Hydrocephalus
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Hydrocephalus is the buildup of fluid in the cavities (ventricles) deep within the brain. The excess fluid increases the size of the ventricles and puts pressure on the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid normally flows through the ventricles and bathes the brain and spinal column.
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Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain, causing increased intracranial pressure. It results from an imbalance between the production and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid, which normally circulates around the brain and spinal cord. The main symptoms of hydrocephalus vary depending on age, but include headache, nausea, gait issues, and cognitive decline. It is typically diagnosed through brain imaging scans and spinal taps. The standard treatment is surgically placing a shunt to drain fluid from the brain to other parts of the body, though endoscopic procedures to create openings in the brain ventricles are also used. Complications can include shunt malfunctions requiring additional surgeries
Hydrocephalus Lecture Note (Congenital and Acquired)
This document discusses hydrocephalus, beginning with an introduction defining it as abnormal collection of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain ventricles due to overproduction, obstruction of flow, or decreased absorption. It then covers the epidemiology, relevant anatomy of cerebrospinal fluid flow, etiology which can be congenital or acquired, classification as obstructing or communicating, clinical features in infants and adults, investigations including CT scan, and treatment which is typically surgical using shunts to redirect cerebrospinal fluid flow, with ventriculoperitoneal shunt being most common. Complications of shunt surgery like failure, blockage, and infection are also discussed.
Hydrocephalus
The document discusses hydrocephalus, beginning with the anatomy and physiology of the brain, spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It defines hydrocephalus as an abnormal accumulation of CSF within brain ventricles. Hydrocephalus results from an imbalance between CSF production and absorption and can be communicating or noncommunicating. The clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of hydrocephalus are described.
Hydrocephalus
This document provides information about hydrocephalus, including:
1) Hydrocephalus is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain's ventricles and spinal cord spaces, dilating them.
2) It can be caused by obstruction of CSF flow, inadequate CSF absorption, or overproduction of CSF.
3) Symptoms vary depending on age but include headaches, vomiting, blurred vision, and gait or cognitive difficulties.
Penile cancer
Penile cancer most often develops in uncircumcised men over age 50. 95% are squamous cell carcinoma, developing on the foreskin or penis. Diagnosis involves physical exam, biopsy. Treatment depends on stage but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or biological therapies to remove cancer and prevent spread. Prognosis is best if caught early before spreading.
Ovarian cysts
Ovarian cysts are sacs filled with liquid or semi-liquid material that arise in the ovaries. The majority are benign and not cancerous. There are several types of ovarian cysts including functional cysts (follicular, corpus luteum, and theca lutein cysts), endometriomas, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Ovarian cysts may cause lower abdominal pain but many are asymptomatic. Ultrasound is used to examine cyst features and size while blood tests and further imaging can help determine if a cyst is benign or potentially cancerous. Most small, simple cysts can be monitored but larger or complex cysts may require surgical removal. The prognosis for benign ovarian cysts is
Escharotomy
Escharotomy is used to decompress constrictive effects caused by deep circumferential burns. The eschar forms a tourniquet that can lead to vascular compromise. Indications for escharotomy include circumferential deep dermal or full thickness burns based on clinical signs like pain and pallor or direct tissue pressure monitoring over 30mmHg. Proper escharotomy incisions must traverse the full depth and length of the eschar to relieve ischemia and avoid complications.
Surgical emphsema
Subcutaneous emphysema occurs when air enters the tissues under the skin. It can result from trauma, medical procedures, or spontaneously through a process called Macklin effect where alveolar rupture leads to air tracking through fascial planes. Symptoms include swelling, pain, and difficulty swallowing. Diagnosis is made through physical exam and imaging showing air in tissues. Management depends on severity but may include identifying the cause, bed rest, pain medications, oxygen, or surgical drainage for severe cases through techniques like subcutaneous incisions or catheter placement.
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Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain, causing increased intracranial pressure. It results from an imbalance between the production and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid, which normally circulates around the brain and spinal cord. The main symptoms of hydrocephalus vary depending on age, but include headache, nausea, gait issues, and cognitive decline. It is typically diagnosed through brain imaging scans and spinal taps. The standard treatment is surgically placing a shunt to drain fluid from the brain to other parts of the body, though endoscopic procedures to create openings in the brain ventricles are also used. Complications can include shunt malfunctions requiring additional surgeries
Hydrocephalus Lecture Note (Congenital and Acquired)
This document discusses hydrocephalus, beginning with an introduction defining it as abnormal collection of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain ventricles due to overproduction, obstruction of flow, or decreased absorption. It then covers the epidemiology, relevant anatomy of cerebrospinal fluid flow, etiology which can be congenital or acquired, classification as obstructing or communicating, clinical features in infants and adults, investigations including CT scan, and treatment which is typically surgical using shunts to redirect cerebrospinal fluid flow, with ventriculoperitoneal shunt being most common. Complications of shunt surgery like failure, blockage, and infection are also discussed.
Hydrocephalus
The document discusses hydrocephalus, beginning with the anatomy and physiology of the brain, spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It defines hydrocephalus as an abnormal accumulation of CSF within brain ventricles. Hydrocephalus results from an imbalance between CSF production and absorption and can be communicating or noncommunicating. The clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of hydrocephalus are described.
Hydrocephalus
This document provides information about hydrocephalus, including:
1) Hydrocephalus is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain's ventricles and spinal cord spaces, dilating them.
2) It can be caused by obstruction of CSF flow, inadequate CSF absorption, or overproduction of CSF.
3) Symptoms vary depending on age but include headaches, vomiting, blurred vision, and gait or cognitive difficulties.
Penile cancer
Penile cancer most often develops in uncircumcised men over age 50. 95% are squamous cell carcinoma, developing on the foreskin or penis. Diagnosis involves physical exam, biopsy. Treatment depends on stage but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or biological therapies to remove cancer and prevent spread. Prognosis is best if caught early before spreading.
Ovarian cysts
Ovarian cysts are sacs filled with liquid or semi-liquid material that arise in the ovaries. The majority are benign and not cancerous. There are several types of ovarian cysts including functional cysts (follicular, corpus luteum, and theca lutein cysts), endometriomas, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Ovarian cysts may cause lower abdominal pain but many are asymptomatic. Ultrasound is used to examine cyst features and size while blood tests and further imaging can help determine if a cyst is benign or potentially cancerous. Most small, simple cysts can be monitored but larger or complex cysts may require surgical removal. The prognosis for benign ovarian cysts is
Escharotomy
Escharotomy is used to decompress constrictive effects caused by deep circumferential burns. The eschar forms a tourniquet that can lead to vascular compromise. Indications for escharotomy include circumferential deep dermal or full thickness burns based on clinical signs like pain and pallor or direct tissue pressure monitoring over 30mmHg. Proper escharotomy incisions must traverse the full depth and length of the eschar to relieve ischemia and avoid complications.
Surgical emphsema
Subcutaneous emphysema occurs when air enters the tissues under the skin. It can result from trauma, medical procedures, or spontaneously through a process called Macklin effect where alveolar rupture leads to air tracking through fascial planes. Symptoms include swelling, pain, and difficulty swallowing. Diagnosis is made through physical exam and imaging showing air in tissues. Management depends on severity but may include identifying the cause, bed rest, pain medications, oxygen, or surgical drainage for severe cases through techniques like subcutaneous incisions or catheter placement.
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- Risk factors for berry aneurysms include smoking, high blood pressure, age over 40, and genetic factors. Ruptured aneurysms have a high risk of death or permanent neurological deficits.
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This document discusses hydroceles, which is an abnormal fluid collection in the scrotum. Hydroceles in infants are usually caused by incomplete closure of the processus vaginalis during development. For older boys and men, hydroceles can be idiopathic or caused by inflammation or injury in the scrotum. The document describes the causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of hydroceles. Treatment typically involves draining the fluid through a minor operation, with complications being rare.
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Cervical cancer arises from the transformation of cervical cells through dysplasia, metaplasia, and neoplasia. The majority are squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) describes abnormal cervical cells on a scale of CIN I to CIN III based on severity. Colposcopy allows physicians to examine the cervix with magnification after acetic acid application to detect abnormalities. Cervical cancer screening through Pap smears aims to detect precancerous lesions early through cell sampling and analysis. Risk factors include early sexual activity, multiple partners, HPV infection, and smoking.
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This document discusses hydrocephalus in pediatric patients. It begins by defining cerebrospinal fluid and describing its normal physiology and circulation. It then defines hydrocephalus as an excessive accumulation of CSF in the brain ventricles. The document classifies hydrocephalus as either obstructive or non-obstructive, and as either congenital or acquired. It discusses various causes, presentations, investigations, complications and treatments of pediatric hydrocephalus.
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1. VVF is an abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina, causing continuous urinary incontinence.
2. VVF has various classifications based on location, size, and complexity.
3. Treatment involves conservative management or surgical repair, with the surgical approach depending on the fistula characteristics.
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The document discusses cervical cancer, including its epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, investigations, complications, treatment, and prevention. Cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) and is the most common gynecologic cancer in women globally. Screening through Pap smear testing and HPV DNA testing can detect pre-cancerous lesions early and reduce cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates. Prevention involves HPV vaccination, screening programs, and sexual health education and advocacy.
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This document discusses ovarian cysts, including their definition, causes, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The main types are functional cysts, which usually disappear on their own, and pathological cysts caused by abnormal cell growth. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and bloodwork. Treatment depends on the cyst type but may include observation, birth control pills, pain medication, laparoscopy, or laparotomy. Complications can include infertility, torsion, rupture, or potentially ovarian cancer. The goal of management is to determine if a cyst is harmful or likely to cause symptoms.
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Electrical injuries can cause damage through direct tissue damage, thermal energy, and mechanical injury. They result in around 1000 deaths and 3000 burns center admissions per year in the US. The main mechanisms of injury are electrical energy altering cell membranes, massive tissue destruction from heat, and physical trauma. Management involves following ATLS protocols, monitoring for cardiac issues, treating potential myoglobinuria, aggressive wound care, and surgery as needed. Prevention focuses on electrical safety practices and seeking shelter during storms.
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This document discusses berry aneurysms, which are thin-walled bulges that can form on arteries in the brain. Specifically:
- Berry aneurysms are the most common type of intracranial aneurysm, forming at arterial branch points in the circle of Willis which supplies blood to the brain.
- Risk factors for berry aneurysms include smoking, high blood pressure, age over 40, and genetic factors. Ruptured aneurysms have a high risk of death or permanent neurological deficits.
- Symptoms of an unruptured aneurysm include vision changes and headaches, while a ruptured aneurysm causes a sudden and painful headache along with potential nausea, stiffness, and loss of consciousness.
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Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer. It arises from basal cells in the lower epidermis and is caused by DNA mutations in the patched gene triggered by UV radiation exposure. While it rarely metastasizes, BCC can be locally invasive if left untreated. Treatment options depend on the size, location, and type of BCC, but may include surgical excision, Mohs surgery, radiation, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy, topical medications, or target therapies for advanced cases. Regular sun protection and skin self-examinations are important for prevention and early detection.
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This document discusses hydroceles, which is an abnormal fluid collection in the scrotum. Hydroceles in infants are usually caused by incomplete closure of the processus vaginalis during development. For older boys and men, hydroceles can be idiopathic or caused by inflammation or injury in the scrotum. The document describes the causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of hydroceles. Treatment typically involves draining the fluid through a minor operation, with complications being rare.
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Ovarian cancer accounts for 3-4% of cancers in women and is the fourth most common cause of cancer death in women in the US. There are several risk factors for ovarian cancer including family history, ethnicity, reproductive history, and use of hormones. Ovarian cancers are generally divided into epithelial, germ cell, and stromal cell tumors. Early symptoms are vague but may include pelvic pain or pressure, back pain, bloating, and digestive issues. As the cancer progresses, symptoms worsen and may include abdominal swelling, weight loss, and changes in bowel or urinary habits. Diagnosis involves physical exam, tumor marker tests, ultrasound or CT imaging, and surgical staging to determine if the cancer
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Cervical cancer arises from the transformation of cervical cells through dysplasia, metaplasia, and neoplasia. The majority are squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) describes abnormal cervical cells on a scale of CIN I to CIN III based on severity. Colposcopy allows physicians to examine the cervix with magnification after acetic acid application to detect abnormalities. Cervical cancer screening through Pap smears aims to detect precancerous lesions early through cell sampling and analysis. Risk factors include early sexual activity, multiple partners, HPV infection, and smoking.
Varicose vein
Varicose veins are dilated, elongated superficial veins caused by venous hypertension. They most commonly occur in males in India and affect the left lower limb. The superficial venous system can become incompetent due to family history, pregnancy, aging, deep vein thrombosis, oral contraceptives or obesity. Treatment options include compression stockings and bandages, sclerotherapy using chemicals to obliterate veins, and high ligation and stripping surgery to remove veins. Nursing care focuses on leg elevation, walking exercises, and wearing compression stockings after treatment.
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Cancer of the Vulva
Vulvar cancer accounts for about 5% of cancers of the female genital system in the US. Possible signs include bleeding, itching, lumps or growths on the vulva, skin color changes, or ulcers. Risk factors include HPV infection, smoking, and precancerous skin conditions. Treatment depends on stage but may involve surgery to remove the tumor and nearby lymph nodes, radiation therapy, or chemoradiation. Side effects can include skin irritation in the vulvar area, as well as urinary and bowel issues. Overall survival rates vary from over 80% for local stage to under 20% for distant stage disease.
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Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of cerebral spinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causing their enlargement. It occurs due to an imbalance between CSF production and absorption. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus within the ventricles and circulates through the ventricular system before being absorbed into the venous system. Hydrocephalus can be obstructive, caused by a blockage in CSF flow within the ventricles, or communicating, caused by impaired absorption of CSF out of the ventricles. It is diagnosed through imaging like CT scans and MRIs showing ventricle dilation and treated through surgical implantation of shunts to drain CSF or endoscopic procedures to open blockages.
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This document provides information about hydrocephalus. It begins with definitions, noting that hydrocephalus is an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain resulting in abnormal widening of brain spaces. It describes the anatomy of the ventricles and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. It discusses the causes of hydrocephalus, including conditions that block normal fluid flow or absorption. It outlines the main types - congenital, acquired, communicating, and non-communicating hydrocephalus - and their causes. Images are included showing examples of hydrocephalus, obstructions, treatments like VP shunts, and various conditions that can cause hydrocephalus like aqueduct stenosis and tumors.
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Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an excess of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain caused by an imbalance between production and absorption of CSF. It results in abnormal enlargement of the head in infants. There are two main types - non-communicating hydrocephalus which involves obstruction of CSF flow within the ventricles, and communicating hydrocephalus where the obstruction occurs outside the ventricles. Symptoms in infants include bulging fontanelles and a cracked pot sound on percussion, while older children may experience headaches, nausea, and irritability. Diagnosis involves CT/MRI scans and ultrasound. Treatment is usually surgery to insert a shunt to drain excess CSF, such as a ventriculoperitoneal sh
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Hydrocephalus Surgery, Hydrocephalus Surgery India, Hydrocephalus Surgery Cost In India Info On Cost Hydrocephalus Surgery Mumbai Delhi Bangalore India, Hydrocephalus Surgery Hospitals Clinic India, Hydrocephalus Surgery Doctor Surgeon India, Hydrocephalus Surgery Center India
HYDROCEPHALUS
Hydrocephalus is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain's ventricles. It can be congenital, caused by genetic conditions or abnormalities present at birth. It can also be acquired later in life due to bleeding in the brain, brain injuries, or tumors blocking fluid flow. Symptoms include an enlarged head size, vomiting, irritability, and sleepiness. Diagnosis involves CT/MRI scans of the brain. Treatment options are surgical, typically involving placing a shunt to drain fluid or creating an opening to allow fluid to drain differently. Without treatment, hydrocephalus can cause brain damage or death.
Ventricular system of the brain
The ventricular system of the brain consists of two lateral ventricles connected to the third and fourth ventricles. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexus within the ventricles and circulates through the ventricles and subarachnoid space before being reabsorbed into blood vessels. Blockages in cerebrospinal fluid flow can cause hydrocephalus, or excess fluid buildup in the brain. Injuries such as concussions, contusions, and lacerations can damage brain tissue and potentially cause bleeding or swelling.
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles or subarachnoid space of the brain. It occurs when there is either overproduction of CSF, obstruction of CSF flow, or impaired absorption of CSF. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus and circulates through the ventricles before being absorbed into blood vessels. Hydrocephalus can be classified as communicating or non-communicating depending on whether there is a blockage in CSF pathways. Common symptoms include enlarged head size, irritability, vomiting, and increased intracranial pressure. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and CSF analysis. Treatment options include medication to reduce CSF production, surgical removal of obstructions
Elective neurosurgery
This document discusses elective neurosurgery, specifically related to raised intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus. It begins by defining normal intracranial pressure and the Monroe-Kellie hypothesis. It then describes the causes, signs, symptoms and treatments of raised intracranial pressure, including medical options like mannitol and surgical options like craniotomy. The document also discusses the physiology of cerebrospinal fluid, the pathophysiology and types of hydrocephalus, investigations for hydrocephalus, and treatments like ventriculoperitoneal shunting, external drains, and endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Complications of treatments are also outlined.
Ppts on hydrocephalus
This document discusses hydrocephalus, including its definition, causes, types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Hydrocephalus is a condition caused by an imbalance in cerebrospinal fluid production and absorption, leading to an accumulation of fluid in the brain and increased intracranial pressure. There are two main types - communicating and non-communicating. Treatment involves surgical management like shunt placement or endoscopic third ventriculostomy to drain cerebrospinal fluid, as well as nursing care to monitor for complications and educate families.
Hydrocephalus
Also can be defined:
diverse group of conditions which result from impaired circulation and resorption CSF
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Hydrocephalus
- 3. INTRODUCTION OF HYDROCEPHALUS Hydrocephalus is a disease condition in which there is an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain.
- 5. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord. It is produced in the choroid plexuses of the ventricles of the brain, and absorbed in the arachnoid granulations. WHAT IS CEREBROSPINAL FLUID?
- 6. What do you mean by hydrocephalus?
- 7. TYPES OF HYDROCEPHALUS. COMMUNICABLE HYDROCEPHALUS Communicating hydrocephalus, also known as non- obstructive hydrocephalus, is caused by impaired cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption in the absence of any CSF-flow obstruction between the ventricles and subarachnoid space.
- 8. NON COMMUNICABLE HYDROCEPHALUS Hydrocephalus in which a blockage at any location in the ventricular system prevents flow of cerebrospinal fluid to the subarachnoid space.
- 10. 1. BABY'S HEAD MAY APPEAR UNUSUALLY LARGE 2. BABY'S SCALP MAY BE THIN AND SHINY WITH EASILY VISIBLE VEINS 3. BABY MAY HAVE A BULGING OR TENSE FONTANELLE (THE SOFT SPOT ON THE TOP OF THEIR HEAD) 4. BABY'S EYES APPEAR TO BE LOOKING DOWN CONGENITAL HYDROCEPHALUS
- 11. ACQUIRED HYDROCEPHALUS • NECK PAIN • FEELING SICK • BEING SICK - WHICH MAY BE WORSE IN THE MORNING • DROWSINESS, WHICH CAN PROGRESS TO A COMA • CHANGES IN YOUR MENTAL STATE, SUCH AS CONFUSION • BLURRED VISION OR DOUBLE VISION • DIFFICULTY WALKING • NOT BEING ABLE TO CONTROL THE BLADDER
- 12. NORMAL PRESSURE HYDROCEPHALUS THERE ARE THREE SETS OF DISTINCTIVE SYMPTOMS. THEY AFFECT: 1. HOW THEY WALK(GAINT) 2. URINARY SYSTEM 3. MENTAL ABILITIES
- 15. CONGENITAL HYDROCEPHALUS • X-LINKED HYDROCEPHALUS - WHERE THE CONDITION OCCURS AS A RESULT OF A MUTATION (CHANGE IN THE GENETIC MATERIAL) OF THE X CHROMOSOME • RARE GENETIC DISORDERS, SUCH AS DANDY WALKER MALFORMATION • ARACHNOID CYSTS - FLUID FILLED SACS LOCATED BETWEEN THE BRAIN OR SPINAL Dandy walker malformation
- 16. ACQUIRED HYDROCEPHALUS 1. BLEEDING INSIDE THE BRAIN - FOR EXAMPLE, IF BLOOD LEAKS OUT OF BLOOD VESSELS OVER THE SURFACE OF THE BRAIN (SUBARACHNOID HAEMORRHAGE) 2. BLOOD CLOTS INSIDE THE BLOOD VESSELS IN THE BRAIN (VENOUS THROMBOSIS) 3. MENINGITIS - AN INFECTION OF THE PROTECTIVE MEMBRANES THAT SURROUND THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD 4. BRAIN TUMOURS 5. HEAD INJURY
- 17. NORMAL HYDROCEPHALUS HYDROCEPHALUS THAT DEVELOPS IN OLDER PEOPLE (NORMAL PRESSURE HYDROCEPHALUS OR NPH) CAN OCCUR AFTER A BRAIN INJURY, BLEEDING IN THE BRAIN
- 21. Hydrocephalus (fluid on the brain) is treated with surgery. ENDOSCOPIC THIRD VENTRICULOSTOMY (ETV) A treatment option for hydrocephalus is a surgical procedure called endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV). This same ETV procedure with the addition of choroid plexus cauterization is available for infants. In the ETV procedure, an endoscope is used to puncture a membrane in the floor of the third ventricle creating a pathway for CSF flow within the cavities in the brain. This approach is an important alternative to shunting for obstructive hydrocephalus and may be useful in other cases as well.
- 22. Shunt surgery involves implanting a thin tube, called a shunt, in the brain. The excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain runs through the shunt to another part of the body, usually the abdomen. From here the fluid is absorbed into your blood stream. The shunt has a valve inside it to control the flow of CSF and to ensure it does not drain too quickly. SHUNT SURGERY
- 24. NURSING CARE PLAN AND GOALS SETTING
- 26. SUMMARIZATION • DEFINE HYDROCEPHALUS • WHAT IS CEREBROSPINAL FLUID • TYPES OF HYDROCEPHALUS • SYMPTOMS OF HYDROCEPHALUS • CAUSES OF HYDROCEPHALUS • DIAGNOSIS OF HYDROCEPHALUS • NURSING CARE PLAN
- 28. Thank you