The document discusses hunger and food insecurity in the United States. It provides definitions of hunger and food insecurity and explores their causes and scope. While the US produces enough food for everyone, millions face hunger due to poverty, lack of access to nutritious foods, and insufficient social programs. The pandemic has greatly increased food insecurity, especially among communities of color. Solutions proposed include raising wages, expanding and increasing SNAP benefits, addressing systemic racism, and taking a holistic approach across policy areas.
Discussion of the current opportunities and issues young people interested in agriculture face, especially in regards to the challenges of climate change.
Jessica Fanzo
POLICY SEMINAR
Climate resilience, sustainable food systems, and healthy diets: Can we have it all?
OCT 31, 2017 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EDT
This chapter is intended to ensure that students understand why agricultural policies are needed in both developing and developed countries. It will also shed light on the major forces that cause policy change, reasons for government involvement in agriculture and the place of agricultural policies in the future.
This presentation was held during a Gender and Climate Change workshop on 14 May 2014, held at the World Agroforestry Centre. The workshop was organised by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
Discussion of the current opportunities and issues young people interested in agriculture face, especially in regards to the challenges of climate change.
Jessica Fanzo
POLICY SEMINAR
Climate resilience, sustainable food systems, and healthy diets: Can we have it all?
OCT 31, 2017 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EDT
This chapter is intended to ensure that students understand why agricultural policies are needed in both developing and developed countries. It will also shed light on the major forces that cause policy change, reasons for government involvement in agriculture and the place of agricultural policies in the future.
This presentation was held during a Gender and Climate Change workshop on 14 May 2014, held at the World Agroforestry Centre. The workshop was organised by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
The climate-smart village : a model developed by CCAFS program to improve the adaptive capacity of communities
Presented by Dr Robert Zougmoré, Regional Program Leader, CCAFS West Africa. Africa Agriculture Science Week 6, 15 July 2013, Accra, Ghana. http://ccafs.cgiar.org/events/15/jul/2013/africa-agriculture-science-week-2013
Food security is defined as when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs. While more than enough food is produced to feed the entire planet, more than 828 million people go hungry daily. These slides talk about the rising threat of world hunger and sustainable solutions for global food security.
The CCAFS Mitigation Options Tool allows experts in agriculture and climate change to quickly rank mitigation options from multiple crop and livestock management practices in different geographic regions. Because the tool has utilized findings from well-known and peer-reviewed empirical models, the input requirements are relatively simple.
Employing the CCAFS-MOT at this workshop will allow technicians and policy-makers to more easily identify suitable agricultural practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, sequester carbon and contribute to climate change adaptation in different regions and agricultural production systems in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research have joined the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) to convene this meeting so the CCAFS-MOT can serve experts in Ethiopia in their efforts to further policies and implementation in support of its NDC.
OUTLINES
1. Concept Of Extension
2.Four Generation Of Extension In Asia
a Colonial Agriculture
b Diverse Top-Down Extension
3. Unified Top-Down Extension
4.Diverse Bottom-Up Extension
5. Scope And Objective Of Agri- Extension
Sisay Sinamo Boltena
SPECIAL EVENT
Funding Food System Transformation in Developing Countries: An example from Ethiopia
UNFSS Side Event -- Co-organized by IFPRI, The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, CGIAR
SEP 24, 2021 - 08:00 AM TO 09:30 AM EDT
Dietary diversity through biodiversity in food systems - Bruce Cogill, Programme Leader, Diet Diversity for Nutrition and Health, Bioversity International. This presentation is based on one delivered at the Sackler Institute of Nutrition Science Conference, Academy of Sciences, New York on 26 March 2014.
Read more about Bioversity International's work on Diet Diversity for Nutrition and Health - http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/diet-diversity/
Visit the official conference website here: http://www.nyas.org/Events/Detail.aspx?cid=0bd1adec-c31f-42aa-a09c-3de8d8abd93a
Presented by Rajan Thapa from Clean Energy Nepal on Nepal's successful adaptation strategy at the Southern Voices workshop held in Colombo, Sri Lanka in August 2016.
Nutrition-sensitive food systems: from concepts to practice: Resources for de...Francois Stepman
15 May 2017. Brussels. Infopoint Lunchtime Conference: presentation by Cristina Amaral, Director, FAO liaison office with the European Union and Belgium
Charlotte Dufour, FAO Nutrition policy and programme officer
Domitille Kauffmann, FAO Nutrition and resilience and capacity development advisor
This topic looks at one of the strategies used by farmers and small firms in the agribusiness sector to leverage cost, access markets and become competitive in the market. Emphasis was made on the use of contract farming (vertical linkage) and cooperatives (horizontal linkage).
International world food day A Presentation By Mr. Allah Dad Khan on 16th Oct...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
International world food day A Presentation By Mr. Allah Dad Khan on 16th October 2015 At Agriculture Training Institute Peshawar. Minister Agriculture KPK was the Chief Guest of the event.
Presentation by Robert Nasi, Director of the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry, on the CGIAR - held at CIFOR's partners' meeting in Nairobi in February 2015.
The climate-smart village : a model developed by CCAFS program to improve the adaptive capacity of communities
Presented by Dr Robert Zougmoré, Regional Program Leader, CCAFS West Africa. Africa Agriculture Science Week 6, 15 July 2013, Accra, Ghana. http://ccafs.cgiar.org/events/15/jul/2013/africa-agriculture-science-week-2013
Food security is defined as when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs. While more than enough food is produced to feed the entire planet, more than 828 million people go hungry daily. These slides talk about the rising threat of world hunger and sustainable solutions for global food security.
The CCAFS Mitigation Options Tool allows experts in agriculture and climate change to quickly rank mitigation options from multiple crop and livestock management practices in different geographic regions. Because the tool has utilized findings from well-known and peer-reviewed empirical models, the input requirements are relatively simple.
Employing the CCAFS-MOT at this workshop will allow technicians and policy-makers to more easily identify suitable agricultural practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, sequester carbon and contribute to climate change adaptation in different regions and agricultural production systems in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research have joined the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) to convene this meeting so the CCAFS-MOT can serve experts in Ethiopia in their efforts to further policies and implementation in support of its NDC.
OUTLINES
1. Concept Of Extension
2.Four Generation Of Extension In Asia
a Colonial Agriculture
b Diverse Top-Down Extension
3. Unified Top-Down Extension
4.Diverse Bottom-Up Extension
5. Scope And Objective Of Agri- Extension
Sisay Sinamo Boltena
SPECIAL EVENT
Funding Food System Transformation in Developing Countries: An example from Ethiopia
UNFSS Side Event -- Co-organized by IFPRI, The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, CGIAR
SEP 24, 2021 - 08:00 AM TO 09:30 AM EDT
Dietary diversity through biodiversity in food systems - Bruce Cogill, Programme Leader, Diet Diversity for Nutrition and Health, Bioversity International. This presentation is based on one delivered at the Sackler Institute of Nutrition Science Conference, Academy of Sciences, New York on 26 March 2014.
Read more about Bioversity International's work on Diet Diversity for Nutrition and Health - http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/diet-diversity/
Visit the official conference website here: http://www.nyas.org/Events/Detail.aspx?cid=0bd1adec-c31f-42aa-a09c-3de8d8abd93a
Presented by Rajan Thapa from Clean Energy Nepal on Nepal's successful adaptation strategy at the Southern Voices workshop held in Colombo, Sri Lanka in August 2016.
Nutrition-sensitive food systems: from concepts to practice: Resources for de...Francois Stepman
15 May 2017. Brussels. Infopoint Lunchtime Conference: presentation by Cristina Amaral, Director, FAO liaison office with the European Union and Belgium
Charlotte Dufour, FAO Nutrition policy and programme officer
Domitille Kauffmann, FAO Nutrition and resilience and capacity development advisor
This topic looks at one of the strategies used by farmers and small firms in the agribusiness sector to leverage cost, access markets and become competitive in the market. Emphasis was made on the use of contract farming (vertical linkage) and cooperatives (horizontal linkage).
International world food day A Presentation By Mr. Allah Dad Khan on 16th Oct...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
International world food day A Presentation By Mr. Allah Dad Khan on 16th October 2015 At Agriculture Training Institute Peshawar. Minister Agriculture KPK was the Chief Guest of the event.
Presentation by Robert Nasi, Director of the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry, on the CGIAR - held at CIFOR's partners' meeting in Nairobi in February 2015.
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In our opinion, poverty is the main reason for hunger, weather is it poverty of an individual or of a whole nation. In developing countries, governments can’t afford to support those in need for food and water and in developed countries there are some individuals who can’t afford their need due to lack of education which caused them to be unable to look for a source of income.
Natural disasters can cause poverty too. Governments should be able to provide shelter and food for those people who their houses and belongings were destroyed by natural disasters.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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1. Hunger and Food Insecurity
“Bryan Gargan (right), a senior at Salem State University, gets food at the Salem
Pantry’s food distribution station on campus.” Source: Boston Globe (28 Oct 2020).
2. Guiding Questions
• What is “hunger”? What is “food insecurity”?
• What circumstances cause hunger and food insecurity?
• Why and how do hunger and obesity coexist?
• What systems do we have in place to help people who are
hungry or food insecure?
• Why is hunger so difficult to address despite the fact that the
world produces enough food for everyone?
3. Source: Marion Nestle, “The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP):
History, Politics, and Public Health Implications,” pg. 1632.
4. Food Insecurity
“The limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe
foods, or the ability to acquire such foods in a socially acceptable
manner. The most extreme form [i.e. “very low food security”] is often
accompanied with physiological sensations of hunger.”
(College and University Food Bank Alliance)
The U.S. Department of Agriculture defines as “food insecure” those
households do not have “access, at all times, to enough food for an
active, healthy life for all household members.”
6. Hunger in America: The Scope of the Problem
• Millions of children and families living in America face hunger and food insecurity each day.
• In 2018, 14.3 million American households were food insecure with limited or uncertain
access to enough food.
• According to the USDA’s latest Household Food Insecurity in the United States report, more
than 35 million people in the United States struggled with hunger in 2019.
• Due to the effects of the coronavirus pandemic, more than 50 million people experienced
food insecurity in 2020, including nearly 17 million children.
• Households with children are more likely to experience food insecurity. Before the
coronavirus pandemic, more than 10 million children lived in food-insecure households.
• Every community in the country is home to families who struggle with food insecurity
including rural and suburban communities.
• Many households that experience food insecurity do not qualify for federal nutrition
programs and need to rely on their local food banks and other hunger relief organizations for
support.
Source: Feeding America (2020) https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america
7. Projected rates of food insecurity for 2020 by state, according to Feeding America’s
report,
The Impact of the Coronavirus on Local Food Security. (Courtesy Feeding America)
8. What does food insecurity
look like in nation
generally considered to be
“food secure”?
Source: Feeding America
http://qa.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-
america/our-research/hunger-in-america/key-
findings.html
(Data from 2014)
9. Surprising Neighbors: Hunger and Obesity
• Hunger and obesity often exist in the same communities. This is because
the foods that are most affordable are usually those that have been highly
processed and often have high caloric content with little nutritional value
(so-called “junk foods”).
• Many low income communities do not have access to grocery stores or
other means of purchasing nutritious foods such as farmer’s markets. These
areas are generally known as “food deserts.” In food deserts, residents may
purchase food at convenience stores, liquor stores, or fast food outlets,
which rarely sell fresh produce or other healthy items.
• Areas without access to a grocery store but with a high volume of fast food
outlets are referred to as “food swamps.”
10. Childhood Malnutrition
• Children under three years old, along with pregnant and lactating women,
are most vulnerable to the harmful effects of malnutrition.
• After the age of two or three, the effects of severe malnutrition are
irreversible, as these early years are crucial for physical and cognitive
development.
• Malnutrition in childhood has harmful effects on brain growth and function,
leading to cognitive impairments often related to iron deficiency.
• Malnourished children may not reach their optimal height or weight, and
may experience physical impairments, weakness, and sickliness likely to
affect them into adulthood.
• According to motherchildnutrition.org, “Child malnutrition is the single
biggest contributor to under-five mortality due to greater susceptibility to
infections and slow recovery from illness.”
Source: Mother-Child Nutrition
https://motherchildnutrition.org/malnutrition/about-malnutrition/impact-of-malnutrition.html
11. Rates of Food Insecurity
Among
College Students
Two-Year Institutions: 42-55%
Four-Year Institutions: 33-48%
12. • SNAP is the nation’s largest food security program and its third largest anti-
poverty program.
• Since 2008, benefits are paid out on an electronic benefits transfer (EBT) card that is
swiped like a credit or debt card. In the past, benefits were issued in the form of paper
stamps that could be used to purchase food, which is why SNAP is still often referred to
as “food stamps.”
• Multiplier effect: every $1 spent by U.S. on food stamps generates $1.5 in GDP SNAP
also helps businesses that accept SNAP benefits (e.g. grocery stores).
• SNAP funds can be used to purchase household food items such as fruits and vegetables,
meats, fish, poultry, dairy products, breads and cereals, baby food and formula, and non-
alcoholic beverages. With some exceptions for people who are elderly, disabled, or
homeless, SNAP benefits cannot be used to buy prepared foods. EBT cards can now be
used at most farmer’s markets, though very few SNAP dollars actually are used there.
SNAP (“Food Stamps”)
Source: Nestle, “The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program,” AJPH (Dec 2019).
13. • SNAP is an entitlement program, meaning everyone who is eligible and applies will receive
benefits, and enrollment shifts with changing rates of poverty. As a result, the program is large and
expensive. According to the USDA, in 2018:
• One in eight Americans (40.3 million adults and children) received benefits
• Average benefit per individual: $125
• Total cost of SNAP: $60.8 billion in benefits plus $4.4 billion cost of running the program
• The program is regularly funded (“authorized”) by Congress as part of the Farm Bill, a law that is
“principally designed to protect the interests of agribusiness. Congress cannot get the votes to pass
agricultural supports [subsidies] unless it simultaneously authorizes SNAP” (Nestle, pg. 1631).
• All federal food assistance programs (including SNAP, school food programs, and WIC) are run by
the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), which primarily exists to advocate for food producers
(i.e. farmers). This poses a conflict of interest, as the USDA cannot protect the interests of food
producers and consumers at the same time.
SNAP Funding and Administration
Source: Nestle, “The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program,” AJPH (Dec 2019).
14. Source: USDA Food and Nutrition Service
= $28,235/yr
= $34,068/yr
= $16,596/yr
= $22,416/yr
SNAP eligibility is calculated using the
federal poverty level, and the vast
majority of SNAP recipients (more
than 90 percent) live at or below the
federal poverty line. As this table
illustrates, SNAP eligibility
requirements stipulate that a family of
four with a gross income of $34,069
receives no SNAP benefits. SNAP
primarily benefits poor Americans,
especially children, the elderly, and
disabled individuals. SNAP constitutes
the core of the nation’s hunger safety
net. According to Nestle, “SNAP is
demonstrably effective in reducing
hunger, food insecurity, and poverty,
thereby reducing the effects of these
conditions on public health” (pg. 1631).
15. Source: Center on Budget and Policy
Priorities (Sep 2020).
A household’s actual monthly
benefit is calculated according to the
USDA’s expectation that a
household receiving SNAP will still
spend about 30 percent of its net
resources on food.
16. Food Insecurity
Estimates as of January 2021:
50 million Americans, including 17 million children, are food insecure.
About 38 million American currently receive food stamps.
(Washington Post, USA Today)
Compare this to the 35 million Americans who were food insecure at
some point in 2019, the lowest rate in 20 years.
(NPR, Feeding America)
17. Why is food insecurity on the rise since the onset of the pandemic?
• Rising rates of economic insecurity, joblessness, and dislocation (“heat
or eat” dilemma).
• Insufficiency of federal food aid programs, both in terms of eligibility
restrictions and benefit limits.
• Disruption of school breakfast and lunch programs, which serve a vital
function in reducing childhood hunger and malnutrition.
• Closure of senior centers, where many older people receive regular
meals.
• Surging demands on charitable food programs at same time that
donations have declined. Food charity food security
20. Source: Food Research and Action Center (Sep 2020)
This chart illustrates enormous increases in food insecurity in the U.S. between 2018 and July 2020, several
months into the pandemic. In particular, it emphasizes disparate rates of food insecurity by race, with Black
and Latinx populations experiencing relatively higher rates and white and Asian populations experiencing
relatively lower rates. Regardless of racial demographics, households with children are more likely to
struggle with food insecurity, as children are more likely to experience poverty than the population at large.
21. The Federal Response During the Pandemic
• Feb to Dec 2020: 15 percent increase in SNAP enrollment
• Families First Coronavirus Response Act (signed Mar 18, 2020)
• Coronavirus Food Assistance Program (CFAP)
• “Farmers to Families” Program initially helped producers funnel food to
people in need, including via charitable food institutions.
• Contracts of many black farmers in the south were not renewed; instead
large corporations like Sysco won the business.
• Est. Pandemic Electronic Benefits Transfer (P-EBT) program.
• Funds eligible families for cost of meals children would have consumed at
school during the week (~$5.70 per day) if schools are closed five or more
consecutive days.
• Through 2020, emergency SNAP measures did not address needs of
poorest Americans who were already receiving the max. benefit permitted.
22. “The bottom line is this:
We’re in a national emergency. We
need to act like we’re in a national
emergency. So we have to move, with
everything we’ve got. Families are
going hungry. People are at risk of
being evicted. We need to act.”
--President Biden, on Jan 22, before
signing an executive order
requesting that the USDA permit states to
increase SNAP benefits for the poorest
Americans and to increase by 15 percent
P-EBT benefits to families of children
eligible for school food assistance.
24. How can we advance food security in light of these realities?
1. Dismantle the “hunger-industrial complex” that encourages/enables large
corporations to pay low wages, then get tax breaks for making donations
to programs that subsidize their labor force. Funnel money to smaller
producers.
2. Raise wages. Hunger is poverty issue. Pay “essential workers” like they
are essential.
3. Increase SNAP benefits. In addition to the most effective measure we
have against food insecurity, SNAP serves as economic stimulus. $1 in
SNAP = $1.50 to $1.80 in economic benefits. Expand to include online
purchases and hot meals.
4. Address systemic racism. Issues of food access, including food insecurity
and obesity, disproportionately affect communities of color (e.g. food
deserts, food swamps).
5. Dismantle policy silos. Hunger and food insecurity cannot be addressed
in isolation from things like housing and childcare policies.
https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/a-quick-guide-to-snap-eligibility-and-benefits
In 2019, CBPP estimated that nearly half of households receiving SNAP benefits remain food insecure, unable to afford the food needed to ensure a healthy, active lifestyle.