The air pollution exceedance status of an urban area has been studied for three different location for six different air pollutants such as Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Oxides of nitrogen (NOx), by Wet chemical method (West & Gaeke Method & Jacob & Hochheiser Method), Heavy Metal (Pb) by ICP-OES (Perkin Elmer), and PAHs [benzo(a)anthracene] & Fluoranthene by using GC (Perkin Elmer), and Particulate Matter (SPM, PM10,) by Federal Reference Method (Rupprecht & Patashnick Co.In) for one annual cyclic season along with meteorological data (wind speed and direction). Seasonally variation of air pollution parameters with respect to month throughout one year was studies and it has been observed that a suitable control over few pollutants is needed in all the land uses. The air purification system is hence evaluated for varying land uses. These results can be effectively used as tool for designing of air purification system.

1. B.Sharad Rao, et al www.ijetst.in Page 5556
IJETST- Vol.||04||Issue||08||Pages 5556-5560||August||ISSN 2348-9480 2017
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology
IC Value: 76.89 (Index Copernicus) Impact Factor: 4.219 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijetst/v4i8.21
Exceedance Level of Air Pollutants in an Urban Area as a Tool for
Designing Air Purifiers
Authors
1
B.Sharad Rao, 2
A.Anjikar, 2
P.S.Rao, 2
S.Kumari, 2
S.Rayalu, 1
Laukik Raut
1
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. G.H. Raisoni College Of Engineering, Hingna, Nagpur.
2
CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur
Abstract:
The air pollution exceedance status of an urban area has been studied for three different location for six
different air pollutants such as Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Oxides of nitrogen (NOx), by Wet chemical method
(West & Gaeke Method & Jacob & Hochheiser Method), Heavy Metal (Pb) by ICP-OES (Perkin Elmer),
and PAHs [benzo(a)anthracene] & Fluoranthene by using GC (Perkin Elmer), and Particulate Matter
(SPM, PM10,) by Federal Reference Method (Rupprecht & Patashnick Co.In) for one annual cyclic season
along with meteorological data (wind speed and direction). Seasonally variation of air pollution
parameters with respect to month throughout one year was studies and it has been observed that a suitable
control over few pollutants is needed in all the land uses. The air purification system is hence evaluated for
varying land uses. These results can be effectively used as tool for designing of air purification system.
Introduction:
Environmental contaminants are widely distributed
in our environment. Therefore, they have an effect
on the tropic food chain. Air, water and soil may
contain many organic compounds and heavy
metals of natural as well as anthropogenic origin.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a
chemical compound that contain more than one
fused benzene ring e.g Naphthalene, Anthracene,
Phenanthrene, benz(a) pyrene, benz (a) anthracene,
Fluoranthene, pyrene, benz(a)Fluoranthene etc.
The point sources of anthropogenic origin are Coal
gasification, heat and power generation, coke
production, catalytic cracking, asphalt production
and use, refining/distillation of crude oil, wood
treatment and preservation, fuel operations,
incineration and landfills/waste disposal which are
stationary but air which is more divergent and
affect not only stationary people but also a far
distant of overall people in-outside city.
Nagpur City is the best place to study the
interactions of atmospheric pollutants such as SO2,
NO2 and suspended particulate matter (SPM) on
vegetation, as it is high traffic zone with industrial
area on the outskirts as well as have good
vegetation cover in the city. Nagpur city is very
well known as second Green City in India.
Plantations are actively carried out every year in the
city with the active participation of local
administration and non-governmental organizations
(NGOs). The city is also richly dotted by well-
maintained parks, plantations, forest patches and
agricultural fields. This has given lush green
aesthetic appearance to the Nagpur city.
Present research is carried out, to study the status
of urban pollution in relation to biodiversity in the
Nagpur city using ambient air quality monitoring,
remote sensing for land use cover, and biochemical
responses of the trees to air pollution. Nagpur is a
centrally located city in India wherein industrial
and commercial growth is moderate. The source of

2. B.Sharad Rao, et al www.ijetst.in Page 5557
IJETST- Vol.||04||Issue||08||Pages 5556-5560||August||ISSN 2348-9480 2017
toxic air pollutants in Nagpur city is incomplete
combustion of organic matter which is an
important source of human exposure. Studies on
various environmentally relevant matrices, such as
coal, combusted effluent, motor vehicle expects,
used motor fabricating oil and tobacco smoke have
shown that the presence of PAHs in these mixtures
is mainly responsible for the carcinogenic
potential.
The city has a population of 46.53 lakhs according
to the 2012census. There are industries setups as
centers education and agriculture in Vidarbha
region of Maharashtra State. The major air
pollution sources are power plant and automobile
exhausts. The city also experiences increasing
floating population causing pressure on the civic
services. The rate of population is directly
proportional to pollution.
Effects of Pollutants on Living Things:
One of the adverse effects of the profuse use of
fossil fuels by man now-a-days is presence of
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other
toxic compounds in ambient dust in relatively high
concentrations. They accumulate and thereby
disrupt function in vital organs and glands such as
the heart, brain, kidneys, bone, liver, etc. They
displace the vital nutritional minerals from their
original place, thereby, hindering their biological
function.
This graph indicates that rise in population in
Nagpur (Census 2011) is going on along with other
normal activities like new construction sites for
people residential, commercial, industrial, and
thermal power production. Beside this there is also
rise in industrial production capacity, no of
vehicle, transportation in and outside city but
relative pollution level is not rising as compared to
that of others activities. These observations have
been described in this paper with help of annual
pollution level profile in graphical diagram for
each air pollutant individually along with
combined form.
Methodology:
SPM in ambient air was measured by using
standard Hi-Vol sampling technique. RPM was
measured by using respirable dust sampler
designed and developed by the Institute. Gaseous
samples were collected in absorbing solutions by
taking tapping in Hi-Vol / RPM sampler at a point
after passage of ambient air through glass fibre
filter paper and the so collected samples were
analysed using standard wet chemical techniques.
The toxic trace metals and PAHs in RPM were
analysed by precise, accurate and sensitive
instrumental analytical techniques.
Heavy Metals : (Pb)
The Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission
Spectrometers instrument is used for the detection
of heavy metals form the extract of samples. The
method is based on active sampling using PM10
High Volume Sampler and then sample analysis is
done by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical
Emission Spectrometers. One gram of dried and
homogenized dust on filter paper was weighed into
a beaker (100 ml) and 10 ml nitric acid was added.
This was then heated until dryness. Thereafter, 10
ml HNO3 and 3 ml HClO4 was added and the
solution was heated until fuming. The sample
solution was obtained by processing the residue
with hot 6 M HCl (4ml) and then filtered and
diluted with water to 50ml.

3. B.Sharad Rao, et al www.ijetst.in Page 5558
IJETST- Vol.||04||Issue||08||Pages 5556-5560||August||ISSN 2348-9480 2017
Result & Discussion:
Overall several variations were observed among
all the pollutants which have been analyzed for its
correlations. Some of important result are being
presented and discussed comparing and correlating
with socialistic view of scientific observation via
air pollution which is more divergent along with
social, culture commercial and industrial scenario
of human being in an urban area. These
observations have been described in this paper
with help of annual pollution level profile and
exceedances in graphical diagram for each air
pollutant individually along with combined form.
The Fig.1 indicates that comparable diagram of
SPM & PM10 for complete one year for Nagpur
city for each site residential, commercial, industrial
in different line in which green dots show SPM
while red for PM10.
In Fig.2 a mean value of all sites has been
presented separately for SPM and PM10 for one
year for Nagpur city.
Fig.1 Comparable diagram of levels of SPM &
PM10 for complete one year for Nagpur city
Fig.2 Comparable diagram of annual mean
SPM & PM10 for complete one year for Nagpur
city
There is an empirical relation between SPM and
PM10 of which the variation profile is followed up
in all month. During March their concentration gap
is maximum but in Sept, it is minimum and PM10
value goes down below 50µg/m3
and also SPM at
89.67 µg/m3
may be due to post monsoon effect.
Again their value rise up and continue up to march
with maximum value as 199.93 µg/m3
and 339.36
µg/m3
respectively.
PM10 value oscillates from 50 – 200 µg/m3
and
SPM value from 89 – 339 µg/m3
. However this
empirical relationship is only apparent because the
whole sampling of PM have been performed 4
days per week and approx. 192 days in one year.
Similarly,
Fig.3 indicates that comparable diagram of SO2,
NO2, NH3, and H2S gaseous pollutants for
complete one year for Nagpur city for each site
residential, commercial, and industrial in different
line.
Fig.3 Comparable diagram of annual mean
SPM & PM10 along with gases for complete one
year for Nagpur city
Perusing the same pathway we have plotted all the
above SO2, NO2, NH3, and H2S gaseous pollutants
concentration including SPM,P10 and heavy metal
(Pb) and Fluoranthene taking its mean of

4. B.Sharad Rao, et al www.ijetst.in Page 5559
IJETST- Vol.||04||Issue||08||Pages 5556-5560||August||ISSN 2348-9480 2017
residential, commercial, industrial value through
whole year for the urban area. In somehow extant
it seems to follow a regular path way variation
profile from PM10 to all chemical including
Organic Compound (PAHs). Their dependency and
relationship of concentration of SPM with respect
to other physical and chemical parameter air
pollution empirically can be established in terms of
all. All their concentration oscillates below and
above STD limit of CPCB India.
Mathematically it is represented by a multiple
linear regression equation.
Cspm mean annual = - 23.968(±19.361)+CPM10meanannual X
(1.627)(± 0.103)- CPb meanannual X (53.097)(±
25.937)+ CFl mean annual X (2732.517)(± 1504.355) -
CB(a)P X (1305.736)(±690.01)-CSO2 X
(5.601)(±3.240)-C NO2 X(2.484)(± 0.944).
…eq. (1)
Where “C”= concentration in µg/m3
Model Summary
R2
= 0.996
Adjusted R Square=0.985
Std. Error of the Estimate=11.46
This relationship show that SPM is combined role
of concentration of PM10, Pb,Fl,B(a)P,SO2,NO2. It
means some of SPM is apparent composition of
PM10, Pb,Fl,B(a)P,SO2,NO2. These material is
always composed of chemical constitute. We are
able to resolve it only 90-98% of total particulate
matter because it is physical composite of every
size of PM from0.01 upto 100 micro meter. We are
planning for sampling to every size of PM
separately so that we can categories different
chemical composition of every PM size in different
physical and chemical parameter profile to
understand and explanation of complete PM
scenarios.
Exceedance Factor of air Pollutants and impact on
indoor air
It is an indicator which shows the fraction of the urban
air population that is potentially exposed to ambient air
(1) concentrations of pollutants (2) in excess of the
regulatory (CPCB) limit value set for the protection of
human health. The urban population considered is the
total number of people living in cities with at least one
monitoring station. If the factor exceeds 1 then the
pollution levels are higher. Exceedances are observed
for many pollutants most of the time during the year.
These exceedances also pollute the indoor air which is
normally an open system in most of the indoor built up
areas of the city. Hence the boundary conditions for the
design of air purifiers may to be set based on it. Fig.4
shows the long term air pollution exceedance
factor for various pollutants in an urban area
Air Purifier design inputs
Basic air filter specification begins with selecting filter
dimensions to meet airflow and pollution control
requirements and size constraints, then selecting a
media configuration to meet performance and industry
requirements. However, design improvements may be
necessary to meet the challenges of the most demanding
applications. Engineers and designers can further
optimize filter design by relying on estimation of
exceedances, ventilation requirements and other
building/indoor volumes to be handled along with other
custom applications. Hence estimation of exceedances
may be used as tool for its designing.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
2014 2015 2016
AirPollutantsExceedance Factor
PM10 PM2.5 CO SO2 NO2 O3 NH3
Fig.4 Long term exceedances of Air Pollutants
in an Urban area
Fig.4 Long term air pollution exceedance factor
of various pollutants in an urban area

5. B.Sharad Rao, et al www.ijetst.in Page 5560
IJETST- Vol.||04||Issue||08||Pages 5556-5560||August||ISSN 2348-9480 2017
References:
1. CPCB (2009, 2010, 2011) report on National
Air Quality Status
2. I Natalya J Slet, W Petersell (2003), Effect of
heavy metals and PAH on soil assessed via
3. dehydrogenase assay. Environmental
International 28, 779 – 782.
4. M Alexander, (1985), Biodegradation of
organic chemical. Environ. Sci. Techno. 18,
108 – 111.
5. M Kastner, S Streibich, M Beyrer, H H
Richavid, W Fritsche, (1999).,Formation of
bound residues during microbial. INT J
MIRO, 65(5), 1834 – 1842.
6. M U Beg, T Saeed, S Al-Muzaini, K R Beg,
and M Al – Bahloul,(2003),Distribution of
7. petroleum hydrocarbon in sediment from
coastal area receiving industrial effluent in
Kuwait.
8. Ecotoxicology and Environmental safety 54:
47 –52.
9. S S Wilson,, K C Jones,
(1993),Bioremediation of soil contaminated
with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) : A review . Environ. Pollut ; 81: 229
– 249.
10. A SC Lima, J.W. Farrington, and C.M.
Reddy (2005), Combustion – derived
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the
environment- a review. Environ. Foren.
11. Boehm, P.D, Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs). Chapter 15. In:
Environmental Forensics, Contaminant
specific Guide. R. Morrison and B.Murphy
(eds.) Academic Press 1999.
12. P Boehm and T Saba (2008), Identification
and Allocation of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs). Environmental
Forensic, Exponent vol. 4; 1 – 4.