Large head. An excessively large head at birth is suggestive of hydrocephalus.
Bulging of the anterior fontanelles. The anterior fontanelle becomes tense and bulging, the skull enlarges in all diameters, and the scalp becomes shiny and its veins dilate.
Setting sun sign. If pressure continues to increase without intervention, the eyes appear to be pushed downward slightly with the sclera visible above the iris- the so-called setting sun sign.
High-pitched cry. The intracranial pressure may increase and the infant’s cry could become high-pitched.
Irritability. Irritability is also caused by an increase in the intracranial pressure.
Projectile vomiting. An increase in the intracranial pressure can cause projectile vomiting
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,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
conclusions
neurosurgery.Hydrocephalus.(dr.ali omer)
This document discusses hydrocephalus, including its definition, types, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Hydrocephalus is an increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the cranium, usually associated with increased intracranial pressure. It can be communicating or non-communicating depending on whether CSF flow is blocked. Causes include congenital defects, infections, hemorrhages, and masses. Clinical features vary depending on age but include head enlargement, vomiting, headaches, and vision problems. Diagnosis involves imaging like ultrasound, CT, or MRI. Management includes medical treatment, surgical procedures to bypass blockages or drain CSF, and shunt placement. Complications can arise from shunts
HYDROCEPHALUS
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The document discusses pediatric hydrocephalus, defining it as an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain's ventricles. It covers the epidemiology, anatomy, physiology, classification, pathology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of the condition. The main treatment approaches are surgical options like shunting to divert fluid or endoscopic procedures to create openings between ventricles.
Hydrocephalus with fetal hydrops
This document summarizes a clinical case presentation of a 26-year-old pregnant woman with hydrocephalus and fetal hydrops. An ultrasound found extensive cerebral spinal fluid collection in the fetus, indicating severe hydrocephalus. Additional findings of diffuse skin thickening, ascites, cardiomegaly, and edema suggested fetal hydrops. The fetus was in a cephalic presentation with normal anatomy elsewhere. After counseling, the woman opted for termination by cesarean section, which was performed and revealed an intrauterine fetal demise.
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Hydrocephalus is caused by an accumulation of cerebral spinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain. It can be congenital or acquired through events like hemorrhage or brain tumors. Shunt systems are commonly used to treat hydrocephalus by diverting CSF from the ventricles to the abdominal cavity through a series of catheters and a pressure-regulating valve. However, shunts have high failure rates, requiring multiple revision surgeries. Alternatives like endoscopic third ventriculostomy may help in some cases but have lower success rates than shunts, especially in infants.
Hydrocephalus mallappa hs
Hydrocephalus, commonly known as "water on the brain", is a medical condition where there is abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain. It can be caused by impaired CSF reabsorption or obstruction of CSF flow. The main types are communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus. Symptoms include headache, nausea, and enlarged head size. Treatment involves surgically inserting a shunt to drain CSF out of the brain ventricles and reroute it to the abdomen, or performing an endoscopic third ventriculostomy to create a new pathway for CSF drainage. Complications of shunt surgery include infection and obstruction.
Hydrocephalus
This document provides information about hydrocephalus, including:
1) Hydrocephalus is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain's ventricles and spinal cord spaces, dilating them.
2) It can be caused by obstruction of CSF flow, inadequate CSF absorption, or overproduction of CSF.
3) Symptoms vary depending on age but include headaches, vomiting, blurred vision, and gait or cognitive difficulties.
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This document discusses hydrocephalus, which is an excess buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain. It can be congenital or acquired and either obstructing or communicating. The excess fluid increases ventricle size and pressure on the brain. Symptoms depend on if it is acute or chronic and can include headaches, nausea, blurred vision, and increased head circumference. Risks include brain herniation. Diagnosis involves CT or MRI scans to view enlarged ventricles. Treatment often involves surgically inserting a shunt to drain CSF from the brain or performing a ventriculostomy.
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Neonatal cranial sonography is an important tool for evaluating infants with suspected brain abnormalities. It can detect hemorrhages, hydrocephalus, hypoxic ischemic injury, infections, and congenital anomalies. USG is rapid, portable, and avoids radiation, making it well-suited for neonatal intensive care. The summary outlines key findings on USG like germinal matrix hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, hydranencephaly, and how to evaluate features of hydrocephalus. USG is also discussed as the initial study for complications of conditions like TORCH infections and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.
Hydrocephalus
This document provides information about hydrocephalus including its causes, symptoms, nursing assessments, diagnoses, goals of care, interventions, and discharge planning. Hydrocephalus is a condition where cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain ventricles, which can increase intracranial pressure and cause head enlargement, seizures, tunnel vision, and intellectual disability. The nursing assessments note increased head size, bulging fontanel, dilated veins, eye positioning, restlessness, and fever in the patient. The nursing diagnoses are related to altered thermoregulation and ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion. The goals are to maintain normal temperature and improve cerebral perfusion. Nursing interventions include monitoring, baths, positioning, medication administration,
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is a condition where there is an excess of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain, resulting in increased pressure inside the skull. It occurs when there is an imbalance between the production and absorption of CSF, causing it to accumulate in the ventricles of the brain. Symptoms vary depending on age but can include an enlarged head size, vomiting, irritability, and problems with vision. Treatment involves surgically placing a shunt to divert fluid from the brain ventricles to another part of the body to decrease pressure. Complications from hydrocephalus and its treatment can include infections, mechanical issues with shunts, and neurological problems.
Hydrocephalus
This document discusses hydrocephalus, which is an excess of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain that increases pressure. It can be caused by various disorders and makes diagnosis complex. The document covers epidemiology, pathophysiology, causes, symptoms, investigations, treatment, and prognosis. Hydrocephalus can be treated with surgical placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, though lifelong follow-up is often needed, especially in children. Outcomes depend on type of hydrocephalus, with seizures associated with poorer outcomes and lower IQ. About 60% of children can attend school, and 40% may lead normal lives with treatment.
Hydrocephalus diagnosis and management
hydrocephalus comprehensive, etiology, clinical presentation, evan's index and findings on CT head, pathophsiology, Shunt surgeries
Hydrocephalus
This document defines and describes hydrocephalus, including its causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Hydrocephalus is an increased volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles due to overproduction or impaired absorption. It can be congenital due to malformations, or acquired due to hemorrhage, infections, or tumors. Diagnosis involves head growth monitoring and imaging. Treatment involves medical management with acetazolamide or surgical intervention like ventriculoperitoneal shunting to divert cerebrospinal fluid. Complications can include shunt malfunctions or infections. Prognosis includes reduced IQ and increased risks of vision problems.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of hydrocephalus.
This document discusses radiological imaging techniques for evaluating hydrocephalus. It describes various imaging findings in different types of hydrocephalus like congenital hydrocephalus and hydrocephalus secondary to tumors. It focuses on techniques for evaluating normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), including phase contrast MRI to quantify cerebrospinal fluid flow. It hypothesizes that NPH may be caused by a combination of naturally enlarged ventricles and later deep white matter ischemia restricting CSF flow, leading to symptomatic hydrocephalus. Quantitative CSF flow studies can help diagnose shunt-responsive NPH.
Hydrocephalus presentation
Hydrocephalus is a condition where there is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It can be congenital or acquired later in life due to infections, tumors or hemorrhages. The excess fluid increases intracranial pressure which can damage the brain. Symptoms depend on age but include headaches, vomiting, vision problems and cognitive decline. Treatment is usually surgery to implant a shunt to drain fluid from the brain ventricles to the abdomen to be absorbed. Complications can include infections, shunt malfunctions or continued brain damage if not treated promptly.
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus
introduction
Hydrocephalus, also known years ago as “water on the brain”, is a condition where the circulation system of the body’s cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is not functioning properly. The CSF accumulates in the brain and causes intracranial pressure. A shunt is usually placed to equalize the flow of CSF, which requires surgery. The diagnosis and surgery can be very frightening for the parents as well as the child
definition
Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an excess of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces of the cranial cavity
INCIDENCE
It is found in 1-3 of every 1000 born children in world wide
Classification
Non communicating. In the non communicating type of congenital hydrocephalus, an obstruction occurs in the free circulation of CSF.
Communicating. In the communicating type of hydrocephalus, no obstruction of the free flow of the CSF exists between the ventricles and the spinal theca; rather, the condition is caused by defective absorption of CSF, thus causing increased pressure on the brain or spinal cord.
CAUSES
Obstruction. The most common problem is a partial obstruction of the normal flow of CSF, either from one ventricle to another or from the ventricles to other spaces around the brain.
Poor absorption. Less common is a problem with the mechanisms that enable the blood vessels to absorb CSF; this is often related to inflammation of brain tissues from disease or injury.
Overproduction. Rarely, the mechanisms for producing CSF create more than normal and more quickly than it can be absorbed.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Poor feeding. The infant with hydrocephalus has trouble in feeding due to the difficulty of his condition.
Large head. An excessively large head at birth is suggestive of hydrocephalus.
Bulging of the anterior fontanelles. The anterior fontanelle becomes tense and bulging, the skull enlarges in all diameters, and the scalp becomes shiny and its veins dilate.
Setting sun sign. If pressure continues to increase without intervention, the eyes appear to be pushed downward slightly with the sclera visible above the iris- the so-called setting sun sign.
High-pitched cry. The intracranial pressure may increase and the infant’s cry could become high-pitched.
Irritability. Irritability is also caused by an increase in the intracranial pressure.
Projectile vomiting. An increase in the intracranial pressure can cause projectile vomiting
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conclusions
neurosurgery.Hydrocephalus.(dr.ali omer)
This document discusses hydrocephalus, including its definition, types, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Hydrocephalus is an increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the cranium, usually associated with increased intracranial pressure. It can be communicating or non-communicating depending on whether CSF flow is blocked. Causes include congenital defects, infections, hemorrhages, and masses. Clinical features vary depending on age but include head enlargement, vomiting, headaches, and vision problems. Diagnosis involves imaging like ultrasound, CT, or MRI. Management includes medical treatment, surgical procedures to bypass blockages or drain CSF, and shunt placement. Complications can arise from shunts
HYDROCEPHALUS
IN THIS TOPIC I HAVE INCLUDED DETAILED CONTENT OF HYDROCEPHALUS FROM DEFINATION TO NURSING MANAGEMENT
Hydrocephalus for Undergraduate Medical Students
Hydrocephalus; definition, types, etiologies, investigations, management. Detailed review for medical students.
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Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of hydrocephalus.
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Fetaldistress.ppt
Fetal distress, also known as nonreassuring fetal status, refers to hypoxia that could result in permanent brain damage or death if not addressed promptly. It is assessed indirectly through methods like monitoring the fetal heart rate and movement during labor. Abnormal heart rate patterns include tachycardia, bradycardia, or loss of beat-to-beat variation in the baseline. Late decelerations with contractions indicate uteroplacental insufficiency. Scalp pH testing provides a direct measure of fetal acidosis. Immediate delivery may be needed if the cause cannot be corrected to restore proper oxygenation to the fetus.
Birth asphyxia and resuscitation
This document provides an overview of birth asphyxia and resuscitation. It discusses the definition, causes, pathophysiology, presentation, diagnosis, prognosis, complications, and management of birth asphyxia. It also outlines the steps of newborn resuscitation, including drying the baby, clearing the airway, stimulating breathing, bag and mask ventilation, evaluating the baby, administering oxygen, and performing chest compressions if the heart rate is low. The document emphasizes the importance of helping the baby in the first minute after birth.
Intrapartum fetal assessment
This document defines key terms related to fetal assessment during labor such as acidosis, asphyxia, and fetal distress. It outlines the goals and methods of intrapartum fetal assessment including clinical examination, intermittent auscultation of the fetal heart rate, continuous electronic fetal monitoring, fetal scalp blood sampling, and APGAR scoring. Patterns of fetal heart rate tracings are categorized as reassuring, non-reassuring, or ominous. Meconium in the amniotic fluid is discussed as a sign of possible intrapartum fetal asphyxia. Methods to diagnose asphyxia include fetal heart rate patterns, scalp stimulation response, and scalp blood gas analysis. Steps for intrauterine fetal res
Kidney and Urinary Tract Infections in Children
This document provides information about kidney and urinary tract infections in children. It begins with a case presentation of a 7-year-old boy presenting with 2 weeks of persistent fever. His symptoms did not improve with multiple courses of antibiotics. Imaging revealed a left renal abscess. The document then defines different types of urinary tract infections and discusses risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. It provides details on evaluating and managing a child with suspected kidney or urinary tract infection.
Neonatal jaundice
This document discusses neonatal jaundice, including its causes, clinical presentation, evaluation, and management. It describes the normal bilirubin metabolism in newborns and factors that can cause unconjugated or conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Causes of jaundice in the first 24 hours include ABO incompatibility and G6PD deficiency. Prolonged jaundice beyond 2 weeks requires investigation for possible biliary atresia. Treatment involves phototherapy or exchange transfusion depending on bilirubin levels to prevent kernicterus.
GIT for nursing school
The document discusses several pediatric surgical conditions including congenital diaphragmatic hernia, esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula, pyloric stenosis, biliary atresia, imperforate anus, Hirschsprung's disease, intussusception, and cleft lip and palate. For each condition, it provides details on presentation, diagnosis, and management considerations including preoperative, operative, and postoperative nursing care. The document is intended as an educational reference for pediatric surgical conditions.
Anoxic brain injury
This document discusses neonatal anoxic injury, which is a lack of oxygen to the brain during birth that can cause permanent brain damage or death. It outlines several potential causes including obstructed labor, prematurity, drowning, and respiratory or circulatory failure. It then describes signs and symptoms, long term prognosis, management and treatment approaches, and strategies for prevention.
2 diseases of the newborn
This document provides information on several diseases of the newborn including necrotizing enterocolitis, transient tachypnea of the newborn, hemolytic disease of the newborn, Down syndrome, temperature control, and the newborn screening program. It describes the definition, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment for each condition. It emphasizes the importance of early detection and management of congenital disorders through newborn screening to prevent intellectual disability or death.
Obstetrics Emergencies by Dr KD DELE
This presentation focuses on common obstetrics emergencies. These include early pregnancy complications such as miscarriages and ectopic pregnancy. As well as abdominal pain. Other include haemorrhage, hypertensive state, and sepsis.
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1) Hydrocephalus is a condition where there is excess cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, causing increased pressure and head enlargement. It can be caused by issues with CSF production, flow, or absorption.
2) Symptoms in infants include rapid head growth, bulging fontanelles, vomiting, and irritability. Older children experience headaches, nausea, and personality changes.
3) Treatment involves surgical insertion of a shunt to drain CSF out of the brain and into other areas of the body like the abdomen. Nurses focus on monitoring the child closely after surgery for complications and teaching parents how to care for the child and the shunt long term.
Fetal distress
This document discusses fetal distress, also known as nonreassuring fetal status. It can be defined as hypoxia that may result in permanent brain damage or death for the fetus if the cause is not addressed immediately. Some potential causes of fetal distress include maternal hypoxia, placental issues, obstetric complications, and prolonged compression of the fetal head. Effects on the fetus can include growth issues, decreased movement, low amniotic fluid, stillbirth, and effects on the infant like brain injury and meconium aspiration. Assessment methods discussed include monitoring fetal movement, ultrasounds, amniocentesis, biophysical profile testing, and electronic fetal monitoring during labor.
Management of Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia Case discussions
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Perinatal history, normal newborn
The document provides details on performing a physical examination of the newborn, including assessing vital signs, anthropometric measurements, examining the skin, head, eyes, nose, mouth and ears, and noting any abnormalities that require follow up. Key parts of the examination include evaluating the heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, and blood pressure as vital signs, as well as measuring the head circumference, length, and weight. The examination also involves inspecting the skin, fontanels, and features for any signs of congenital anomalies or other issues.
FETAL DISTRESS.pptx
About fetal distress in pregnancy
Child cause fetal distress due to hypoxia there are maternal factors like cardiovascular hypothyroidisim acute bleeding . Fetal factors like cardiovascular dysfunction, deformity,, umbilical cord and placenta factors
neonatal Jaundice
case scenario regarding neonatal jaundice,differential diagnosis for neonatal jaundice,some details about congenital hypothyroidism
Neonatal seizures, dr amit vatkar, pediatric neurologist
In the presentaion i will give you a brief idea to apprach, diagnosis and management of neonatal seizures.
The most prominent feature of neurologic dysfunction in the neonatal period is the occurrence of seizures. Determining the underlying etiology for neonatal seizures is critical. Etiology determines prognosis and outcome and guides therapeutic strategies.
Neonatal seizures, dr amit vatkar, pediatric neurologist
Neonatal resuscitation [autosaved]
This document provides an overview of neonatal resuscitation guidelines. It discusses the historical aspects of neonatal resuscitation and developments in guidelines over time. It also outlines the key steps in neonatal resuscitation including providing warmth, positioning, clearing the airway, drying and stimulating the baby, assisting ventilation, and administering chest compressions and medications if needed. Target oxygen saturations and assessment of heart rate, breathing, and color are also reviewed.
Seizure in infant and children
- Status epilepticus and neonatal seizures require immediate evaluation and treatment in the ED, while other seizures in otherwise healthy children may not require a full evaluation.
- Seizures are classified as focal or generalized, and status epilepticus is defined as a prolonged seizure or recurrent seizures lasting over 5 minutes without consciousness returning.
- Evaluation of seizures includes bedside glucose, electrolytes, imaging if indicated by history, and EEG for refractory or prolonged seizures. Treatment involves benzodiazepines for active seizures, followed by antiepileptic drugs if needed.
Placental Factors.pptx
This document discusses two placental factors - placenta previa and abruptio placenta. Placenta previa occurs when the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, covering all or part of the internal cervical os. It commonly causes bleeding in the second half of pregnancy. Abruptio placenta is the premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, also commonly causing bleeding in the third trimester. Both conditions require careful monitoring and management to control bleeding and deliver a viable fetus. Maternal and fetal prognoses depend on gestational age, blood loss amount, and promptness of medical intervention.
Guideline_Hypertrophic_Pyloric_Stenosis.ppt
This document provides clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) in infants. It discusses that HPS most commonly presents between 2-8 weeks of age with non-bilious projectile vomiting. Diagnosis can be made by palpating an olive-shaped pyloric mass, though ultrasound or upper GI series can also detect pyloric thickening. Surgical pyloromyotomy is the treatment, with careful attention to hydration status and pain management post-operatively. Infants are typically advanced to full feedings and discharged once tolerating meals without other complications.
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Hydrocephalus
- 1. HYDROCEPHALUS CASE PRESENTATION BY STACEY PALMER
- 2. Patient is a baby boy with gestational age 48 weeks, and chronological age 10 weeks. Delivered at 38 weeks due to water on the brain
- 3. Patient’s history: Abnormal ultrasound while in utero Fetal MRI showed extra CSF in ventricles Diagnosed with Hydrocephalus Induced at 38 weeks .
- 4. Symptoms after birth: • Large head • Bulging soft spot • Slow response to touch • Irritability • Poor feeding • Seizures
- 5. After Birth: • Ultrasound-showed excess fluid in the ventricles • MRI showed blockage between the ventricles, which was causing the buildup-known as noncommunicating hydrocephalus • EEG was done-spike activity present
- 6. Treatment: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy to reduce fluid Started the baby on Phenobarbital to help control the seizures Follow up in a month to see if seizures are controlled/check on fluid levels in brain
- 7. Future plans/treatment: Monitor epilepsy with future EEGs Check CSF level in ventricles with ultrasound and MRI If there is more build up, a shunt will be surgically placed Learning disabilities/help
- 8. Shunts: Placed in the third ventricle and goes down to stomach usually Can cause more seizures Risk of infection Future replacements
- 9. Types of Hydrocephalus: Blockage in CSF tract outside of ventricles-Communicating Blockage inside the ventricles-Non-Communicating Causes: Genetic abnormality Birth defects, like spina bifida Head trauma during birth Infection during pregnancy that causes brain swelling Acquired Hydrocephalus: Occurs in any age, due to meningitis, stroke, brain/spinal cord tumors
- 10. Outcomes of hydrocephalus: Some recover just fine and there are no long lasting symptoms There might be severe learning disabilities as well, time will tell Epilepsy treatment and medications
- 11. Questions? 1. Can hydrocephalus be diagnosed before the baby is born? 2. What are the two treatment options? 3. What are the risk to placing a shunt? 4. Can hydrocephalus occur in adults? 5. Can hydrocephalus affect learning abilities?
Editor's Notes
- Ultrasound looked abnormal so fetal MRI was ordered. Fetal MRI showed buildup of CSF in the ventricles. Baby was diagnosed with congenital hydrocephalus. The doctors decided to induce at 38 weeks due to the amount of CSF in the ventricles. Baby was born with an enlarged head and a bulge in his soft spot
- Communicating is when there is a blockage in the CSF tract to get to the ventricles
- Small hole in the third ventricle so CSF fluid can drain, if it closes up, a shunt might have to be implemented to drain excess CSF
- 1. Yes, during pregnancy. 2. endoscopic third ventriculostomy. 3. can cause more seizure/infection. 4. yes it can be acquired. 5. yes, if there was enough fluid to damage parts of the brain, there can be some development disabilities.