This document discusses various microwave hybrid circuits. It describes E-plane and H-plane tees, which are waveguide junctions with three ports. Magic tees combine properties of E-plane and H-plane tees. Hybrid rings consist of an annular waveguide with four ports, and exhibit similar properties to magic tees. Directional couplers and circulators are also microwave junctions discussed. S-parameters are introduced as a way to characterize microwave networks by measuring traveling waves rather than total voltages and currents.
This document discusses S-parameters and various microwave components. It begins by explaining that S-parameters are used at microwave frequencies instead of voltage and current parameters, as they describe incident and reflected traveling waves. It then discusses various microwave devices including tees, magic tees, directional couplers, isolators, circulators, and waveguide components like bends and twists. Key properties and operating principles of each component are explained through diagrams and equations.
This document discusses microwave junctions and S-parameters. It provides information on:
1) Power dividers and directional couplers which are passive microwave components used for power division or combining. S-parameters are used to define the power relationships between ports.
2) The scattering matrix (S-matrix) is a matrix that defines the power relationships between ports in terms of incident and reflected voltage waves. It is commonly used for microwave analysis since direct voltage and current measurements are difficult at high frequencies.
3) Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating S-matrix coefficients for different microwave junction configurations like E-plane and H-plane tee junctions. Properties of reciprocal and lossless networks in relation to the S
1) The document presents information about a magic tee, which is a waveguide component used in microwave engineering systems.
2) A magic tee has four ports and is able to split or combine signals passing through in specific ways depending on which port is used.
3) The document discusses the working, operation, and S-matrix of a magic tee. It also provides examples of how magic tees can be used for applications like impedance measurement, duplexing, and mixing.
Microwave hybrid circuits consist of microwave devices connected to transmit microwave signals as desired. Common microwave junction components include waveguide tees like E-plane, H-plane, and magic tees. Microwave networks were traditionally characterized using H, Y, and Z parameters, but S parameters became more common at microwave frequencies since they describe traveling waves. Key microwave components also include directional couplers, waveguide corners, bends, and twists which are used to change the guide direction while minimizing reflections.
This document discusses transmission line theory and microwave components. It begins by introducing transmission lines and different types including two-wire lines, coaxial cables, waveguides, and planar transmission lines. It then covers transmission line concepts such as characteristic impedance and standing waves. Finally, it describes common microwave components like attenuators, isolators, tees, and waveguides.
519_transmission line theory by vishnu.pptRasheshPatnaik
This document discusses transmission line theory and microwave components. It begins by introducing transmission lines and different types including two-wire lines, coaxial cables, waveguides, and planar transmission lines. It then covers transmission line concepts such as characteristic impedance and standing waves. Finally, it describes common microwave components like attenuators, isolators, tees, and waveguides.
This document discusses various microwave hybrid circuits. It describes E-plane and H-plane tees, which are waveguide junctions with three ports. Magic tees combine properties of E-plane and H-plane tees. Hybrid rings consist of an annular waveguide with four ports, and exhibit similar properties to magic tees. Directional couplers and circulators are also microwave junctions discussed. S-parameters are introduced as a way to characterize microwave networks by measuring traveling waves rather than total voltages and currents.
This document discusses S-parameters and various microwave components. It begins by explaining that S-parameters are used at microwave frequencies instead of voltage and current parameters, as they describe incident and reflected traveling waves. It then discusses various microwave devices including tees, magic tees, directional couplers, isolators, circulators, and waveguide components like bends and twists. Key properties and operating principles of each component are explained through diagrams and equations.
This document discusses microwave junctions and S-parameters. It provides information on:
1) Power dividers and directional couplers which are passive microwave components used for power division or combining. S-parameters are used to define the power relationships between ports.
2) The scattering matrix (S-matrix) is a matrix that defines the power relationships between ports in terms of incident and reflected voltage waves. It is commonly used for microwave analysis since direct voltage and current measurements are difficult at high frequencies.
3) Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating S-matrix coefficients for different microwave junction configurations like E-plane and H-plane tee junctions. Properties of reciprocal and lossless networks in relation to the S
1) The document presents information about a magic tee, which is a waveguide component used in microwave engineering systems.
2) A magic tee has four ports and is able to split or combine signals passing through in specific ways depending on which port is used.
3) The document discusses the working, operation, and S-matrix of a magic tee. It also provides examples of how magic tees can be used for applications like impedance measurement, duplexing, and mixing.
Microwave hybrid circuits consist of microwave devices connected to transmit microwave signals as desired. Common microwave junction components include waveguide tees like E-plane, H-plane, and magic tees. Microwave networks were traditionally characterized using H, Y, and Z parameters, but S parameters became more common at microwave frequencies since they describe traveling waves. Key microwave components also include directional couplers, waveguide corners, bends, and twists which are used to change the guide direction while minimizing reflections.
This document discusses transmission line theory and microwave components. It begins by introducing transmission lines and different types including two-wire lines, coaxial cables, waveguides, and planar transmission lines. It then covers transmission line concepts such as characteristic impedance and standing waves. Finally, it describes common microwave components like attenuators, isolators, tees, and waveguides.
519_transmission line theory by vishnu.pptRasheshPatnaik
This document discusses transmission line theory and microwave components. It begins by introducing transmission lines and different types including two-wire lines, coaxial cables, waveguides, and planar transmission lines. It then covers transmission line concepts such as characteristic impedance and standing waves. Finally, it describes common microwave components like attenuators, isolators, tees, and waveguides.
This document discusses transmission line theory for microwave frequencies. It begins by explaining how power is delivered through electric and magnetic fields along transmission lines at microwave frequencies rather than through wires. It then lists common types of transmission lines and discusses how circuit elements are analyzed as lumped units at microwave frequencies. Key transmission line concepts are also summarized such as characteristic impedance, velocity factor, standing waves, and using transmission lines as filters. The document concludes by explaining the Smith chart and how it can be used to solve problems involving transmission line matching and impedance transformations.
519 transmission line theory by vishnu (1)udaykumar1106
This document discusses transmission line theory for microwave frequencies. It begins by explaining how power is delivered through electric and magnetic fields along transmission lines at microwave frequencies rather than through wires. It then lists common types of transmission lines and discusses how circuit elements are analyzed as lumped units at microwave frequencies. Key transmission line concepts are also summarized such as characteristic impedance, velocity factor, standing waves, and using transmission lines as filters. The document concludes by discussing the Smith chart and how it can be used to solve problems involving transmission line matching and impedance transformations.
This document discusses transmission lines and their analysis. It begins by defining a transmission line as any physical structure that guides electromagnetic waves from place to place. It then describes different types of transmission lines and how they are modeled as ladder networks at microwave frequencies. It also covers transmission line concepts like characteristic impedance, reflections, return loss, and using the Smith chart to solve complex transmission line problems graphically.
This document discusses transmission lines and their parameters. It begins by introducing common types of transmission lines including two-wire lines, coaxial cables, and waveguides. It then describes how a transmission line can be modeled as a series of lumped inductors and shunt capacitors, known as the transmission line parameters. These parameters include the series resistance R', inductance L', shunt conductance G', and capacitance C' per unit length. Using these parameters, expressions are derived for the characteristic impedance Z0 and propagation constant γ of the transmission line.
The document discusses transmission line theory for microwave frequencies. It defines transmission lines as physical structures that guide electromagnetic waves from place to place. Common types of transmission lines include two-wire lines, coaxial cables, waveguides, and planar transmission lines. It also covers transmission line concepts such as characteristic impedance, standing waves, and the Smith chart for solving complex transmission line problems.
1. The document discusses transmission lines, which guide electromagnetic wave propagation between a source and load through parallel conductors.
2. Transmission lines have distributed parameters including resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance per unit length. These parameters determine the line's characteristic impedance and propagation properties.
3. Lossless transmission lines have no resistance or conductance, so waves propagate without attenuation. Distortionless lines minimize signal distortion during propagation by making the attenuation and phase constants independent of frequency.
This document provides an overview of microwave engineering and describes key concepts such as transmission lines, scattering parameters, couplers, and filters. The objectives are to provide the basic theory of microwaves and examine applications in modern communication systems. Microwave engineering involves the design of systems like radar, satellite communications, and wireless networks that operate in the microwave frequency range from 300 MHz to 300 GHz.
Here are the key steps to solve this example:
1) The characteristic impedance of RG-58A/U is 53.5 Ω.
2) The load impedance is 40 + j30 Ω.
3) Plot 40 Ω on the resistance circle and 30 Ω on the reactance circle.
4) The intersection point gives the impedance seen by the transmitter.
So in summary, to find the impedance seen by the transmitter with a load of 40 + j30 Ω connected to a 53.5 Ω transmission line, we plot the points on the Smith Chart and find their intersection.
3rd UNIT Microwave Engineering PPT.pptxShaikShahin7
This document discusses microwave engineering and microwave cavity resonators. It provides details on:
- Microwave cavity resonators, which confine electromagnetic energy inside a metallic enclosure. The resonant frequency depends on the equivalent capacitance, inductance, and resistance of the cavity.
- Rectangular waveguide cavity resonators, which are constructed by shorting both ends of a closed waveguide section to form a cavity.
- The different modes resonant cavities can support and how maximum energy is stored at the resonant frequency.
- Common coupling mechanisms like probe coupling and loop coupling to feed or extract signals from the resonator.
DETERMINATION OF THE TYPE AND THE DENSITY OF CARRIERS IN MOTE2 MASSIVE BY MEA...IAEME Publication
The continuous measurements of hall effect made on monocrystalline MoTe2 needles showed good linearity of current contacts (longitudinal). The influence of magnetic induction on the Hall voltage VHa has been studied. Two areas are observed: a linear growth area where the Hall RH coefficient is almost constant and a saturation region where the Hall voltage doesn't practically vary with induction.
In the first area, a carriers concentration about 6 1020/m3and could be determined through the constant area. VH behavior in the saturation zone is explained by depletion of charge carriers by magnetic deflection. The resistivity is studied in a temperature range from ambient to the temperature of liquid nitrogen.
CRO-SARAVANA SELVI.pdf which is visualise the electrical signal into waveformsivanandagouda57
The document summarizes the key components and operation of a cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO). The CRO uses a cathode-ray tube to display signal waveforms by plotting voltage on the y-axis versus time on the x-axis. It consists of a cathode-ray tube, vertical and horizontal amplifiers, a time-base generator, and triggering circuitry. The electron beam in the cathode-ray tube is deflected by electrostatic plates to display the signal. The time-base generator produces a sawtooth waveform to sweep the beam horizontally across the screen at a constant velocity. This allows the CRO to accurately reproduce input signal waveforms.
CRO is the instrument that which visualise tha electrical signal into waveformsivanandagouda57
The document summarizes the key components and operation of a cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO). The CRO uses a cathode-ray tube to display signal waveforms by plotting voltage on the y-axis versus time on the x-axis. It consists of a cathode-ray tube, vertical amplifier, delay line, horizontal amplifier, time-base generator, and triggering circuit. The electron beam in the cathode-ray tube is deflected by electrostatic plates to display the signal. The time-base generator produces a sawtooth waveform to sweep the beam horizontally across the screen at a constant velocity. This allows the CRO to accurately reproduce input signal waveforms.
This document provides an overview of an electrical circuits power point presentation for a B.Tech II semester engineering course. The presentation was prepared by several course instructors and covers topics such as potential difference, basic circuit components, Ohm's law, series and parallel circuits, Kirchhoff's laws, and mesh analysis. It defines key concepts like voltage, current, resistance, and power. Examples are provided to illustrate calculations for series, parallel and compound circuits. Transformation techniques like star-delta are also explained. The goal is to introduce foundational electrical circuit analysis concepts.
Waveguide tees are used in microwave technologies to split or extract power in a waveguide. There are several types of waveguide tees that affect the energy in different ways, including H-type, E-type, magic T, and hybrid ring tees. E-type tees produce outputs that are 180 degrees out of phase, while H-type tees produce in-phase outputs. Magic T tees combine properties of H-type and E-type tees. Hybrid ring tees overcome power limitations of magic T tees using a circular waveguide design.
The document discusses magnetic fields produced by electric currents. It begins by introducing the Biot-Savart law, which describes the magnetic field generated by a straight wire carrying a current. It then examines the magnetic field of a circular current loop, noting that the field depends on the current I, distance R from the loop, and radius a. At large distances R compared to the radius a, the field approximates that of a magnetic dipole with a magnetic dipole moment m proportional to the current I and area A of the loop.
This document discusses circuit and network theory. It covers topics such as circuit elements and laws, magnetic circuits, network analysis, network theorems, AC circuits and resonance, coupled circuits, transients, two-port networks, and filters. Mesh analysis is introduced as a technique for network analysis that is applicable to planar networks containing voltage sources. The key steps are selecting mesh currents, then writing and solving KVL equations in terms of the unknown currents.
This document analyzes the admittance characteristics of an H-plane tee junction formed by coupling two rectangular waveguides of different bands through an inclined slot in the narrow wall. The analysis uses concepts of self-reaction and discontinuity in modal current to determine the admittance loading, coupling, and voltage standing wave ratio as functions of slot width, length, and inclination angle. Results are compared to practical measurements. Previous work analyzing longitudinal and transverse slots is discussed, but no prior literature examines an inclined slot between waveguides of different bands.
Network analysis of rf and microwave circuitsShankar Gangaju
This document discusses microwave network analysis and two-port network analysis. It begins by defining a microwave network as consisting of microwave devices and components coupled by transmission lines. It then discusses that at microwave frequencies, circuit analysis techniques like KCL and KVL cannot be used and S-parameters provide an alternative. The document defines S-parameters as a way to characterize networks using normalized power waves rather than voltages and currents. It provides properties and definitions of S-parameters for two-port networks, including what S11, S12, S21, and S22 represent. It also discusses uses of S-parameters and scattering matrices for modeling networks.
This document provides definitions and explanations related to antennas. It begins by defining an antenna as a device used for transmitting or receiving radio waves. It then discusses how antennas work as transducers that convert radio signals to electromagnetic waves. The document outlines different ways to define an antenna and describes the radiation mechanisms of single wire, two wire, dipole and other antenna types. It also defines important antenna parameters like radiation patterns, beamwidth, directivity and effective aperture that are used to characterize antenna performance.
From a circuit point of view, a transmitting antenna behaves like an
equivalent impedance that dissipates the power transmitted.
A receiving antenna behaves like a generator with an internal
impedance corresponding to the antenna equivalent impedance.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
This document discusses transmission line theory for microwave frequencies. It begins by explaining how power is delivered through electric and magnetic fields along transmission lines at microwave frequencies rather than through wires. It then lists common types of transmission lines and discusses how circuit elements are analyzed as lumped units at microwave frequencies. Key transmission line concepts are also summarized such as characteristic impedance, velocity factor, standing waves, and using transmission lines as filters. The document concludes by explaining the Smith chart and how it can be used to solve problems involving transmission line matching and impedance transformations.
519 transmission line theory by vishnu (1)udaykumar1106
This document discusses transmission line theory for microwave frequencies. It begins by explaining how power is delivered through electric and magnetic fields along transmission lines at microwave frequencies rather than through wires. It then lists common types of transmission lines and discusses how circuit elements are analyzed as lumped units at microwave frequencies. Key transmission line concepts are also summarized such as characteristic impedance, velocity factor, standing waves, and using transmission lines as filters. The document concludes by discussing the Smith chart and how it can be used to solve problems involving transmission line matching and impedance transformations.
This document discusses transmission lines and their analysis. It begins by defining a transmission line as any physical structure that guides electromagnetic waves from place to place. It then describes different types of transmission lines and how they are modeled as ladder networks at microwave frequencies. It also covers transmission line concepts like characteristic impedance, reflections, return loss, and using the Smith chart to solve complex transmission line problems graphically.
This document discusses transmission lines and their parameters. It begins by introducing common types of transmission lines including two-wire lines, coaxial cables, and waveguides. It then describes how a transmission line can be modeled as a series of lumped inductors and shunt capacitors, known as the transmission line parameters. These parameters include the series resistance R', inductance L', shunt conductance G', and capacitance C' per unit length. Using these parameters, expressions are derived for the characteristic impedance Z0 and propagation constant γ of the transmission line.
The document discusses transmission line theory for microwave frequencies. It defines transmission lines as physical structures that guide electromagnetic waves from place to place. Common types of transmission lines include two-wire lines, coaxial cables, waveguides, and planar transmission lines. It also covers transmission line concepts such as characteristic impedance, standing waves, and the Smith chart for solving complex transmission line problems.
1. The document discusses transmission lines, which guide electromagnetic wave propagation between a source and load through parallel conductors.
2. Transmission lines have distributed parameters including resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance per unit length. These parameters determine the line's characteristic impedance and propagation properties.
3. Lossless transmission lines have no resistance or conductance, so waves propagate without attenuation. Distortionless lines minimize signal distortion during propagation by making the attenuation and phase constants independent of frequency.
This document provides an overview of microwave engineering and describes key concepts such as transmission lines, scattering parameters, couplers, and filters. The objectives are to provide the basic theory of microwaves and examine applications in modern communication systems. Microwave engineering involves the design of systems like radar, satellite communications, and wireless networks that operate in the microwave frequency range from 300 MHz to 300 GHz.
Here are the key steps to solve this example:
1) The characteristic impedance of RG-58A/U is 53.5 Ω.
2) The load impedance is 40 + j30 Ω.
3) Plot 40 Ω on the resistance circle and 30 Ω on the reactance circle.
4) The intersection point gives the impedance seen by the transmitter.
So in summary, to find the impedance seen by the transmitter with a load of 40 + j30 Ω connected to a 53.5 Ω transmission line, we plot the points on the Smith Chart and find their intersection.
3rd UNIT Microwave Engineering PPT.pptxShaikShahin7
This document discusses microwave engineering and microwave cavity resonators. It provides details on:
- Microwave cavity resonators, which confine electromagnetic energy inside a metallic enclosure. The resonant frequency depends on the equivalent capacitance, inductance, and resistance of the cavity.
- Rectangular waveguide cavity resonators, which are constructed by shorting both ends of a closed waveguide section to form a cavity.
- The different modes resonant cavities can support and how maximum energy is stored at the resonant frequency.
- Common coupling mechanisms like probe coupling and loop coupling to feed or extract signals from the resonator.
DETERMINATION OF THE TYPE AND THE DENSITY OF CARRIERS IN MOTE2 MASSIVE BY MEA...IAEME Publication
The continuous measurements of hall effect made on monocrystalline MoTe2 needles showed good linearity of current contacts (longitudinal). The influence of magnetic induction on the Hall voltage VHa has been studied. Two areas are observed: a linear growth area where the Hall RH coefficient is almost constant and a saturation region where the Hall voltage doesn't practically vary with induction.
In the first area, a carriers concentration about 6 1020/m3and could be determined through the constant area. VH behavior in the saturation zone is explained by depletion of charge carriers by magnetic deflection. The resistivity is studied in a temperature range from ambient to the temperature of liquid nitrogen.
CRO-SARAVANA SELVI.pdf which is visualise the electrical signal into waveformsivanandagouda57
The document summarizes the key components and operation of a cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO). The CRO uses a cathode-ray tube to display signal waveforms by plotting voltage on the y-axis versus time on the x-axis. It consists of a cathode-ray tube, vertical and horizontal amplifiers, a time-base generator, and triggering circuitry. The electron beam in the cathode-ray tube is deflected by electrostatic plates to display the signal. The time-base generator produces a sawtooth waveform to sweep the beam horizontally across the screen at a constant velocity. This allows the CRO to accurately reproduce input signal waveforms.
CRO is the instrument that which visualise tha electrical signal into waveformsivanandagouda57
The document summarizes the key components and operation of a cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO). The CRO uses a cathode-ray tube to display signal waveforms by plotting voltage on the y-axis versus time on the x-axis. It consists of a cathode-ray tube, vertical amplifier, delay line, horizontal amplifier, time-base generator, and triggering circuit. The electron beam in the cathode-ray tube is deflected by electrostatic plates to display the signal. The time-base generator produces a sawtooth waveform to sweep the beam horizontally across the screen at a constant velocity. This allows the CRO to accurately reproduce input signal waveforms.
This document provides an overview of an electrical circuits power point presentation for a B.Tech II semester engineering course. The presentation was prepared by several course instructors and covers topics such as potential difference, basic circuit components, Ohm's law, series and parallel circuits, Kirchhoff's laws, and mesh analysis. It defines key concepts like voltage, current, resistance, and power. Examples are provided to illustrate calculations for series, parallel and compound circuits. Transformation techniques like star-delta are also explained. The goal is to introduce foundational electrical circuit analysis concepts.
Waveguide tees are used in microwave technologies to split or extract power in a waveguide. There are several types of waveguide tees that affect the energy in different ways, including H-type, E-type, magic T, and hybrid ring tees. E-type tees produce outputs that are 180 degrees out of phase, while H-type tees produce in-phase outputs. Magic T tees combine properties of H-type and E-type tees. Hybrid ring tees overcome power limitations of magic T tees using a circular waveguide design.
The document discusses magnetic fields produced by electric currents. It begins by introducing the Biot-Savart law, which describes the magnetic field generated by a straight wire carrying a current. It then examines the magnetic field of a circular current loop, noting that the field depends on the current I, distance R from the loop, and radius a. At large distances R compared to the radius a, the field approximates that of a magnetic dipole with a magnetic dipole moment m proportional to the current I and area A of the loop.
This document discusses circuit and network theory. It covers topics such as circuit elements and laws, magnetic circuits, network analysis, network theorems, AC circuits and resonance, coupled circuits, transients, two-port networks, and filters. Mesh analysis is introduced as a technique for network analysis that is applicable to planar networks containing voltage sources. The key steps are selecting mesh currents, then writing and solving KVL equations in terms of the unknown currents.
This document analyzes the admittance characteristics of an H-plane tee junction formed by coupling two rectangular waveguides of different bands through an inclined slot in the narrow wall. The analysis uses concepts of self-reaction and discontinuity in modal current to determine the admittance loading, coupling, and voltage standing wave ratio as functions of slot width, length, and inclination angle. Results are compared to practical measurements. Previous work analyzing longitudinal and transverse slots is discussed, but no prior literature examines an inclined slot between waveguides of different bands.
Network analysis of rf and microwave circuitsShankar Gangaju
This document discusses microwave network analysis and two-port network analysis. It begins by defining a microwave network as consisting of microwave devices and components coupled by transmission lines. It then discusses that at microwave frequencies, circuit analysis techniques like KCL and KVL cannot be used and S-parameters provide an alternative. The document defines S-parameters as a way to characterize networks using normalized power waves rather than voltages and currents. It provides properties and definitions of S-parameters for two-port networks, including what S11, S12, S21, and S22 represent. It also discusses uses of S-parameters and scattering matrices for modeling networks.
This document provides definitions and explanations related to antennas. It begins by defining an antenna as a device used for transmitting or receiving radio waves. It then discusses how antennas work as transducers that convert radio signals to electromagnetic waves. The document outlines different ways to define an antenna and describes the radiation mechanisms of single wire, two wire, dipole and other antenna types. It also defines important antenna parameters like radiation patterns, beamwidth, directivity and effective aperture that are used to characterize antenna performance.
From a circuit point of view, a transmitting antenna behaves like an
equivalent impedance that dissipates the power transmitted.
A receiving antenna behaves like a generator with an internal
impedance corresponding to the antenna equivalent impedance.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
2. ➔ Microwave circuits consists of several microwave
devices connected in some way to achieve the desired
transmission of a microwave signal
➔ The interconnection of two or more microwave devices
may be regarded as a microwave junction.
Waveguide Tees as the E-plane tee, H-plane tee, Magic
tee, hybrid ring tee( rat-race circuit), directional coupler
and the circulator
Microwave Hybrid Circuits
3.
4.
5.
6. ➔ A two-port network (a kind of four-terminal network or
quadripole) is an electrical network (circuit) or device with
two pairs of terminals to connect to external circuits.
7. What are S parameters?
➔ S-parameters (also called S-matrix or scattering
parameters) represent the linear characteristics of RF
electronic circuits and components.
➔ From the S-parameter matrix, you can calculate
characteristics of linear networks such as gain, loss,
impedance, phase group delay, and voltage standing
wave ratio (VSWR)
8.
9. If the frequencies are in the microwave range( 1 GHz to 1000
GHz), however ,The H,Y and Z parameters cannot be
measured for the following reasons:
1. Equipment is not readily available to measure total
voltage and total current at the ports of the network.
1. Short and Open circuits are difficult to achieve over a
broad band of frequencies.
1. Active devices, such as power transistors and tunnel
diodes, frequently will not have stability for a short or
open circuit
10.
11. ➔ The logical variables to use at the microwave
frequencies are travelling waves rather than total
voltages and total currents.
These are the S parameters,
12. E-plane Tee:
➔ Series Tee
➔ A waveguide tee in which the axis of its side arm is
parallel to the E-field of the main guide
13.
14. ➔ If E-plane tee is perfectly matched with the aid of screw
tuners or inductive or capacitive windows at the
junction, the diagonal components of the S-matrix, S11,
S22 and S33 are zero because there will be no
reflection.
➔ When the waves are fed into the side arm (port 3), the
waves appearing at port 1 and port2 of the collinear arm
will be in the opposite phase and in the same
magnitude.
➔ Therefore, S13 = -S23 (both have opposite signs)
15. S-parameters for E-Plane Tee
➔ By Symmetry property:
S12 = S21, S13 = S31 and S23 = S32
➔ By Zero property:
The sum of (each term of any column (row) multiplied by
the complex conjugate of the corresponding terms of
any column(row) is zero. )
16. H-Plane Tee:
➔ Shunt tee
➔ A waveguide tee in which the axis of its side arm is
“shunting” the E-field or parallel to the H-field of the main
guide.
17. H-Plane Tee:
➔ If two input waves are fed into port 1 and port 2 of the
collinear arm, the output wave at port 3 will be in-phase
and additive.
➔ If the input is fed into port 3,
The wave will split equally into port 1 and port 2 in phase
and in the same magnitude. Therefore the S matrix of H-
plane tee is similar to E-plane tee except
S13 = S23
19. Characteristic of Magic Tee:
1. If two waves of equal magnitude and the same phase
are fed into port 1 and port 2, the output will be zero at port 3
and additive at port 4
2. If a wave is fed into port 4 (H arm), it will be divided
equally between port 1 and port 2 of the collinear arms and
will not appear at port 3 (E arm).
3. If a wave is fed into port 3 (E arm), it will produce an
output of equal magnitude and opposite phase at port 1 and
port 2. Output at port 4 is zero i.e S43 = S34 = 0.
20. Characteristic of Magic Tee:
4. If a wave is fed into one of the collinear arms at port 1 or
port 2, it will not appear in the other collinear arm at port 2 or
port 1 because the E arm causes a phase delay while the H
arm causes the phase advance. i.e S12 = S21 = 0.
S matrix of magic tee is
21. Hybrid Rings (Rat-Race Circuits):
➔ Annular line of proper electrical length to sustain standing
waves, to which four arms are connected at proper
intervals by means of series or parallel junctions.
22. Characteristics similar to hybrid tee:
➔ When a wave is fed into port 1, it will not appear at port 3
because the difference of phase shifts for the waves
travelling in the clockwise and anticlockwise directions is
180. Thus the waves are cancelled at port 3.
➔ Similarly the waves fed into port 2 will not emerge at port 4
and so on
➔ S matrix for an ideal hybrid ring
23. Characteristics similar to hybrid tee:
➔ In actual hybrid rings there are small leakage couplings,
and hence the zero elements in the matrix above are
not quite equal to zero.