Highway planners consider traffic safety when examining ways to improve the driving experience. Thousands of people are killed and hundreds of thousands injured in traffic accidents each year. Consequently, road design, maintenance, and management must prioritize safety. The document discusses various factors that impact road safety, such as speed, road design, lighting, and infrastructure for pedestrians and cyclists. It proposes redesigning roads through techniques like placemaking to improve safety by reducing vehicle speeds and reclaiming public space for non-motorized users. The research will involve collecting data through surveys and interviews to understand how infrastructure impacts different road users and their safety. Analysis of this data along with secondary data on traffic can inform recommendations to minimize deaths and injuries

1. Answers: Introduction When highway planners examine ways to improve
the
Answers:
Introduction
When highway planners examine ways to improve the driving experience while still
ensuring that everyone arrives safely at their destination, they consider traffic safety.
Thousands of passengers, bicyclists, and pedestrians are killed in traffic accidents, while
hundreds of thousands more are injured or handicapped. Consequently, roadways' design,
maintenance, and management must be premium on safety.
According to highway engineers, a range of characteristics contributes to the risks of
driving on highways, expressways, freeways, and other public routes. Transportation
method, traffic volume, vehicle type on the road, road surface condition, and driver
behaviour all impact. Historically, road construction companies used standard traffic
planning techniques to prioritise each danger to a vehicle on the project site. Driving when
distracted or intoxicated, driving on poorly designed roads, driving in risky cars, driving in
inclement weather, and driving in unforeseen traffic circumstances during rush hour are all
instances.
Historically, roads have been designed to accommodate high-speed traffic, resulting in
many deaths and significant injuries. Consequently, engineers have been responsible for
creating highways that consider flow rate, vehicle type, and traffic volume. Several models
based on ideas and experience may be used to rebuild roadways. Therefore, the research
paper will discuss designs methods to increase traffic safety to the public. Several factors
need to be considered when designing safe roads. The first is the speed at which vehicles
will travel. Routes with a high-speed limit should be designed with this in mind, as drivers
may not be able to see hazards or react quickly enough to avoid them if they are travelling
too fast. A well-designed road signs and traffic lights system can help reduce accidents
caused by speeding drivers.
Another way to design safe roads is through bypasses and footbridges. It allows pedestrians
and cyclists to cross the road without stopping at traffic lights or waiting for cars ahead of

2. them on either side before crossing over on foot. Footpaths can also be installed along busy
streets with no space for pedestrians or cyclists because they take too much room. Installing
adequate lighting systems in streets can help improve road safety. Lighting allows people to
see what's happening around them, particularly at night-time.
Background
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2021, vehicle accidents claim 1.3
million lives each year. Millions more people are harmed in non-fatal car accidents, many of
whom suffer long-term impairment. The economic impact of these injuries is immense.
They harm individuals and their families, but they also hurt governments and economies at
large. Those killed or disabled in car accidents lose their ability to contribute to society,
while family members must take time off work or school to care for the injured. The
economic losses can add up to 3% of a nation's gross domestic product each year.
Many researchers have recommended various techniques to improve road safety; one of the
techniques is placemaking. According to Callari (2020), placemaking emphasises
topographical elements that facilitate the usage of 'people' rather than motor vehicles. The
critical idea to comprehend, at least for humans, is location, not the motion of traffic. Small-
scale interventions, such as the placement of artwork on highways and large-scale activities,
such as the development of shared spaces and the reconfiguration of road space, may
contribute to asset revitalisation and Economic Growth Placemaking as a tool or catalyst
for improving road safety is intriguing. The advantages of placemaking are ostensibly
derived from a decrease in the number of autos on the road and their speeds (Schepers et
al., 2018). More disruptive placemaking will also improve road safety by reclaiming more
public space (i.e., streets) for people rather than automobiles, resulting in improved traffic
flow.
Research question: Do redesigned roads improve road safety?
Methodology
The data collection process will take many months owing to the study's goal of combining
several sources of information to account for other system components and provide more
accurate findings. The road and footpath structure's key participants and end operators will
be consulted throughout the planning process. Each participant will have freely provided
their informed consent. Additionally, a traffic agency will be established to collect historical
data on the study’s region. The report will include maps of the province's target area's
infrastructure, media and periodical articles on the part, and data on collisions between a
highway vehicle and a vulnerable road user. Secondary data from authorities from 2018 to
2022 will also be collected.
As a result, personal observations and pictures gather early information on environmental

3. and infrastructural risks. Innovative signage and markings, road crossings and underground
tunnels, walkways and parking spaces, and the lighting system are all examples of technical
adaptations that must comply with local legal requirements.
A multiple-choice questionnaire will be developed to elicit information on why vulnerable
road users choose the rebuilt route to reach their city destinations. Additionally, N=100
vulnerable road users (60 men and 40 women) will be questioned about their trip duration,
mode of transport (motorbike, bicycle, or foot), and suggestions for alternate routes to the
footbridge. After completing the surveys, respondents will be invited to participate in group
interviews to explain why they chose their course.
Data Analysis
As a consequence of the exploratory observation phase, an infographic map of the road
system was constructed. The graphical map identified environmentally and
infrastructurally critical components that were underdeveloped at the time of the mapping.
Depending on the situation, the map will indicate whether or not good signs and markers
were installed at crucial highways and buried tunnel crossings. Additionally, the lighting
system will be evaluated for sufficiency, emphasising parking lots, a pedestrian path, and a
pedestrian bridge. Weather conditions such as rain or snow can disrupt the road lighting
system, putting vulnerable road users' safety at risk. This is especially true in locations with
little pavement.
Through surveys and two focus groups, designers will have access to user-centred data that
will help them better understand users' behaviours, motivations, and the environment in
which they engage with the product. These will be connected to the user's preferred method
of transportation (bicycle, motorbike, automobile, or none at all) and any unique
requirements for city mobility that the user may have. Numerous factors must be
considered to properly comprehend the relationships of pedestrian safety users with
different infrastructural aspects.
Along with other approaches, the survey's findings will be analysed using statistical tools
such as R or SPSS. Additionally, secondary data from the city's traffic authority will be
evaluated to provide a complete picture of the city's overall road safety situation. Finally,
conclusions and recommendations are formed via secondary and primary data integration.
Discussion And Conclusions
This project combined a road user and system design approach to demonstrate how
highway system mechanisms relate with end-users and provide verifiable redesign
recommendations to minimise deaths and injuries in a high-accident site. As part of the
study process, data were gathered through interviews from the road users. The other
system components were accounted for via a range of data sources located around the city.

4. The study will ensure that all infrastructure components are created and maintained safely
for the public's benefit. The infrastructure includes lighting systems, guardrails, traffic
circles and medians, crosswalks, and pedestrian spaces. It will be used to develop possible
redesign plans presented to a focus group of traffic institutions from the local region later
this year. Infrastructure weaknesses found throughout the examination must be addressed
immediately. Among other things, the lighting system will illuminate areas around bridges,
walkways, and parking lots. Additional traffic roundabouts and guard walls between driving
tracks will be installed to slow cars down.
People are urged to ride bicycles rather than drive automobiles to protect pedestrians from
congested streets (Baares et al., 2018). Additionally, to effectively respond to end-users,
particularly those most vulnerable on the road, technology solutions must be accompanied
by an in-depth understanding of the many events and causes inside a typical complex
system. Pedestrians continue to be one of the road's most vulnerable users. This is mainly
because these rules have been consistently disregarded in favour of motorised mobility.
Improved road infrastructure can make a significant difference in reducing injuries among
the most vulnerable road users. Recent technological improvements have placed a premium
on an in-depth understanding of the needs and diversity of all road users, with the system's
design customised to the capabilities and restrictions of each user group and the kind of
road use.
Engineers may improve highway safety by developing and building road bypasses (Chen et
al., 2020). Bypass roads are constructed around cities and towns to alleviate traffic
congestion and prevent accidents by providing other routes for travellers. Additionally, they
facilitate residents' commutes to work and travel to other cities and tourists' access to
neighbouring major tourist spots. Consequently, engineers must plan roads appropriately to
avoid costly future repairs.
References
Bañares, J. R., Caballes, S. A., Serdan, M. J., Liggayu, A. T., & Bongo, M. F. (2018). A
comprehension-based ergonomic redesign of Philippine road warning signs. International
Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 65, 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2018.01.011
Callari, T. C., Tirello, G., Occelli, C., & Re, A.(2020) Infrastructure redesign to improve
vulnerable road users’ safety.
Chen, T., Sze, N., Chen, S., & Labi, S. (2020). Urban road space allocation incorporates lane
and footpath widths' safety and construction cost impacts. Journal of Safety Research, 75,
222-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2020.09.014
Schepers, P., Lovegrove, G., & Helbich, M. (2018). Urban form and road safety: Public and

5. active transport enable high levels of road safety. Integrating Human Health into Urban and
Transport Planning, 383-408. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74983-9_19
WHO. (2019, October 2). Road safety. WHO | World Health Organization.
https://www.who.int/health-topics/road-safety#tab=tab_1