Ecosystem Interactions Class Discussion Presentation in Blue Green Lined Styl...
PM research in Europe for health impact assessment
1. 10 year research on
Particulate Matter in
Europe for health impact
assessment purposes
Federico Karagulian
Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
The Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, TPH (Switzerland), 29th May 2012
2. Particulate Matter and
pollutant sources
Particulate Matter (PM) has effects on HUMAN HEALTH and
CLIMATE CHANGE
Sampling PM represents a way to estimate POLLUTANT SOURCES
HO2
O3
THE ASSUMPTION
PM, a sink for
pollutant sources
and chemical
transformation
NO 2
NO2
N2O5
NO
NO
DUST
PM
SO2
HNO3
OH
which are the main pollutant sources?
NO3
3. Estimation of pollutant sources from Particulate Matter (PM): source apportionment methodology
Pollution source
Characteristics
Ambient
Concentrations
Estimated Source
Contribution
Top Down
approach
Receptor Model (RM)
Source Model (Dispersion Modeling)
Bottom Up
approach
Emission
Characteristics
Estimated
Ambient
Concentrations
4. Survey on polluted study area in Europe between 2001 and 2010: site typology
Karagulian and Belis, IJEP, 2012
Urban area are the most studied area because
of major number of population exposure
5. Basic Receptor model equation for source apportionment study
INPUT DATA: Concentration of the jth species
in the ith sample measured at the receptor site
xij =
P
∑g f
ik kj
p =1
OUTPUT DATA: Concentration of
the jth species in the pth source
+ eij
...mass balance
OUTPUT DATA: Contribution of
the pth source to the ith sample
6. Comparison of time trend of RM studies between EUROPE and the WORLDWIDE number of
studies
Global increase of RM studies
Karagulian and Belis, IJEP, 2012
7. Time trend of RM studies
in Europe between 2001 and 2010
39% (PMF) Positive Matrix Factorization
23% (PCA) Principal Component Analysis
13% (CMB) Chemical Mass Balance
10% (FA, APCFA) Factor Analysis
10% APEG model
5% Miscellaneous
gi
on
Str
nc
s
r ea
ei
0
n2
10
Enter in force of the
European Air Quality Directive
Karagulian and Belis, IJEP, 2012
8. Survey of MODEL TYPES used for RM studies between 2001 and 2010 in Europe
Karagulian and Belis, IJEP, 2012
9. PM10 in Europe
for source estimation purposes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
San Vicente del Raspeig (ES)
Zaragoza (ES)
Thurrock (UK)
Tarragona (ES)
Barcelona (ES)
Ruhr area (D)
Munster (D)
Genoa (IT)
Sondrio (IT) winter
Capannori (IT)
Augsburg (D) winter
Modena (IT) summer
Erfurt (D)
Civitavecchia (IT) summer
Copenhagen (DK)
Milan (IT) winter
Berlin (D)
Koflach (A)
Graz Don Bosco (A)
Milano (IT)
Hartberg (A)
Vienna_(A)
Milan (IT) summer
Lecce (IT)
Lycksele (SE) winter
Po plain (IT) winter
Krakow (PL) winter
Zakopane(PL) winter
Athens (GR)
Izmir (TR)
Erdemli (TR)
PM10 mass concentration
in urban areas in Europe (1995-2011)
Izana (ES)
Las Palmas (ES)
Madrid_(ES)
Lisbon (PT)
Madrid (ES) summer
Huelva (ES)
Los Barrios (ES)
Belfast (UK)
Algeciras (ES)
Santander (ES)
La Linea (ES)
Glasgow (UK)
Torrelavega (ES)
Atazar (ES)
Melilla (ES)
Llodio (ES)
Manchester (UK)
Birmingham (UK)
Alsasua (ES)
Pamplona Iturrama (ES)
Bastarreche (ES)
Elche (ES)
London (UK)
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Belis and Karagulian, in preparation, 2012
10. PM2.5 in Europe
for source estimation purposes
PM2.5 mass concentration
in urban areas in Europe (1995-2011)
Lisbon (PT)
Coimbra (PT)
Huelva (ES)
Los Barrios (ES)
Belfast (UK)
Oviedo_(ES)
Algeciras (ES)
Santander (ES)
La Linea (ES)
Glasgow (UK)
Manchester (UK)
Birmingham (UK)
Albacete (ES)
Pamplona Iturrama (ES)
Santa Ana (ES)
Harwell (UK)
London (UK)
Barcelona (ES)
Paris (F)
Antwerp (BE) summer
Amsterdam (NL)
Marseille (F) summer
Schiedam (NL)
Basel (CH)
Zurich (CH)
Genoa (IT) summer
Sondrio (IT) winter
Erfurt (D)
Copenhagen (DK) winter
Milan (IT) winter
Milan (IT) summer
Bari (IT) winter
Po plain (IT) winter
Belgrade (RS)
Tessaloniki (GR)
Athens (GR)
Helsinki (FIN)
Izmir (TR)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Belis and Karagulian, in preparation, 2012
11. Pollutant Sources
in Europe (PM10)
Sea Salt
Traffic
SIA
Residential
Main pollutant sources from PM10 sampling
in urban areas in Europe (1995-2011)
Crustal
Industry, power plants
Biomass Burning
Other
SIA = Secondary particles
Madrid (ES)
Lisbon (PT)
Madrid (ES)
Huelva (ES)
Los Barrios (ES)
Belfast (UK)
Algeciras (ES)
Santander (ES)
La Linea (ES)
Glasgow (UK)
Torrelavega (ES)
Atazar (ES)
Melilla (ES)
Llodio (ES)
Manchester (UK)
Birmingham (UK)
Alsasua (ES)
Pamplona Iturrama
(ES)
Bastarreche (ES)
Elche (ES)
London (UK)
San Vicente del
Raspeig (ES)
Zaragoza (ES)
Thurrock (UK)
Tarragona (ES)
Barcelona (ES)
Ruhr area (D)
Munster (D)
Genoa (IT)
Sondrio (IT)
Capannori (IT)
Augsburg (D)
Modena (IT)
Erfurt (D)
Civitavecchia (IT)
Copenhagen (DK)
Milan (IT)
Berlin (D)
Koflach (A)
Graz Don Bosco (A)
Milano (IT)
Hartberg (A)
Vienna A)
Milan (IT)
Lecce (IT)
Lycksele (SE)
Po plain (IT)
Krakow (PL)
Zakopane(PL)
Athens (GR)
Izmir (TR)
Erdemli (TR)
1
2
3s
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30w
31
32w
33s
34
35s
36
37w
38
39
40
41
42
43
44s
45
46w
47w
48w
49w
50
51
52
Belis and Karagulian, in preparation, 2012
12. Pollutant Sources
in Europe (PM2.5)
Main pollutant sources from PM2.5 sampling
in urban areas in Europe (1995-2011)
Sea Salt
Traffic
SIA
Residential
Crustal
Industry, power plants
Biomass Burning
Other
Lisbon (PT)
Coimbra (PT)
Huelva (ES)
Los Barrios (ES)
Belfast (UK)
Oviedo_(ES)
Algeciras (ES)
Santander (ES)
La Linea (ES)
Glasgow (UK)
Manchester (UK)
Birmingham (UK)
Albacete (ES)
Pamplona Iturrama (ES)
Santa Ana (ES)
Harwell (UK)
London (UK)
Barcelona (ES)
Paris (F)
Antwerp (BE)
Amsterdam (NL)
Marseille (F)
Schiedam (NL)
Basel (CH)
Zurich (CH)
Genoa (IT)
Sondrio (IT)
Erfurt (D)
Copenhagen (DK)
Milan (IT)
Milan (IT)
Bari (IT)
Po plain (IT)
Belgrade (RS)
Tessaloniki (GR)
Athens (GR)
Helsinki (FIN)
Izmir (TR)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20s
21
22s
23
24
25
26s
27w
28
29w
30w
31s
32w
33w
34
35
36
37
38
Belis and Karagulian, in preparation, 2012
17. PM and health effects
Long term effects
PM2.5
Alveolar issues
(O2 exchange)
Pulmonary oxidative stress:
hearth rate changes in
function of PM exposure
Short term effects
PM10
Cardiopulmonary mortality
Lung cancer mortality
Diabetes
Reproductive effects (premature
birth)
All causes mortality within 5
day
Cardiovascular mortality
Respiratory mortality
Hospital admissions within 1
day (Cardiac and Respiratory)
Only short term effects
Bronchial issues
Pulmonary issues
(O2 inlet)
PM1
genomic system
nanoparticles are transparent to alveolus and enter in the
genomic system
strong effect on blood coagulation (deep thrombosis)
18. Health Impact Assessment of air pollution
The Air Quality Health Impact Assessment assesses
the potential impact on human health of exposure to a given air pollutant
Good example consists in estimating the Years of Life Lost attributed to
ambient air pollution during one year of air quality monitoring
Exposure risk indicator
X(B,t) = Y(B,t) × d(B)
Estimated Pollutant
Concentration
Population
number
19. Black Carbon
Source Apportionment
Carbon particle size:
~ 50-60 nm
(bad health impact)
Mobile Sources (Fossil Fuel)
Stationary Sources
(Industry, power plants
Biomass Burning
Dust, Other
Karagulian et al., in preparation, 2012
20. Future achievements
Actions for Controlling pollutant sources
for health effects purposes
Reduce
NH3 from agricoultural activities (less fertilisers)
NOx from Traffic
SO2 from industrial sites
Reduce
Reduce
BC from primary sources (vehicles,biomass burning)
VOCs: Benzene, Benzo[a]pyrene, (diesel and gasoline exaust)
Road dust (not from traffic)
Traffic emissions
Control PM at the background brings the best results
for PM abatement
21. Monitoring personal
exposure to PM
Portable Optical Particle Counters as cheap way to
keep personal exposure to fine particulate under control
Sampled air in the city
of Varese Italy
Validation with urban
“representative”
monitoring stations
Portable nephelometers
Light scattering technique
Respirable particles within the
range 0.3-0.7µm
(long term effects)
Applications:
Personal exposure monitoring
Ambient/work area monitoring
Epidemiology health studies
Environmental sampling
Karagulian et al,JEM, 2012
