This document discusses human factors considerations for roadway design. It defines human factors as how people interact with systems, and notes its importance in designing roads, traffic controls, vehicles, and for the road user. It describes limitations in incorporating human factors into standards due to outdated data and models. Case studies demonstrate how road users seek navigational, guidance and control information differently depending on traffic conditions. Sign placement and letter height requirements are important human factor applications.
Highway Engineering for BE Civil Engineering Students
History of Roads in India, IRC, CRRI, Classification of Roads, Three 20 year Road Development Plans, Road patterns, Accident Studies,
Highway Engineering for BE Civil Engineering Students
History of Roads in India, IRC, CRRI, Classification of Roads, Three 20 year Road Development Plans, Road patterns, Accident Studies,
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING - II - AIRPORT ENGINEERING:
FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF SITE FOR AIRPORT, AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS, ZONING LAWS, RUNWAY LENGTH, CORRECTION FOR RUNWAY LENGTH, ORIENTATION OF NRUNWAY, WIND ROSE DIAGRAM, RUNWAY LIGHTING SYSTEM.
Inauguracion "De trazos peregrinos" expo de Laura CastanedoAlfonso Caputo
Inauguracion "De trazos peregrinos" expo de Laura Castanedo en el Museo de la Acuarela de Toluca, Por Terra dell'Arte, MIDAC y Istituto Mexiquense de Cultura
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING - II - AIRPORT ENGINEERING:
FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF SITE FOR AIRPORT, AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS, ZONING LAWS, RUNWAY LENGTH, CORRECTION FOR RUNWAY LENGTH, ORIENTATION OF NRUNWAY, WIND ROSE DIAGRAM, RUNWAY LIGHTING SYSTEM.
Inauguracion "De trazos peregrinos" expo de Laura CastanedoAlfonso Caputo
Inauguracion "De trazos peregrinos" expo de Laura Castanedo en el Museo de la Acuarela de Toluca, Por Terra dell'Arte, MIDAC y Istituto Mexiquense de Cultura
Esta presentación define qué es Web Social y plantea 9 de sus conceptos, ya que aún en la actualidad existen quienes participan en la Web Social sin entender o asumir con claridad cuál es su verdadero concepto el cual dista por completo de los mecanismos de comunicación y publicidad tradicionales.
Study On Traffic Conlict At Unsignalized Intersection In Malaysia IOSR Journals
The research conducted is traffic conflict at unsignalized intersections . The purpose of this research
is to study accident data used as an identification of hazardous location leads to less accurate countermeasures.
It is because accidents are not always reported especially accident involving damage only and this situation can
reduce good comparative analysis. To overcome these lacks of accident data, many ways of employing nonaccident
data have been suggested. One of the ways using non-accident data is traffic conflicts, which is defined
as critical incidents not necessarily involving collisions. The traffic conflict technique was originally set up to
provide more reliable data and information of traffic problems at intersections which actually would replace the
unclear and incomplete recorded data accident. The conflict study was done at the selected unsignalized
intersection where types of traffic conflict can be identified and classified. Various road users involved in the
conflict at the unsignalized intersection were also observed. Then conflicts data captured were analyzed using
the computer program to observe for any conflicts at the intersections. The linear regression graph was used to
show the relationship between conflict and accident data where two different equations were derived from the
graph. This equation may be used to make a prediction for the relationship that might exist between those two
variables at another location.
Review of Environment Perception for Intelligent VehiclesDr. Amarjeet Singh
Overview of environment perception for intelligent
vehicles supposes to the state-of-the-art algorithms and
modeling methods are given, with a summary of their pros
and cons. A special attention is paid to methods for lane and
road detection, traffic sign recognition, vehicle tracking,
behavior analysis, and scene understanding. Integrated lane
and vehicle tracking for driver assistance system that
improves on the performance of both lane tracking and
vehicle tracking modules. Without specific hardware and
software optimizations, the fully implemented system runs at
near-real-time speeds of 11 frames per second. On-road
vision-based vehicle detection, tracking, and behavior
understanding. Vision based vehicle detection in the context of
sensor-based on-road surround analysis. We detail advances
in vehicle detection, discussing monocular, stereo vision, and
active sensor–vision fusion for on-road vehicle detection. The
traffic sign detection detailing detection systems for traffic
sign recognition (TSR) for driver assistance. Inherently in
traffic sign detection to the various stages: segmentation,
feature extraction, and final sign detection.
Simulation of pedestrian at intersection in urban congested areaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Pedestrian Conflict Risk Model at Unsignalized Locations on a Community Streetcoreconferences
Crossing a street at unsignalized location can be dangerous to pedestrians, especially the elderly. This paper evaluate the pedestrianvehicle collision risk on specific roads to identify that the degree of Pedestrian safety requires pedestrian intervention such as road improvement. First, age was a significant variable in that older people tend to be at greater risk than the non-elder people. There was an insignificant difference between the PSM of approaching vehicles that were traveling at speeds less than 30 km/h and those traveling at speeds in the range of 30-50 km/h. Interestingly, conflicts when the speed of the vehicles exceeded 50 km/h, the risk of conflict risk was higher than it was for vehicles traveling at speeds below 30km/h. The ratio of conflict risk for crossing gradient topography road was about 21.7 times greater than that for the non-gradient topography area. Regarding safety facilities, the 30 km/h speed limit sign influenced the risk situation of conflict. The ratio of conflict risk for a road with the safety facility was about 0.395 times lower than that for an unmarked road.
Review on Design & Implementation of Road Side Symbol Detection In VANETIJERA Editor
Establishment of vehicular ad-hoc network plays important role in smart traffic management system. Researcher
can create VANET by information sharing of road side unit, vehicle and traffic system & implementing it in real
world. This system implemented to detect road signs from a moving vehicle. In this technology vehicle is able
to detect traffic signs which are on the road side boards e.g. "speed limit" or "school" or "turn ahead". Consider
a condition, user is driving a car at night or in rainy season then it is not possible for driver to keep watch on
each and every road symbol or the message plates like turn, speed breaker, school, diversion etc. Here in this
proposed system every road side board or symbol will use one signal transmitter and the moment vehicle passes
from that road side board the vehicle will receive signals with the help of receiver and indicates the symbol on
LCD display which is in the car. So that the driver can able to concentrate on driving vehicle.
Review on Design & Implementation of Road Side Symbol Detection In VANETIJERA Editor
Establishment of vehicular ad-hoc network plays important role in smart traffic management system. Researcher
can create VANET by information sharing of road side unit, vehicle and traffic system & implementing it in real
world. This system implemented to detect road signs from a moving vehicle. In this technology vehicle is able
to detect traffic signs which are on the road side boards e.g. "speed limit" or "school" or "turn ahead". Consider
a condition, user is driving a car at night or in rainy season then it is not possible for driver to keep watch on
each and every road symbol or the message plates like turn, speed breaker, school, diversion etc. Here in this
proposed system every road side board or symbol will use one signal transmitter and the moment vehicle passes
from that road side board the vehicle will receive signals with the help of receiver and indicates the symbol on
LCD display which is in the car. So that the driver can able to concentrate on driving vehicle.
Awareness on Road Signs and Markings of Drivers and Passengers along Maharlik...IJAEMSJORNAL
Road signs and markings are an integral part of the transportation systems which are logically designed and employed to provide essential road information for commuters’ safety and protection. The study is an evaluation of drivers and passengers’ awareness regarding road signs and markings along Maharlika Highway in the Province of Nueva Ecija particularly between the cities of San Jose and Cabanatuan. While drivers understanding and perception of road signs and markings were very substantial in the study, the perceptions of common passengers wereadded, because they are generally the victims of road accidents. A total of 100 drivers and passengers from the locality were surveyed based on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (4). The findings showed thatdrivers were aware and knowledgeable about road signs and markings but did not strictly abide by it. Passengers, on the other hand, were not very much aware of road safety features like road signs and markings and relied heavily on the capability of drivers since they believe that drivers were following rules and regulations onroad signs and markings.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
The Street Tree Effect and Driver Safety
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For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
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Free School Gardening Art Posters
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
MODELLING OF PEDESTRIAN GAP ACCEPTANCE BEHAVIOUR AT UNCONTROLLED INTERSECTIONS
Human Factor
1. LOGO
Human Factors for road systems
Sudipta Sarkar
ENCI 473: Transportation Planning
2. Contents
1 What is Human Factor
2 Human Factor and Highway system
3 Limitations of humans factors incorporated into
3 standards and guidelines
44 How road users seek information
Case Study: Appropriate Sign Placement
5 and Letter Height Requirements
6 Some Human Factor Applications
3. What is Human Factor
Human factors is the scientific discipline that studies how
people interact with devices, products, and systems.
As applied to highway system, human factors is concerned
with the design of the roadway and operating environment
and the vehicle.
4. Human Factor and Highway System
The road
The traffic control
Road user (with a
vehicle or without a
vehicle)
Engineers can design roadways, traffic control devices, and vehicles, but they
cannot design the road user. They can design for the road user. Human
factors provides an objective basis for doing this.
For the highway system to operate efficiently and safety, each of these
components must work together as a combined unit
5. Limitations of humans factors incorporated into
standards and guidelines
roadways have been designed for many years while the science of
human factors was still maturing as a discipline
Some practices are based on out-dated or inadequate behavioral data.
Some practices are based on simple models of what road users see or
do. These models may work well for most cases but may over-simplify
other situations.
Design equations are based on certain operational and user behaviour
assumptions and these assumptions are not always met.
There may be particular human factors concerns for special user groups
and these concerns may have prominence for certain applications-with
the aging of the general population, there has become much greater
concern with older road users, although their needs are not fully reflected
in standards and practice.
6. How road users seek information
Road users seek information for
Navigation-information relates to getting from point A to B
Guidance-information relates to lane selection
Control- related to selection of vehicle speed, level of braking , and
steering
[Alexander & Lunenfeld, 1990]
7. How road users seek information
Road user scan the road environment seeking the most
meaningful information (MMI) for navigation, guidance and
control
scan depends on the presence or absence of potentially hazardous
situations as they perceive them - both longitudinal and lateral
hazards.
They develop an expectancy of the roadway based on what they
previously experienced upstream
This searching and scanning process is continuous for the
duration of the trip
8. Examples of User-Scanned Road Environments
The following examples were prepared by showing subjects hard copies of the
roadway scenes, some with approaching vehicles and some with no approaching
vehicles (Tignor, 2006).
The subjects were asked to identify the most important information they would
consider should they confront that situation when driving.
The road is in a suburban environment and it has a speed limit of 35 mi/h.
A color code was used to prioritize the information from most to least important.
The priority of the color code was from left to right with dark green as priority one.
First Priority Last Priority
9. Examples of User-Scanned Road Environments
The following examples were prepared by showing subjects hard copies of the
roadway scenes, some with approaching vehicles and some with no approaching
vehicles (Tignor, 2006).
The subjects were asked to identify the most important information they would
consider should they confront that situation when driving.
The road is in a suburban environment and it has a speed limit of 35 mi/h.
A color code was used to prioritize the information from most to least important.
The priority of the color code was from left to right with dark green as priority one.
First Priority Last Priority
13. Examples of User-Scanned Road Environments
The first example illustrates what subjects identify as MMI when there is a
lot of activity in the road environment.
when no vehicles are moving toward the road users many items are
identified as possible sources of meaningful information even though the
road environment has many parked vehicles, three intersections, and a
distant curve.
The presence of approaching vehicles changes what road users consider
as important information. Approaching vehicles clearly induce the road
users to concentrate their attention to them as sources of MMI. The items
having the highest frequency of visual sources of meaningful information
are approaching vehicles, the nearest intersections, and a distant curve.
17. Examples of User-Scanned Road Environments
drivers approaching a very short vertical curve that has the potential of
hiding downstream vehicles. Just upstream of the crest is a speed limit sign.
It shows that many of the subjects look to the speed limit sign as the first or
second most meaningful source of information as opposed to the crest
beyond, which could hide a vehicle or other hazard in the roadway.
They look at the speed limit sign whether a vehicle is or is not ahead of
them. The short vertical curve is a roadway hazard, but the speed limit sign
creates an additional hazard.
If the road design and traffic engineering had been coordinated, more time
would have been available for the road user to seek the MMI for assessing a
potential conflict at the crest. From a safety perspective the speed limit sign
should be relocated.
18. Observations from Examples
The previous two examples show some interesting results:
The selection process is different depending upon the presence or absence of
other vehicles. When the roadway has no other vehicles in the forward view,
the subjects’ search is longitudinally and laterally broad and downstream from
their current road location. They are primarily seeking information for guiding
and controlling the vehicle.
When other vehicles are within their forward view, whether approaching or
traveling in the same direction, the subjects’ search is more selective. They
tend to focus first on other vehicles in the road environment and second on
information for guidance and control.
The examples illustrate how important it is for the road design and traffic
control components to be coordinated to prevent competition for road user
attention, which compromises user safety.