The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
Nigeria has a matured flexible pavement road network owned by the public sector called the Federal Road. The 72km road networks from Ilesha – Akure are providing excellent service to road users for interstate movement. Due to movement of vehicles on the road, bitumen pavements tend to crack at some point of their lives under the combined action of traffic and the environment. These cracks are defects in the pavement surfacing which weaken the pavement and allow water to penetrate and cause potholes on the pavement. The results of a study conducted to facilitate the development of road pavement performance models that are appropriate for Nigeria and other similar developing countries, which could predict the rate of deterioration over their lifespan, have been presented. Comprehensive investigations were carried out on the expressway from the Federal University of Technology (FUTA) North Gate to NNPC Mega Station in Akure, Ondo State – apparently one of the busiest section along the road. The data collected are on traffic characteristics, Structural Number (pavement thickness), potholes and other distress types. Using these data and with the help of stepwise regression analysis, models were developed to predict the road pavement deterioration within the area of study and that could be useful for evaluating the failure susceptibility of the road. The calibrated model has 98.8% and 98.7% as R2 and adjusted R2 respectively. The model also has 8.8% (as average) difference between the predicted and actual rate of deterioration. The model can therefore, be used for planning maintenance programs of flexible pavement roads.
Modeling of driver lane choice behavior with artificial neural networks (ann)...cseij
In parallel to the economic developments, the importance of road transportation was significantly
increased in Turkey. As a result of this, long-distance freight transportation gains more importance and
hence numbers of the heavy vehicles were significantly increased. Consequently, road surface deformations
are observed on the roads as the increasing freight transportation and climatic conditions influence the
road surface. Therefore, loss of functionality of the road surface is observed and drivers are much prone to
accident due to their driving characteristics as they can have more tendencies to change their lanes not to
pass through the deformation area. In this study, the lane changing behaviors of the drivers were
investigated and both Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Linear Regression (LR) models were proposed
to simulate the driver behavior of lane changing who approach to a specific road deformation area. The
potential of ANN model for simulating the driver behavior was evaluated with successive comparison of the
model performances with LR model. While there was a slight performance increase for the ANN model with
respect to LR model, it is quite evident that, ANN models can play an important role for predicting the
driver behavior approaching a road surface deformation. It can be said that, approaching speed plays an
important factor on the lane changing behavior of a driver. This can be criticized by the fact that, drivers
with high approaching speeds more likely pass through the deformation to avoid the accidents while
changing their lanes with a high speed.
Focused on the lane occupancy phenomenon, this paper analyzes the roads during two different accidents to the evacuation period. Firstly, according to the statistical data, this paper calculated the correction coefficients under the road traffic condition, and then obtained the actual traffic capacity result at each moment of the road when combining the function model of the actual traffic capacity corrected by the running speed and the road traffic condition. Next the actual traffic capacity results are fitted to the Smooth spline interpolation, and then the actual traffic capacity is further verified by the traffic congestion situation. The actual traffic capacity of the road during the accident to evacuation is summarized as follows: the actual traffic capacity shows a nonlinear trend, that is, ascending-attenuating-recovering and gradually stabilizing. Finally, using Mann-Whitney U test to carry out the difference test on the actual traffic capacity, it is found that there is significant difference between the two groups of data, and the actual traffic capacity of the second case is stronger than that of the first one, and the reasons for the difference are analyzed as follows: the ratio of the steering traffic volume at the downstream intersection is different; this road section includes the community intersection and there are vehicles entering and leaving; meanwhile the speed of each lane is different and there are buildings near the lane. The above conclusions will provide theoretical basis for the traffic management department to correctly guide the vehicle driving, approve the road construction, design the road channelization plan, set the roadside parking space and the non-port-type bus stations.
Nigeria has a matured flexible pavement road network owned by the public sector called the Federal Road. The 72km road networks from Ilesha – Akure are providing excellent service to road users for interstate movement. Due to movement of vehicles on the road, bitumen pavements tend to crack at some point of their lives under the combined action of traffic and the environment. These cracks are defects in the pavement surfacing which weaken the pavement and allow water to penetrate and cause potholes on the pavement. The results of a study conducted to facilitate the development of road pavement performance models that are appropriate for Nigeria and other similar developing countries, which could predict the rate of deterioration over their lifespan, have been presented. Comprehensive investigations were carried out on the expressway from the Federal University of Technology (FUTA) North Gate to NNPC Mega Station in Akure, Ondo State – apparently one of the busiest section along the road. The data collected are on traffic characteristics, Structural Number (pavement thickness), potholes and other distress types. Using these data and with the help of stepwise regression analysis, models were developed to predict the road pavement deterioration within the area of study and that could be useful for evaluating the failure susceptibility of the road. The calibrated model has 98.8% and 98.7% as R2 and adjusted R2 respectively. The model also has 8.8% (as average) difference between the predicted and actual rate of deterioration. The model can therefore, be used for planning maintenance programs of flexible pavement roads.
Modeling of driver lane choice behavior with artificial neural networks (ann)...cseij
In parallel to the economic developments, the importance of road transportation was significantly
increased in Turkey. As a result of this, long-distance freight transportation gains more importance and
hence numbers of the heavy vehicles were significantly increased. Consequently, road surface deformations
are observed on the roads as the increasing freight transportation and climatic conditions influence the
road surface. Therefore, loss of functionality of the road surface is observed and drivers are much prone to
accident due to their driving characteristics as they can have more tendencies to change their lanes not to
pass through the deformation area. In this study, the lane changing behaviors of the drivers were
investigated and both Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Linear Regression (LR) models were proposed
to simulate the driver behavior of lane changing who approach to a specific road deformation area. The
potential of ANN model for simulating the driver behavior was evaluated with successive comparison of the
model performances with LR model. While there was a slight performance increase for the ANN model with
respect to LR model, it is quite evident that, ANN models can play an important role for predicting the
driver behavior approaching a road surface deformation. It can be said that, approaching speed plays an
important factor on the lane changing behavior of a driver. This can be criticized by the fact that, drivers
with high approaching speeds more likely pass through the deformation to avoid the accidents while
changing their lanes with a high speed.
Focused on the lane occupancy phenomenon, this paper analyzes the roads during two different accidents to the evacuation period. Firstly, according to the statistical data, this paper calculated the correction coefficients under the road traffic condition, and then obtained the actual traffic capacity result at each moment of the road when combining the function model of the actual traffic capacity corrected by the running speed and the road traffic condition. Next the actual traffic capacity results are fitted to the Smooth spline interpolation, and then the actual traffic capacity is further verified by the traffic congestion situation. The actual traffic capacity of the road during the accident to evacuation is summarized as follows: the actual traffic capacity shows a nonlinear trend, that is, ascending-attenuating-recovering and gradually stabilizing. Finally, using Mann-Whitney U test to carry out the difference test on the actual traffic capacity, it is found that there is significant difference between the two groups of data, and the actual traffic capacity of the second case is stronger than that of the first one, and the reasons for the difference are analyzed as follows: the ratio of the steering traffic volume at the downstream intersection is different; this road section includes the community intersection and there are vehicles entering and leaving; meanwhile the speed of each lane is different and there are buildings near the lane. The above conclusions will provide theoretical basis for the traffic management department to correctly guide the vehicle driving, approve the road construction, design the road channelization plan, set the roadside parking space and the non-port-type bus stations.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Better efficiency of the air transport system of a country at the national level, especially in terms of its
capacity to generate value for passenger flow and cargo transport, effectively depends on the identification of
the demand generation potential of each hub for this type of service. This requires the mapping of the passenger
flow and volume of cargo transport of each region served by the system and the number of connections. The
main goal of this study was to identify important factors that account for the great variability (demand) of
regional hubsof the airport modal system in operation in the State of São Paulo, the most populated and
industrialized in the Southeast region in Brazil. For this purpose, datasets for each airport related to passengers
or cargo flow were obtained from time series data in the period ranging from January 01, 2008 to December
31, 2014. Different data analysis approaches could imply in better mapping of the flow of the air modal system
from the evaluation of some factors related to operations/volume. Therefore, different statistical models - such
as multiple linear regression with normal errors and new stochastic volatility (SV) models - are introduced in
this study, to provide a better view of the operation system in the four main regional hubs, within a large group
of 32 airports reported in the dataset.
STUDY ON HISTORICAL COMMUTER TRAFFIC PATTERN OF DHAKA-CHITTAGONG HIGHWAY (NH-...IAEME Publication
Dhaka-Chittagong Highway, which is the main transportation artery for the economy of Bangladesh. Approximately 257 kilometers in length, the road links the country's two largest cities, Dhaka and Chittagong. The NH-1 is a top development priority and is the most demanding road in Bangladesh. Recent enormous congestion, long traffic queue and road accidents ascertains that the highway was built based on non-engineered way or else proper traffic study was not performed during the construction of that highways. Regrettably no extensive traffic studies have been completed on NH-1 by the Government of Bangladesh till now. However, an attempt is made through this research to establish daily, weekly and monthly traffic flow factors along NH-1. Usually traffic data collection and analysis follows varying trends and plays an important role in the evaluation and management of road network schemes.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
THE INFLUENCE OF LAND USE AND TRAFFIC FLOW TO THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ROAD C...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the results of a study of roads performance which is influenced by existing traffic flow and land use along the roads corridors. A model approachto know the influence of traffic flow and land use on the performance of thecorridors ofManado-Bitungin Indonesia,is using Structural EquationModeling (SEM). The results of the study showed that the performance of the corridor of the road Manado-BitungModel with the approach of SEMis the model fit based on the criteria of Goodness of Fit (GoF). Aspect of traffic flow and land use provide the greatest impact on the performance of the corridor roads of Manado-Bitungwith value of 0.591 and 0.400 respectively. Meanwhile, the transportation systemand transportation users did not give any direct impact to the performance of the corridor.On the other hand, transportation system gave the direct impact to transportation users (0.657), the land use give direct impact to the traffic flow (0.644)and the transportation users in fact gave direct impact to the traffic flow (0.181).
Large cities in developing countries are characterized by growth in automobile ownership, insufficient
transportation infrastructure and service development. These cities often suffer from congestion, poor mobility
and accessibility, significant economic waste, adverse environmental impact and safety problems. This paper
focuses on identification of travel time characteristics and other traffic parameters and to develop a predictive
model for travel time on Akure major roads. Data on travel time were collected for vehicles during the morning
and evening peak periods using floating car technique. The data was analyzed using Statistical Packages for
Social Sciences (SPSS) and fitted into Multiple Regression model to establish a relationship between the
Travel Time and other road traffic parameters. Travel time (Tt) was modeled as a function of section length
(X1), number of intersections (X2), pedestrian/ economic activities (X3), Traffic volume (X4), enforcement
agency (X5) and road width (X6). The Coefficient of multiple determination R2 was 0.702 which means that
there is 70.2% of the dependent variable (travel time) in the forward direction as explained (accounted) by the
independent variables and 72.2% in the opposite direction. The result revealed that section length, pedestrian
economic activity and traffic volume were all significant at 5% level and has a positive relationship with travel
time in both forward and reverse direction. The model identifies the impact of these traffic parameters on travel
time and recommend measures for improvement.
A Review on Road Traffic Models for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)IJSRD
Traffic flow models seek to describe the interaction of vehicles with their drivers and the infrastructure. Almost all the models directly or indirectly characterize the relationship among the traffic variables: the position, the speed, the flow, and the density of vehicles. These relationships can be based on either the behavior of individual vehicles in a traffic network in relation to the dynamics of other vehicles, the overall characteristics of the flow of vehicles in a traffic network, or a combination of the behavior of individual vehicles in a traffic network and the overall traffic flow characteristics. This paper describes the different models for automatic Traffic control system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Pavement management systems (PMS) play a significant role in cost-effective management of highway networks to optimize pavement performance over predicted service life of the pavements. Although, the Iowa DOT manages three primary highway systems (i.e., Interstate, US, and Iowa highways) that represent 8% (approximately 9,000 miles) of the total roadway system in the state (114,000 miles), these systems carry around 62% of the total vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and 92% of the total large truck VMT. In this research, historical climate data was acquired from relevant agencies and integrated with pavement condition data to include all related variables in prediction modeling. An artificial neural network (ANN) model was used to predict the performance of ride, cracking, rutting, and faulting indices on different pavement types. The goodness of fit of the ANN prediction models was compared with the conventional multiple linear regression (MLR) models. The results show that ANN models are more accurate in predicting future conditions than MLR models. The contribution of input variables in prediction models were also estimated. The results indicated that climate factors directly influenced the pavement conditions, and ANN model results can be used by the decision makers to establish appropriate management actions to withstand harsh weather over the years.
Existing Facilities And Deficiencies In A Busy Intersection At Dhaka Based On...IJERA Editor
Roundabouts have become increasingly popular in recent years as an innovative operational and safety solution at both low volume and high volume intersections. This paper contains capacity analysis of existing roads at a busy intersection in Dhaka named Polashi intersection, compare capacity and volume, AADT, velocity study, road user behavior, pedestrian flow analysis for proposed roundabout. Evaluations are made on a rational basis using qualitative analysis wherever possible and accepting that some matters determine by the exercise of judgments. Roundabouts have a number of advantages over traffic signals depending on the conditions. They reduce the severity of crashes since head-on and right-angle conflicts are nearly eliminated. They may consume less land area since turn pocket lanes are not needed. They have lower energy and maintenance costs
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Determination of congestion charge for car users in cbd area of thiruvanantha...eSAT Journals
Abstract Congestion is a situation in which demand for road space exceeds supply and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, higher transportation costs and increased vehicular queuing. Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala, is the second largest and most populous city in the state.The roads and neighbourhoods of the city experiences more chronic congestion and serious crashes than ever before due to higher share of personalized transport and para-transit modes in traffic stream. The present study conducted in Central Business District (CBD) area of Thiruvananthapuram city. The periods of peak congestion in Thiruvananthapuram now last for 4 hours from 8.00 to 10.00 in the morning and from 4.00 to 6.00 in the evening. In this paper, an attempt has been made to assess the congestion level experienced on major road corridors of the city and to determine congestion charge for car users in Mahatma Gandhi Road, which is the most congested road corridor of Thiruvanathapuram city. The method used for the determination of optimal pricing is related to the point of pricing where the external costs are met by the revenue generated by the pricing level. Keywords: Congestion pricing, External costs of congestion, Travel time, Demand elasticity.
working conditions of bus drivers in a large brazilian metropolisUlisses Costa
A survey of 357 bus drivers from the city of Salvador in order to understand the working conditions under which they are submitted and their impact on the work performance of these professionals
Using of intelligent communicational devices in controlling road structural w...IOSR Journals
The goal of this paper is to state and evaluate the differences in gap acceptance observations
between left lane and right lane change, and experiment overall aggressiveness by the means of right lane
change behaviors and use of electrical instruments for reaching this goal, furthermore we use Digital Signal
Processing on our controlling cameras to be able to distinguish different behaviours of drivers. Also, in this
paper we evaluate the decision making process of drivers, we do this work with use of electrical sensors for
accumulating some data and clarifying and processing them and finally with use of cumulative distribution
functions of driver lane change behaviours from the observed field data. These experiments are performed for
drivers using I-20 in Grand Prairie, Texas with the roadside controlling cameras and some other electronical
controlling instruments which were amounted near the intersection of I-20 and Great Southwest Blvd. Our
experiments and evaluations demonstrates, that the whole ratio of right lane change observations to left lane
change observations was close to 3 to 1.
Pedestrian Conflict Risk Model at Unsignalized Locations on a Community Streetcoreconferences
Crossing a street at unsignalized location can be dangerous to pedestrians, especially the elderly. This paper evaluate the pedestrianvehicle collision risk on specific roads to identify that the degree of Pedestrian safety requires pedestrian intervention such as road improvement. First, age was a significant variable in that older people tend to be at greater risk than the non-elder people. There was an insignificant difference between the PSM of approaching vehicles that were traveling at speeds less than 30 km/h and those traveling at speeds in the range of 30-50 km/h. Interestingly, conflicts when the speed of the vehicles exceeded 50 km/h, the risk of conflict risk was higher than it was for vehicles traveling at speeds below 30km/h. The ratio of conflict risk for crossing gradient topography road was about 21.7 times greater than that for the non-gradient topography area. Regarding safety facilities, the 30 km/h speed limit sign influenced the risk situation of conflict. The ratio of conflict risk for a road with the safety facility was about 0.395 times lower than that for an unmarked road.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Better efficiency of the air transport system of a country at the national level, especially in terms of its
capacity to generate value for passenger flow and cargo transport, effectively depends on the identification of
the demand generation potential of each hub for this type of service. This requires the mapping of the passenger
flow and volume of cargo transport of each region served by the system and the number of connections. The
main goal of this study was to identify important factors that account for the great variability (demand) of
regional hubsof the airport modal system in operation in the State of São Paulo, the most populated and
industrialized in the Southeast region in Brazil. For this purpose, datasets for each airport related to passengers
or cargo flow were obtained from time series data in the period ranging from January 01, 2008 to December
31, 2014. Different data analysis approaches could imply in better mapping of the flow of the air modal system
from the evaluation of some factors related to operations/volume. Therefore, different statistical models - such
as multiple linear regression with normal errors and new stochastic volatility (SV) models - are introduced in
this study, to provide a better view of the operation system in the four main regional hubs, within a large group
of 32 airports reported in the dataset.
STUDY ON HISTORICAL COMMUTER TRAFFIC PATTERN OF DHAKA-CHITTAGONG HIGHWAY (NH-...IAEME Publication
Dhaka-Chittagong Highway, which is the main transportation artery for the economy of Bangladesh. Approximately 257 kilometers in length, the road links the country's two largest cities, Dhaka and Chittagong. The NH-1 is a top development priority and is the most demanding road in Bangladesh. Recent enormous congestion, long traffic queue and road accidents ascertains that the highway was built based on non-engineered way or else proper traffic study was not performed during the construction of that highways. Regrettably no extensive traffic studies have been completed on NH-1 by the Government of Bangladesh till now. However, an attempt is made through this research to establish daily, weekly and monthly traffic flow factors along NH-1. Usually traffic data collection and analysis follows varying trends and plays an important role in the evaluation and management of road network schemes.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
THE INFLUENCE OF LAND USE AND TRAFFIC FLOW TO THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ROAD C...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the results of a study of roads performance which is influenced by existing traffic flow and land use along the roads corridors. A model approachto know the influence of traffic flow and land use on the performance of thecorridors ofManado-Bitungin Indonesia,is using Structural EquationModeling (SEM). The results of the study showed that the performance of the corridor of the road Manado-BitungModel with the approach of SEMis the model fit based on the criteria of Goodness of Fit (GoF). Aspect of traffic flow and land use provide the greatest impact on the performance of the corridor roads of Manado-Bitungwith value of 0.591 and 0.400 respectively. Meanwhile, the transportation systemand transportation users did not give any direct impact to the performance of the corridor.On the other hand, transportation system gave the direct impact to transportation users (0.657), the land use give direct impact to the traffic flow (0.644)and the transportation users in fact gave direct impact to the traffic flow (0.181).
Large cities in developing countries are characterized by growth in automobile ownership, insufficient
transportation infrastructure and service development. These cities often suffer from congestion, poor mobility
and accessibility, significant economic waste, adverse environmental impact and safety problems. This paper
focuses on identification of travel time characteristics and other traffic parameters and to develop a predictive
model for travel time on Akure major roads. Data on travel time were collected for vehicles during the morning
and evening peak periods using floating car technique. The data was analyzed using Statistical Packages for
Social Sciences (SPSS) and fitted into Multiple Regression model to establish a relationship between the
Travel Time and other road traffic parameters. Travel time (Tt) was modeled as a function of section length
(X1), number of intersections (X2), pedestrian/ economic activities (X3), Traffic volume (X4), enforcement
agency (X5) and road width (X6). The Coefficient of multiple determination R2 was 0.702 which means that
there is 70.2% of the dependent variable (travel time) in the forward direction as explained (accounted) by the
independent variables and 72.2% in the opposite direction. The result revealed that section length, pedestrian
economic activity and traffic volume were all significant at 5% level and has a positive relationship with travel
time in both forward and reverse direction. The model identifies the impact of these traffic parameters on travel
time and recommend measures for improvement.
A Review on Road Traffic Models for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)IJSRD
Traffic flow models seek to describe the interaction of vehicles with their drivers and the infrastructure. Almost all the models directly or indirectly characterize the relationship among the traffic variables: the position, the speed, the flow, and the density of vehicles. These relationships can be based on either the behavior of individual vehicles in a traffic network in relation to the dynamics of other vehicles, the overall characteristics of the flow of vehicles in a traffic network, or a combination of the behavior of individual vehicles in a traffic network and the overall traffic flow characteristics. This paper describes the different models for automatic Traffic control system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Pavement management systems (PMS) play a significant role in cost-effective management of highway networks to optimize pavement performance over predicted service life of the pavements. Although, the Iowa DOT manages three primary highway systems (i.e., Interstate, US, and Iowa highways) that represent 8% (approximately 9,000 miles) of the total roadway system in the state (114,000 miles), these systems carry around 62% of the total vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and 92% of the total large truck VMT. In this research, historical climate data was acquired from relevant agencies and integrated with pavement condition data to include all related variables in prediction modeling. An artificial neural network (ANN) model was used to predict the performance of ride, cracking, rutting, and faulting indices on different pavement types. The goodness of fit of the ANN prediction models was compared with the conventional multiple linear regression (MLR) models. The results show that ANN models are more accurate in predicting future conditions than MLR models. The contribution of input variables in prediction models were also estimated. The results indicated that climate factors directly influenced the pavement conditions, and ANN model results can be used by the decision makers to establish appropriate management actions to withstand harsh weather over the years.
Existing Facilities And Deficiencies In A Busy Intersection At Dhaka Based On...IJERA Editor
Roundabouts have become increasingly popular in recent years as an innovative operational and safety solution at both low volume and high volume intersections. This paper contains capacity analysis of existing roads at a busy intersection in Dhaka named Polashi intersection, compare capacity and volume, AADT, velocity study, road user behavior, pedestrian flow analysis for proposed roundabout. Evaluations are made on a rational basis using qualitative analysis wherever possible and accepting that some matters determine by the exercise of judgments. Roundabouts have a number of advantages over traffic signals depending on the conditions. They reduce the severity of crashes since head-on and right-angle conflicts are nearly eliminated. They may consume less land area since turn pocket lanes are not needed. They have lower energy and maintenance costs
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Determination of congestion charge for car users in cbd area of thiruvanantha...eSAT Journals
Abstract Congestion is a situation in which demand for road space exceeds supply and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, higher transportation costs and increased vehicular queuing. Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala, is the second largest and most populous city in the state.The roads and neighbourhoods of the city experiences more chronic congestion and serious crashes than ever before due to higher share of personalized transport and para-transit modes in traffic stream. The present study conducted in Central Business District (CBD) area of Thiruvananthapuram city. The periods of peak congestion in Thiruvananthapuram now last for 4 hours from 8.00 to 10.00 in the morning and from 4.00 to 6.00 in the evening. In this paper, an attempt has been made to assess the congestion level experienced on major road corridors of the city and to determine congestion charge for car users in Mahatma Gandhi Road, which is the most congested road corridor of Thiruvanathapuram city. The method used for the determination of optimal pricing is related to the point of pricing where the external costs are met by the revenue generated by the pricing level. Keywords: Congestion pricing, External costs of congestion, Travel time, Demand elasticity.
working conditions of bus drivers in a large brazilian metropolisUlisses Costa
A survey of 357 bus drivers from the city of Salvador in order to understand the working conditions under which they are submitted and their impact on the work performance of these professionals
Using of intelligent communicational devices in controlling road structural w...IOSR Journals
The goal of this paper is to state and evaluate the differences in gap acceptance observations
between left lane and right lane change, and experiment overall aggressiveness by the means of right lane
change behaviors and use of electrical instruments for reaching this goal, furthermore we use Digital Signal
Processing on our controlling cameras to be able to distinguish different behaviours of drivers. Also, in this
paper we evaluate the decision making process of drivers, we do this work with use of electrical sensors for
accumulating some data and clarifying and processing them and finally with use of cumulative distribution
functions of driver lane change behaviours from the observed field data. These experiments are performed for
drivers using I-20 in Grand Prairie, Texas with the roadside controlling cameras and some other electronical
controlling instruments which were amounted near the intersection of I-20 and Great Southwest Blvd. Our
experiments and evaluations demonstrates, that the whole ratio of right lane change observations to left lane
change observations was close to 3 to 1.
Pedestrian Conflict Risk Model at Unsignalized Locations on a Community Streetcoreconferences
Crossing a street at unsignalized location can be dangerous to pedestrians, especially the elderly. This paper evaluate the pedestrianvehicle collision risk on specific roads to identify that the degree of Pedestrian safety requires pedestrian intervention such as road improvement. First, age was a significant variable in that older people tend to be at greater risk than the non-elder people. There was an insignificant difference between the PSM of approaching vehicles that were traveling at speeds less than 30 km/h and those traveling at speeds in the range of 30-50 km/h. Interestingly, conflicts when the speed of the vehicles exceeded 50 km/h, the risk of conflict risk was higher than it was for vehicles traveling at speeds below 30km/h. The ratio of conflict risk for crossing gradient topography road was about 21.7 times greater than that for the non-gradient topography area. Regarding safety facilities, the 30 km/h speed limit sign influenced the risk situation of conflict. The ratio of conflict risk for a road with the safety facility was about 0.395 times lower than that for an unmarked road.
Study On Traffic Conlict At Unsignalized Intersection In Malaysia IOSR Journals
The research conducted is traffic conflict at unsignalized intersections . The purpose of this research
is to study accident data used as an identification of hazardous location leads to less accurate countermeasures.
It is because accidents are not always reported especially accident involving damage only and this situation can
reduce good comparative analysis. To overcome these lacks of accident data, many ways of employing nonaccident
data have been suggested. One of the ways using non-accident data is traffic conflicts, which is defined
as critical incidents not necessarily involving collisions. The traffic conflict technique was originally set up to
provide more reliable data and information of traffic problems at intersections which actually would replace the
unclear and incomplete recorded data accident. The conflict study was done at the selected unsignalized
intersection where types of traffic conflict can be identified and classified. Various road users involved in the
conflict at the unsignalized intersection were also observed. Then conflicts data captured were analyzed using
the computer program to observe for any conflicts at the intersections. The linear regression graph was used to
show the relationship between conflict and accident data where two different equations were derived from the
graph. This equation may be used to make a prediction for the relationship that might exist between those two
variables at another location.
The Effects of Vehicle Speeds on Accident Frequency within Settlements along ...IJMER
Literature provides overwhelming evidence that a strong relationship exist between
vehicle speed and accident risk, and an outcome severity in the event of an accident. Excessive speed
is said to be a major causal factor of road accidents on trunk roads; contributing 60% of all vehicular
accidents. However, speed rationalization measures implemented on a number of trunk roads in
Ghana have realized very little success. This study therefore investigated the effects of vehicle speeds
on accident frequency within settlements along trunk roads. Data was collected on accidents, vehicle
speeds and other road and environment-related features for ninety-nine (99) settlements delineated
from four (4) trunk roads. Correlation analysis was employed to establish useful relationships and
provided insight into the contributions of relevant road and environmental-related variables to the
occurrence of road traffic accidents. Using the Negative Binomial error structure within the
Generalized Linear Model framework, core (flow-based) models were formulated based on accident
data and exposure variables (vehicle mileage, daily pedestrian flow and travel speed). Incremental
addition of relevant explanatory variables further expanded the core models into comprehensive
models. Findings indicate the main risk factors are number of accesses, daily pedestrian flow and
total vehicle kilometers driven, as vehicle speed did not appear to influence the occurrence of road
traffic accidents within settlements along trunk roads. In settlement corridors, mitigating accident
risks should not focus only on traffic calming but rather on measures that reduce pedestrian and
vehicular conflict situations as well as improve conspicuity around junctions
In this paper, I argue that modern roundabouts are a highly favorable solution for roadway intersections because of their benefits with regards to safety, environmental factors, and traffic flow efficiency. I begin by addressing public opinion of roundabouts and then explaining their safety benefits. Next, I demonstrate how roundabouts can overcome commonly perceived drawbacks related to usage by pedestrians, cyclists, oversize vehicles, and emergency vehicles. The penultimate sections are devoted to the cost and land considerations and the environmental benefits associated with roundabouts. Lastly, I show how roundabouts improve traffic flow efficiency and conclude that, all factors considered, roundabouts are a highly favorable design solution.
The Street Tree Effect and Driver Safety
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
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Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Awareness on Road Signs and Markings of Drivers and Passengers along Maharlik...IJAEMSJORNAL
Road signs and markings are an integral part of the transportation systems which are logically designed and employed to provide essential road information for commuters’ safety and protection. The study is an evaluation of drivers and passengers’ awareness regarding road signs and markings along Maharlika Highway in the Province of Nueva Ecija particularly between the cities of San Jose and Cabanatuan. While drivers understanding and perception of road signs and markings were very substantial in the study, the perceptions of common passengers wereadded, because they are generally the victims of road accidents. A total of 100 drivers and passengers from the locality were surveyed based on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (4). The findings showed thatdrivers were aware and knowledgeable about road signs and markings but did not strictly abide by it. Passengers, on the other hand, were not very much aware of road safety features like road signs and markings and relied heavily on the capability of drivers since they believe that drivers were following rules and regulations onroad signs and markings.
Cars are a very important part of this modern world because they give luxury and comfort. Even
though they are comfortable, some problems always keep arising on the safety side. After a lot of research they
rectified certain problems using air bags, auto parking, turbo charger, pedal shift…, etc.
And now we are going to discuss about one such problem that arises on the safety side. An unsuspected
accident occurs when people smash their fingers in between the car doors. Due to this kind of accident around
120,000 people are injured every year. But this was not taken as a very major safety concern for the customer.
To avoid this kind accident due to car doors, we are introducing “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”
with the help of “HYDRAULIC PISTON AND IR SENSORS”.
The major working process of the “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”is, when a person places his/her
hand or fingers in the gap between the door and the outer panel, at the time when the closing action of the door
takes place, the Sensors start to transmit the Infra Red Rays to the Receivers at the
other end, and so even if someone closes the door without anybody‟s knowledge the hydraulic piston will
automatically come out and stop the door from closing and prevent the person from the unsuspected accident
and minor injuries by the car door and ensure maximum safety to the customer.
Extrusion can be defined as the process of subjecting a material to compression so that it is forced to
flow through an opening of a die and takes the shape of the hole. Multi-hole extrusion is the process of
extruding the products through a die having more than one hole. Multi-hole extrusion increases the production
rate and reduces the cost of production. In this study the ram force has calculated experimentally for single hole
and multi-hole extrusion. The comparison of ram forces between the single hole and multi-hole extrusion
provides the inverse relation between the numbers of holes in a die and ram force. The experimental lengths of
the extruded products through the various holes of multi-hole die are different. It indicates that the flow pattern
is dependent on the material behavior. The micro-hardness test has done for the extruded products of lead
through multi-hole die. It is observed that the hardness of the extruded lead products from the central hole is
found to be more than that of the products extruded from other holes. The study suggests that multi-hole
extrusion can be used for obtaining the extruded products of lead with varying hardness. The micro-structure
study has done for the lead material before and after extrusion. It is observed that the size of grains of lead
material after extrusion is smaller than the original lead.
Analysis of Agile and Multi-Agent Based Process Scheduling Modelirjes
As an answer of long growing frustration of waterfall Software development life cycle concepts,
agile software development concept was evolved in 90’s. The most popular agile methodologies is the Extreme
Programming (XP). Most software companies nowadays aim to produce efficient, flexible and valuable
Software in short time period with minimal costs, and within unstable, changing environments. This complex
problem can be modeled as a multi-agent based system, where agents negotiate resources. Agents can be used to
represent projects and resources. Crucial for the multi-agent based system in project scheduling model, is the
availability of an effective algorithm for prioritizing and scheduling of task. To evaluate the models, simulations
were carried out with real life and several generated data sets. The developed model (Multi-agent based System)
provides an optimized and flexible agile process scheduling and reduces overheads in the software process as it
responds quickly to changing requirements without excessive work in project scheduling.
Effects of Cutting Tool Parameters on Surface Roughnessirjes
This paper presents of the influence on surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical alloy machined
on a CNC lathe based on cutting parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius).The
influences of cutting parameters have been presented in graphical form for understanding. To achieve the
minimum surface roughness, the optimum values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were
respectively, 318 rpm, 0,1 mm/rev, 0,7 mm and 0,8 mm. Maximum surface roughness has been revealed the
values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were respectively, 318 rpm, 0,25 mm/rev, 0,9
mm and 0,4 mm.
Possible limits of accuracy in measurement of fundamental physical constantsirjes
The measurement uncertainties of Fundamental Physical Constants should take into account all
possible and most influencing factors. One from them is the finiteness of the model that causes the existence of
a-priori error. The proposed formula for calculation of this error provides a comparison of its value with the
actual experimental measurement error that cannot be done an arbitrarily small. According to the suggested
approach, the error of the researched Fundamental Physical Constant, measured in conventional field studies,
will always be higher than the error caused by the finite number of dimensional recorded variables of physicalmathematical
models. Examples of practical application of the considered concept for measurement of fine
structure constant, speed of light and Newtonian constant of gravitation are discussed.
Performance Comparison of Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for Cogniti...irjes
With the rapid deployment of new wireless devices and applications, the last decade has witnessed a growing
demand for wireless radio spectrum. However, the policy of fixed spectrum assignment produces a bottleneck for more
efficient spectrum utilization, such that a great portion of the licensed spectrum is severely under-utilized. So the concept of
cognitive radio was introduced to address this issue.The inefficient usage of the limited spectrum necessitates the
development of dynamic spectrum access techniques, where users who have no spectrum licenses, also known as secondary
users, are allowed to use the temporarily unused licensed spectrum. For this purpose we have to know the presence or
absence of primary users for spectrum usage. So spectrums sensing is one of the major requirements of cognitive radio.Many
spectrum sensing techniques have been developed to sense the presence or absence of a licensed user. This paper evaluates
the performance of the energy detection based spectrum sensing technique in noisy and fading environments.The
performance of the energy detection technique will be evaluated by use of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves
over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels.
Comparative Study of Pre-Engineered and Conventional Steel Frames for Differe...irjes
In this paper, the conventional steel frames having triangular Pratt truss as a roofing system of 60 m
length, span 30m and varying bay spacing 4m, 5m and 6m respectively having eaves level for all the portals is at
10m and the EOT crane is supported at the height of 8m from ground level and pre-engineered steel frames of
same dimensions are analyzed and designed for wind zones (wind zone 2, wind zone 3, wind zone 4 and wind
zone 5) by using STAAD Pro V8i. The study deals with the comparative study of both conventional and preengineered
with respect to the amount of structural steel required, reduction in dead load of the structure.
Flip bifurcation and chaos control in discrete-time Prey-predator model irjes
The dynamics of discrete-time prey-predator model are investigated. The result indicates that the
model undergo a flip bifurcation which found by using center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory.
Numerical simulation not only illustrate our results, but also exhibit the complex dynamic behavior, such as the
periodic doubling in period-2, -4 -8, quasi- periodic orbits and chaotic set. Finally, the feedback control method
is used to stabilize chaotic orbits at an unstable interior point.
Energy Awareness and the Role of “Critical Mass” In Smart Citiesirjes
A Smart City could be depicted as a place, logical and physical, in which a crowd of heterogeneous
entities is related in time and space through different types of interactions. Any type of entity, whether it is a
device or a person, clustered in communities, becomes a source of context-based data.
Energy awareness is able to drive the process of bringing our society to limit energy waste and to optimize
usage of available resources, causing a strong environmental and social impact. Then, following social network
analysis methodologies related to the dynamics of complex systems, it is possible to find out, emergent and
sometimes hidden new habits of electricity usage. Through an initial Critical Mass, involving a multitude of
consumers, each related to more contexts, we evaluate the triggering and spreading of a collective attitude. To
this aim, in this paper, we propose a novel analytical model defining a new concept of critical mass, which
includes centrality measures both in a single layer and in a multilayer social network.
A Firefly Algorithm for Optimizing Spur Gear Parameters Under Non-Lubricated ...irjes
Firefly algorithm is one of the emerging evolutionary approaches for complex and non-linear
optimization problems. It is inspired by natural firefly‟s behavior such as movement of fireflies based on
brightness and by overcoming the constraints such as light absorption, obstacles, distance, etc. In this research,
firefly‟s movement had been simulated computationally to identify the best parameters for spur gear pair by
considering the design and manufacturing constraints. The proposed algorithm was tested with the traditional
design parameters and found the results are at par in less computational time by satisfying the constraints.
The Effect of Orientation of Vortex Generators on Aerodynamic Drag Reduction ...irjes
One of the main reasons for the aerodynamic drag in automotive vehicles is the flow separation
near the vehicle’s rear end. To delay this flow separation, vortex generators are used in recent vehicles. The
vortex generators are commonly used in aircrafts to prevent flow separation. Even though vortex generators
themselves create drag, but they also reduce drag by delaying flow separation at downstream. The overall effect
of vortex generators is more beneficial and proved by experimentation. The effect depends on the shape,size and
orientation of vortex generators. Hence optimized shape with proper orientation is essential for getting better
results.This paper presents the effect of vortex generators at different orientation to the flow field and the
mechanism by which these effects takes place.
An Assessment of The Relationship Between The Availability of Financial Resou...irjes
The availability of financial resources is an important element in impacting the success of a planning
process for an effective physical planning. The extent to which however, they are articulated in the process
remained elusive both in scholarly and public discourse. The objective of this study wastherefore, to examine
the extent to which financial resources affect physical planning. In doing so, the study examinedwhether
financial resources were adequate or not to facilitate planning processes in Paidha. According to the study
findings,budget prioritization and ceilings are still a challenge in Paidha Town Council. This is partly due
limited level of knowledge of physical planning among the officials of Paidha Town Council. As a result, there
were no dedicated budget line for routine inspection of physical development plan compliance and enforcement
tools in Paidha. In conclusion, in addressing uncoordinated patterns of physical development that characterize
Uganda‟s urban centres, a critical starting point ought to be the analysis of physical planning process. The
research of this kind is not only significant to other emerging urban centres facing poor a road network,
mushrooming informal settlements and poor social services including poor pattern of residential and commercial
developments but also to all institutions that are involved in planning these towns. Knowing the extent of need
for financial influences in planning may assist local authorities to take the processes of planning seriously which
will help enhance the sustainable development of emerging urban centres including Paidha.
The Choice of Antenatal Care and Delivery Place in Surabaya (Based on Prefere...irjes
- Person's desire to do a pregnancy examination is determined by the service place that suits the tastes
and facilities owned by it. Until now, the utilization of antenatal care by pregnant women is still low (Mardiana,
2014). The purpose of the study is to analyze factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care and delivery place
in Surabaya city based on the preferences and choice theory.
Type of survey research is cross sectional approach, the population is mothers who have children aged 1-
12 months in Surabaya. The large sample of 250 mothers who have children aged 1-12 months in 2013 is taken
by simple random sampling technique. Variables of the research are the preference elements and steps, choice
elements and steps, utilization of antenatal care and delivery place. Data were collected through questionnaires
and secondary data were then analyzed with descriptive statistics in the form of a frequency distribution, shown
by the schematic diagram.
The result showed that the preference elements and steps showed almost half (42.9%) desire to give birth
in a health care because of information got from someone else, while the choice element and step shows the
bulk (57.1%) of the criteria of delivery place chosen is a safe, comfortable and cheap delivery place, the labor
place which is the main choice most (57.1%) is cheap, comfortable, close.
Conclusion of the research based on the preferences and choice theory can be found three (3) new
theories, they are preferences become choice, preferences do not become choice, choice is preceded by
preferences
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish Caching
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
1. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 2, Issue 10 (October 2013), PP. 31-40
Interchange Crash Analysis by Type on Florida Highways
Doreen Kobelo Ph.D.
Florida A & M University Division of Construction & Civil Engineering Technology 1339 Wahnish way,
Benjamin Banneker Rm 102 Tallahassee, Fl 32307
Abstract:- For the past decades many studies have focused on the operations and safety of limited access
roadways. Most studies conducted were concerned with the general performance of the roadway segments and
using interchanges as variables within the analysis. However, interchanges are significant elements with
independent functionalities which are different from the basic segments of limited access roadways. There are
different types of interchanges and in Florida these interchanges have been classified into nine types. The
objective of this paper was to make an observation on the crash distributions for the different types of
interchanges in Florida, compare the distributions among themselves and compare them with the total crashes
that occurred from all interchanges. Another objective was to observe different variables that could affect
crashes on the interchanges and perform a regression analysis to infer their effects on crashes. The comparison
of the distributions showed that there are slight differences in the distributions and the regression analysis
showed the effects of some the variables affect interchanges different from how they affect basic limited access
segments.
I.
INTRODUCTION
For the past decades many studies have focuses on the operation and safety of limited access roadways.
Most studies conducted are concerned with the general performance of the limited access roadway to satisfy the
general operation of traffic in order to have efficient and safe roadways. There is often a tendency of researchers
producing contradicting results between operations and safety of the highways since some of the traffic
characteristics produce different results when analyzing safety and operation of the highways. One example is
the influence of trucks on limited access highways. Researchers have reported that the presence of a high
percentage of trucks on limited access highways reduces the roadway operations by reducing the speed which in
turn increase travel time (1, 2, 3). However, some studies show that since there is a reduction in speed then there
is a potential for increased safety when considering speed as a measure of safety (4, 5, 6).
Accessibility of limited access highways are made possible by interchanges which are systems of
interconnecting roadways with one or more grade separations which provide movement of traffic between two
or more roadways of similar or different characteristics such as speed, traffic and roadway class. Interchanges
are significant elements on the limited access highways and they are potential conflict locations. There are nine
types of interchanges in Florida as per the Roadway Characteristics Inventory (7) handbook and some are more
dominant than others depending on the location and the roads they serve as shown on the photographs in Figure
1. These interchanges are named according to the shape of the ramps which are a link between the main
roadway and the crossing roadway.
In the Florida Department of Transportation Strategic plan there were four goals for reducing the rate
of fatalities and serious injuries. The areas of concentration were aggressive driving, intersection crashes,
vulnerable road users and lane departure crashes. The lane departure strategic plan involved interchanges where
the goal was to improve public education, engineering, and law enforcement practices to reduce lane departure
crashes on limited access and rural two lane roadways (8).
TRB and AASHTO are in the process of producing a Highway Safety Manual (HSM) and their focus is
on producing quantitative formulae that can be used to produce the safety effects of the different roadway
segments. However, they reported on their 2006 report that the publication that is expected to be produced in
2008 did not contain freeway and interchange analysis for the HSM. Their objective was to produce
methodologies to predict highway safety performance for freeways and interchanges for both rural and urban
conditions. This paper provides preliminary information on the safety characteristics of interchanges which can
assist in the developing the quantitative evaluations of interchanges.
www.irjes.com
31 | Page
2. Interchange Crash Analysis by Type on Florida Highways
Diamond Interchange
Trumpet Interchange
Partial Diamond Interchange
2 Quadrant or Partial Cloverleaf
Y-Interchange
4 Quadrant Cloverleaf Interchange
Other
Figure 1: Types of Interchanges in Florida
II.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Most studies have concentrated on the freeway main line and used interchanges as one of the variables
in the analysis (3, 6); however freeway interchanges are the most critical points on the limited access highways
(9). Since there are a number of interchange types, there also is a need to solely analyze the safety characteristics
of the different interchange types and be able to report the conditions in which individual types of interchanges
operate safely and point out what characteristics have most influence on their safety. A few studies have been
done on interchanges where consistency on design of interchanges was found to be important (10). The study
showed that there were more crashes on a study segment which lacked consistency i.e. having different design
approach to the interchange compared to the rest of the interchanges that were on the study corridor. This study
was done on Highway 417 where one of the interchanges had the exit after the interchange and this segment
resulted in the highest frequency of PDO crashes as compared to the whole corridor of study. These types of
www.irjes.com
32 | Page
3. Interchange Crash Analysis by Type on Florida Highways
design interfere with driver expectancy especially those who are not regular commuters on that particular
roadway.
Another study done (9, 11) suggested that since turbulence on the roadways represents potential safety
hazards to the motorists, it would be safe to use the conflict rates as an indicator of ramp safety. Further, in
terms of operations freeway weaving sections, conflict rates were better measures of effectiveness than the
present average running weaving and non weaving speed measures of effectiveness and shown to be adequate
microscopic measure of turbulence. Rear end conflict rates were highly sensitive to change in volume capacity
ratio where as lane change conflict rates were highly sensitive to change in the weaving volume to total volume
ratio.
Chatterjee et.al (12) conducted a study with the goal of developing practical tools for assessing safety
consequences of freeway in the context of long-range urban transportation plans. The crash data used were
obtained from the North Carolina Department of Transportation and Tennessee Department of Transportation.
The authors pointed out that several studies have investigated the effects of roadway geometrics, driver and
environmental factors on the number and severity of crashes. However these models are difficult to use for longrange planning involving future highway networks because planners usually make forecasts of the values of
many of the explanatory variables used for these models. In their study they noticed the weakness from previous
studies where although there was evidence that crash risks between two types of freeway segments, segments
near interchanges and segments located away from interchanges, none of the studies treated these segments
separately. With that they suggested developing separate models for non interchange and interchange segments
being a reasonable approach considering the traffic flow characteristics in those two areas being different. The
conclusion made from their study was that there was a pattern of increase of crashes with the increase traffic
volume as being predicted from the two models from the Tennessee crash data and North Carolina data. They
further found out that interchange segments with four lanes were most crash prone when AADT exceeded
50,000 and 60,000 for North Carolina and Tennessee respectively. In this study only AADT and segment length
were used in the models.
The amalgamation of these studies shows how interchanges should analyzed as be a function of their
own when analyzing limited access roadways as it pertains to traffic operations as well as traffic safety. As
mentioned earlier there are is a spectrum of types of interchanges which are of different geometric, traffic and
environmental characteristics. It is imperative that researcher and practitioners understand their operations and
safety characteristics in order to have efficient and safer roadways.
A number of methods have been used to analyze crashes on roadways. The most common methods are
the before and after method which are used to monitor improvements or modifications done towards a certain
road and another method is prediction using different distributions. The most common distributions used are the
Poisson and Negative Binomial distributions. These two distributions have proven to provide close predictions
on crashes when observing the effects of a number of factors that may be assumed to affect the roadway crash
occurrence. However, it may be important to study different distributions from the data available in order to
produce better prediction models for a particular roadway facility. Probability Distribution Functions (PDF)
which are derived from the Cumulative Distribution Functions (CDF) may be a useful tool to produce a better
prediction model for these crash occurrences.
III.
OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE
The hypothesis is that different types of interchanges have different safety characteristics depending on
the type of traffic they serve and their configuration. In addition to that, different types of interchanges would
have different crash distributions which is also a function of the interchange configuration and the traffic it
serves. Moreover, it is hypothesized that the different crash severity levels have different distributions on
interchanges which could also impact the severity levels of crashes on limited access roadways. The main
objective of this paper is to assess the different types of interchanges in Florida and observe their crash
distribution (PDFs) and compare them with the Poisson distribution and depict how well the distributions match
and determine if the Poisson distribution can be used for these types of interchanges. The analysis of this study
was done using parametric and non parametric statistics where five year crash data was collected from 2003 to
2007 from interchanges on selected limited access roadways in Florida.
IV.
OVERVIEW
Previously herein nine types of interchanges were introduced and figure 1 showed the types of
interchanges that are found across the state of Florida. However, of those nine interchange types mentioned,
only eight of them had definite shapes to describe their types where as the ninth type was given a name “other”
which suggested that anything that does not conform with the other eight was put in this classification. For the
purpose of this analysis this interchange type, “other” was not considered since interchanges in this category
did not have common characteristics. The types of interchanges then considered in this study were the diamond,
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4. Interchange Crash Analysis by Type on Florida Highways
partial diamond, trumpet, Y- interchange, partial cloverleaf and cloverleaf. For database purposes interchange
types were numbered from 1 to 9 (where type 9 is the others category which was not considered in the analysis)
as shown in table 1 below.
Table 1:Types of interchange and numerical configuration
Interchange type
Numeric Configuration
Diamond
Type 1
Partial Diamond
Type 2
Trumpet
Type 3
Y intersection
Type 4
2 Quadrant Cloverleaf or Partial Cloverleaf
Type 5
4 Quadrant Cloverleaf with Collector Road Type 6
4 Quadrant Cloverleaf
Type 7
Direct Connection Design
Type 8
Other
Type 9
Quantity
441
177
65
30
306
8
13
61
17
For interchanges type 1 through type 8, an observation was made on the number of crashes that
occurred in these particular types of interchanges. This assisted in accounting for the types of interchanges that
have a potential to have more crashes than others and make inferences on some parameters that may cause this
behavior. However, since exposure is a factor for crash occurrence, along with the total number of crashes, crash
rates were also taken into consideration and this was used a measure of safety of the different types of
interchanges.
The data collected stratified that three type of interchange were dominant in the state and these were
the diamond interchange (type 1), partial diamond interchange (type 2) and the partial cloverleaf interchange
(type 5). With the total number of interchanges in the state being 1118, 40 % of the interchanges were diamond,
16% were partial diamond and 27% of the interchanges were partial cloverleaf. The rest of the interchanges
were less than 10% as shown in Table 1. These results also were reflected on the contribution that these types of
interchanges have on the total number of crashes yearly and the crash rates as shown in Table 2 and Table 3
respectively.
Table 2: Number of Crashes on Different types of Interchanges.
Crash Frequency
2003
2004
2005
2006
Interchange type
Diamond
635
267
247
214
Partial Diamond
308
113
158
102
Trumpet
49
24
24
28
Y intersection
25
23
26
24
2 Quadrant Cloverleaf or Partial 471
222
241
169
Cloverleaf
4 Quadrant Cloverleaf
with 4
2
1
0
Collector Road
4 Quadrant Cloverleaf
10
2
4
5
Direct Connection Design
83
56
62
52
Other
5
7
10
9
2007
130
104
17
20
142
0
0
34
3
Table 3: Crash rate in crashes per number of interchanges
Interchange type
Crash rates (crashes/ number of interchanges)
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Diamond
1.44
0.61
0.56
0.49
0.29
Partial Diamond
1.74
0.64
0.89
0.58
0.59
Trumpet
0.75
0.37
0.37
0.43
0.26
Y intersection
0.83
0.77
0.87
0.80
0.67
2 Quadrant Cloverleaf or 1.54
0.73
0.79
0.55
0.46
Partial Cloverleaf
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5. Interchange Crash Analysis by Type on Florida Highways
4 Quadrant Cloverleaf
Collector Road
with
4 Quadrant Cloverleaf
Direct Connection Design
Other
0.50
0.25
0.13
0.00
0.00
0.77
1.36
0.29
0.15
0.92
0.41
0.31
1.02
0.59
0.38
0.85
0.53
0.00
0.56
0.18
Analysis
As mentioned earlier herein, the dominant types of interchanges were diamond, partial diamond and
partial cloverleaf interchanges. This information was also reflected to the number of crashes. Since there was
more crash data available from these types of interchanges, the analysis only focused on them. The rest of the
interchanges did not have enough data point to be considered in this analysis.
The analysis of the three interchanges mentioned was done by comparing the total crash distributions and the
individual interchange type distribution and by comparing their distribution with the Poisson distribution.
Further analysis was done to determine the parameters that contribute to the occurrence of crashes on these
interchanges and make inferences on what type of interchange is more prone to crashes that the other.
V.
DIAMOND INTERCHANGE CRASHES
The distribution of crashes for the diamond interchanges was plot for the five years of analysis to
obtain the histograms which produced the CDFs used to produce PDFs for the particular years. As mentioned in
the earlier the Inverse Transformation (IT) method was used to produce the estimated distribution functions each
particular year. Figure 2 shows a comparison between the total crash distribution and the diamond interchange
crashes for the year 2007.
Figure 2: Comparison between Total Crashes and Diamond Interchanges
A comparison of the two distributions shows that there is a slight similarity among the two
distributions however, using the IT method, actual distributions were produced for the total crashes and the
diamond interchange crashes and these distributions are represented in Table 4.
Table 4: Distribution Equations for Comparison of Total Crashes and Diamond Interchange Crashes
Year Total Crash Functions
Diamond interchange Functions
25 ln 0.1778 r 1
2003
3.268 ln 10.718r
.... 0 r 0.73
e
x
65 .92 86 .55 1 r ..... 0.73 r 1
.... 0 r 0.796
e
x
20 21 .5 1 r ..... 0.796 r 1
2004
e 4.76 ln 1 0.561r .... 0 r 0.86
x
56 .198 90 .9 1 r ..... 0.86 r 1
e 2.23 ln 10.813r .... 0 r 0.934
x
19 34 .3 1 r ..... 0.934 r 1
2005
e 9.708 ln 1 0.0.311r .... 0 r 0.89
x
43 63 .25 1 r ..... 0.89 r 1
6.329 ln( 0.854 0.88r )....0 r 0.904
x
19 34.3 1 r .....0.904 r 1
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6. Interchange Crash Analysis by Type on Florida Highways
2006
e9.43 ln 0.487 r 1.... 0 r 0.81
x
52 66 .67 1 r ..... 0.81 r 1
9.8 ln( 0.903 0.889r )....0 r 0.993
x
27 34.25 1 r .....0.993 r 1
2007
e10.12 ln 0.417 r 1.... 0 r 0.87
x
42 52 .128 1 r ..... 0.87 r 1
7.692 ln( 0.878 0.946r )....0 r 0.85
x
21 20 1 r .....0.85 r 1
The distributions in Table 4. show that the crashes for the year 2003 and 2004 were both power
distributions however from the year 2004 to 2007 the best fitting distribution was the exponential distributions.
To test the statistical significance of the two distributions and Pearson’s Chi square test was performed which is
shown in table 7 will be discussed in the results discussion section.
VI.
PARTIAL DIAMOND INTERCHANGE CRASHES
Similar to the diamond interchanges, the comparison of the partial diamond interchange crashes was done with
the total crash distributions. However, there were fewer crashes from the partial diamond interchange with
approximately equal average number of crashes over the five years as shown in table 2. Figure 3 shows the
comparison of the total crashes and the partial diamond crashes for the year 2007.
Figure 3: Comparison between Total Crashes and Partial Diamond Interchanges
The distribution of the partial diamond interchange crashes has a slight similarity with the total crash
distribution for this particular year and it shows that the maximum probabilities for the lower level interval
crashes are approximately between 0.2 and 0.25 for both distributions. However Table 5 shows the actual
distributions for the years of analysis.
Table 5: Distribution Equations for Comparison of Total Crashes and Partial Diamond Interchange Crashes
Year
Total Crash Functions
Partial Diamond interchange Functions
2003
25 ln 0.1778r 1
3 ln 1 0.794 r
.... 0 r 0.73
.... 0 r 0.712
e
e
x
x
65 .92 86 .55 1 r ..... 0.73 r 1
20 21 .5 1 r ..... 0.99 r 1
2004
e 4.76 ln 1 0.561r .... 0 r 0.86
e 7.812 ln 1 0.346 r .... 0 r 0.787
x
x
56 .198 90 .9 1 r ..... 0.86 r 1
19 34 .3 1 r ..... 0.99 r 1
2005
e 9.708 ln 1 0.0.311r .... 0 r 0.89
x
43 63 .25 1 r ..... 0.89 r 1
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e7 ln 0.827 r 1.... 0 r 0.419
x
19 34 .3 1 r ..... 0.99 r 1
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7. Interchange Crash Analysis by Type on Florida Highways
2006
e9.43 ln 0.487 r 1.... 0 r 0.81
x
52 66 .67 1 r ..... 0.81 r 1
e 100 ln 1 0.032 r .... 0 r 0.974
x
19 34 .3 1 r ..... 0.99 r 1
2007
e10.12 ln 0.417 r 1.... 0 r 0.87
x
42 52 .128 1 r ..... 0.87 r 1
5.58 ln 0.823 1.125 r .... 0 r 0.692
x
19 34 .3 1 r ..... 0.99 r 1
The distributions shown in table 5 shows that all diamond interchange follow a power distribution
except for the 2007 distribution which has an exponential distribution. The significance difference between
these distributions was tested again by the Pearson Chi square test with which the summary is provided on table
7 in the summary section.
VII.
PARTIAL CLOVERLEAF INTERCHANGE CRASHES
The partial cloverleaf interchanges were the second highest in the number of this type of interchange.
This type of interchange was also expected to have similar distribution characteristics to the total crash
distribution. Similar to the previous types, a comparison of the total crash distributions was done with the partial
cloverleaf interchange and Figure 4 shows an example of the comparison for the distributions for 2007.
Figure 4: Comparison between Total Crashes and Partial cloverleaf Interchanges
The partial cloverleaf distributions had a lower highest probability for the lower crash intervals. The
partial cloverleaf interchanges had its highest probability between 0.18 and 0.2 where as that for the total crash
distributions has its highest probability above 0.2. Table 6 shows the actual distribution for the total crashes and
the partial cloverleaf crashes.
Table 6: Distribution Equations for Comparison of Total Crashes and Partial Cloverleaf Interchange Crashes
Year Total Crash Functions
Partial Cloverleaf interchange Functions
25 ln 0.1778 r 1
2003
e
e 3.65 ln 1 0.66 r .... 0 r 0.865
.... 0 r 0.73
x
65 .92 86 .55 1 r ..... 0.73 r 1
x
20 21 .5 1 r ..... 0.99 r 1
2004
e 4.76 ln 1 0.561r .... 0 r 0.86
x
56 .198 90 .9 1 r ..... 0.86 r 1
2005
e 9.708 ln 1 0.0.311r .... 0 r 0.89
x
43 63 .25 1 r ..... 0.89 r 1
4.46 ln 0.799 0.87 r .... 0 r 0.888
x
19 34 .3 1 r ..... 0.99 r 1
5.747 ln 0.84 0.876r ....0 r 0.909
x
19 34.3 1 r .....0.99 r 1
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8. Interchange Crash Analysis by Type on Florida Highways
2006
e9.43 ln 0.487 r 1.... 0 r 0.81
x
52 66 .67 1 r ..... 0.81 r 1
9 ln 0.895 0.904r ....0 r 0.94
x
19 34.3 1 r .....0.99 r 1
2007
e10.12 ln 0.417 r 1.... 0 r 0.87
x
42 52 .128 1 r ..... 0.87 r 1
10 .75 ln 0.911 0.875 r .... 0 r 0.94
x
19 34 .3 1 r ..... 0.99 r 1
The distributions for the partial cloverleaf were all exponential except for the 2003 crashes which
followed a power distribution. The results for the significant difference test are presented in Table 7and
discussed in detail.
VIII.
SIGNIFICANT TEST FOR THE DISTRIBUTIONS
Most distributions were similar to the total crashes distributions however there was a need to have a
quantitative test to confirm the hypothesis made by the graphs that were presented. Since the number of data
points was unequal for the interchanges, the distributions were used to simulate the crash distributions and the
results were used for the Pearson Chi square test analysis. For the simulation, 100 data points were produced.
Table 7 shows the summary of the results.
Table 7: Comparison of the Interchange type distributions with total crash distribution
Year
Type of
Interchange
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Diamond
1.000
0.207
1.000
1.000
1.000
Partial
Diamond
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
Partial
Cloverleaf
1.000
0.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
The results from table 7 provide the probability for accepting the null hypothesis for the Pearson’s Chi
square distribution that the observed distribution is similar to the expected distribution. From the table, all
probabilities are greater than the alpha value of 0.05 suggesting that the null hypothesis is accepted therefore it
shows that there needs to be more statistical evidence to show the differences in these distributions. However,
for the purposes of analysis this analysis can be used as guide to accept that the distributions for the interchange
types are equal to the distribution of the total crashes. However, a closer observation of the table shows that the
probability for the 2004 crash distribution test was lower than 0.5 suggesting that the uncertainty on the
difference for this year’s crashes was more than the rest of the years.
In addition to the comparison with the total crash distribution, the type of interchange distributions
were also compared to the Poisson distribution as shown in table 8 the Poisson distribution is always used for
count data such as crash data. Since this distribution is one of the popular distributions used for crash analysis
there was a need to compare the types of interchanges crash distribution.
Table 8: Comparison of the Interchange type distributions and the Poisson distributions
Year
Type of
Interchange
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Diamond
0.998
0.001
1.000
1.000
1.000
Partial Diamond
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.720
Partial
Cloverleaf
1.000
0.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
The results in table 8 shows that most of the types of interchange distributions may follow Poisson
distribution. The 2003 diamond interchange distribution and 2007 partial diamond distributions were the two
that did not have a probability of 1 however their probabilities were above 0.5 therefore a higher probability
suggests that there are more prospects to the similarity of the distributions to Poisson distribution.
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9. Interchange Crash Analysis by Type on Florida Highways
IX.
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
The regression was performed on the interchange crashes in order to observe the variables that
influence the occurrence of crashes on these interchange. However, one of the objectives of this research was to
observe the behavior of the types of interchanges with the crashes occurrence. The variables that were
considered for this analysis were the AADT, operating speed, location (urban/rural), truck percentage and the
type of interchange. The first three years of analysis were used for this analysis. The previous section showed
that there was a statistical similarity among the actual interchange distributions and the Poisson distribution, the
Poisson distributions was used. The result of the analysis is shown in table 9.
Table 9: Regression Results
Std.
Coefficient
Error
Z Value
Variables
(Intercept)
7.23
AADT
Interchange
type
-0.00000044
1.687
0.00000
Pr(>|z|)
4.286
0.00
-2.193
0.03
0.01
0.050
0.162
0.87
Speed
-0.06
0.022
-2.594
0.01
Truck
-9.67
2.777
-3.483
0.00
Location
-0.22
0.262
-0.839
0.40
Table 9 shows that all variables have negative effect on the occurrence of crashes, except the
interchange type which has a positive coefficient. In addition to this all variables are significant at 0.05 alpha
value except the location variable and interchange type. However, unimodels were run for these regressor
variables to observe their behavior on crashes. The results from the unimodals showed that AADT, interchange
type and location produced positive coefficients suggesting an increase in crashes with the increase in these
variables. Speed and truck percent produced negative coefficients similar to the multimodel results.
X.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
There were two types of analysis considered the first dealt with the determination of the interchange
crash distribution and the second part was the observation of the effects of a number of variables on the
occurrence of these interchanges crashes. From the first the distributions were found to be either negative
exponential or power distributions (with negative powers). These results are similar to other studies that have
been done for years (3,6). However the actual distributions for the particular roads and types of interchanges
clearly showed that there was a difference in the mathematical expressions even though the statistical analysis
showed that there was no statistical significance in the distributions using the Pearson’s chi square test. The
difference in the actual distributions therefore shows that there are different characteristics that cause the
variation on the occurrence of these crashes from one location to the other. The difference may be due to the
different traffic patterns, geometric arrangement, driver characteristics or environmental characteristics.
The second analysis used regression models to explain the effect of variables on the occurrence of these
interchange crashes. The variables that were used were, traffic characteristics, geometric characteristics and
location characteristics. The traffic characteristics used were the AADT and operating speed, geometric
characteristics was the type of interchange and the location was either urban or rural. The geometric and
location characteristics were categorical variables where as the rest were continuous variables. The Poisson
distribution was used again for this since statistically there was no significant difference to the above produced
distributions from the first section. The results again contradict some other studies that have been done on
crashes. Most studies consider AADT as a variable that increases the number of crashes on the roadways since it
is an exposure variable. However in this study this variable produced opposite results such that with the increase
in AADT there is a decrease in crashes on the interchanges. This again is another proof of the difference in
characteristics from different roadway elements. An observation of the characteristics of the interchange
operation shows that with the increase in AADT most drivers will be more careful and there will be less speeds
experienced hence reducing the number of crashes. This phenomenon can also be supported by the results of the
effects of the speed on the occurrence of the interchange crashes since the increase in the speed reduces the
number of crashes suggesting that there would be less exposed vehicles attributing to high speeds.
XI.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Since the nineteen fifties when the interstate system was introduced there has been research on the
major highways with limited access to increase their operation and safety. However, interchanges have been an
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10. Interchange Crash Analysis by Type on Florida Highways
entity as a variable rather than an independent function. The complexity of interchanges calls for more in depth
observation in order to improve their operation and safety too. The objective of this paper was to produce a
preliminary analysis of interchanges in Florida by considering the types and study crash distributions. With the
observation of the crash distribution, a comparison of the total crashes that occur was compared with the
different interchange type distributions. From the PDFs it was clearly seen that there are slight differences
among the distributions when comparing them among different types interchanges and with the total crashes.
With that phenomenon there is a need to analyze interchanges separately and bearing in mind the operations on
different types of interchanges are different therefore they can not be treated in the same manner. The second
objective was to observe the effect of different variables pertaining the interchanges. The results from this
analysis has also shown different results from studies done on the freeways especially when looking at the
variables as discussed in the result discussion. Again these results show that interchanges should not be analyzed
similar to the freeway segments.
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