This document discusses various topics related to traffic engineering and safety. It begins with an outline of the topics to be covered, including fundamentals of traffic engineering, highway capacity, applications of traffic control devices, and statistical analysis methods for traffic safety. It then defines different types of traffic characteristics, including road user characteristics like vision, reaction time, and judgment, as well as vehicular characteristics like speed, braking, and dimensions. It also discusses the concept of highway capacity and how it is calculated. Finally, it describes the four main categories of traffic control devices: signs, signals, road markings, and barriers/channelizers.
Traffic engineering is that branch of engineering which deals with the improvement of
traffic performance on road network and terminals through systematic traffic studies,
scientific analysis and engineering applications which provide safe, rapid, efficient
convenient and economic transportation of persons and goods.
• Traffic engineering includes planning and geometric design on one hand and
regulation and control on the other.
• The road traffic is composed of different categories of vehicular traffic and pedestrian
traffic. Each category of vehicular traffic has two components, the human element as
the driver and the machine as the vehicle.
Traffic engineering is that branch of engineering which deals with the improvement of
traffic performance on road network and terminals through systematic traffic studies,
scientific analysis and engineering applications which provide safe, rapid, efficient
convenient and economic transportation of persons and goods.
• Traffic engineering includes planning and geometric design on one hand and
regulation and control on the other.
• The road traffic is composed of different categories of vehicular traffic and pedestrian
traffic. Each category of vehicular traffic has two components, the human element as
the driver and the machine as the vehicle.
accident report for cars
form for accident report
blue report for accident
accident reports for nc
the best study method
effective study methods
causes of accidents
factors affecting accidents
how accident data are collected
Need ornamentation.This was a crude copy.Special Thanks to AUST'ian.BUET ian should make a new way of reporting.Dont mind to found enomous mistake in mine..It was prepared in a very short time
Traffic Study is “a study conducted during the development approval process to determine the impacts that traffic generated by the proposed development will have on the surrounding street network and the improvements needed to the transportation system in order to mitigate those impacts.”
New Development prone to generate traffic that may give rise to congestion, safety issues, therefore, it demands the need for infrastructure improvement such as new signalization, turn lanes, or crosswalks. Traffic impact studies (TIS) are a common planning tool used by development authorities, such as Building Control Authorities, to foresee demands and impacts on the transportation network and determine transportation improvements that may be necessary to accommodate new development. Traffic access and impact studies are also intended to maintain a satisfactory level of service and the appropriate access provisions for a proposed development.
Traffic signs or road signs are signs erected at the side of or above roads to give instructions or provide information to road users. The earliest signs were simple wooden or stone milestones. Later, signs with directional arms were introduced.
Traffic signals are designed to ensure an orderly flow of traffic, provide an opportunity for pedestrians or vehicles to cross an intersection and help reduce the number of conflicts between vehicles entering intersections from different directions.
Module 4: Traffic Engineering
(8 Lectures)
Traffic Characteristics, Speed, Journey Time and Delays, Vehicle Volume Counts, Origin and Destination Studies, Analysis and Interpretation of Survey Data, Traffic Operations, Design of Signals and Rotary intersections, Parking Space Design,Highway Lighting, Planning and Administration, Road Markings, Signs
Road Accidents and Safety:Classification, Causes, Mitigation and Control Measures, Aspects of Safety in Usage of Roads, Type and Design of anti-crash barriers, Introduction to Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS).
Traffic Engineering, PPT Based On Unit 1 (Fundamentals of Traffic Engg.)
In this PPT you Can studied about details of traffic engg, Characteristics , and others fundamentals of Road.
By- Prof K.S.Somase
(Assistant professor of Gurukul Education society's Institute of engineering and technology, Nandgaon
Accident study and analysis, objective, causes of accidents, and analysis of accident (collection of data and preparing reports and record) , types of accidents, and statistical analysis of accidents.
accident report for cars
form for accident report
blue report for accident
accident reports for nc
the best study method
effective study methods
causes of accidents
factors affecting accidents
how accident data are collected
Need ornamentation.This was a crude copy.Special Thanks to AUST'ian.BUET ian should make a new way of reporting.Dont mind to found enomous mistake in mine..It was prepared in a very short time
Traffic Study is “a study conducted during the development approval process to determine the impacts that traffic generated by the proposed development will have on the surrounding street network and the improvements needed to the transportation system in order to mitigate those impacts.”
New Development prone to generate traffic that may give rise to congestion, safety issues, therefore, it demands the need for infrastructure improvement such as new signalization, turn lanes, or crosswalks. Traffic impact studies (TIS) are a common planning tool used by development authorities, such as Building Control Authorities, to foresee demands and impacts on the transportation network and determine transportation improvements that may be necessary to accommodate new development. Traffic access and impact studies are also intended to maintain a satisfactory level of service and the appropriate access provisions for a proposed development.
Traffic signs or road signs are signs erected at the side of or above roads to give instructions or provide information to road users. The earliest signs were simple wooden or stone milestones. Later, signs with directional arms were introduced.
Traffic signals are designed to ensure an orderly flow of traffic, provide an opportunity for pedestrians or vehicles to cross an intersection and help reduce the number of conflicts between vehicles entering intersections from different directions.
Module 4: Traffic Engineering
(8 Lectures)
Traffic Characteristics, Speed, Journey Time and Delays, Vehicle Volume Counts, Origin and Destination Studies, Analysis and Interpretation of Survey Data, Traffic Operations, Design of Signals and Rotary intersections, Parking Space Design,Highway Lighting, Planning and Administration, Road Markings, Signs
Road Accidents and Safety:Classification, Causes, Mitigation and Control Measures, Aspects of Safety in Usage of Roads, Type and Design of anti-crash barriers, Introduction to Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS).
Traffic Engineering, PPT Based On Unit 1 (Fundamentals of Traffic Engg.)
In this PPT you Can studied about details of traffic engg, Characteristics , and others fundamentals of Road.
By- Prof K.S.Somase
(Assistant professor of Gurukul Education society's Institute of engineering and technology, Nandgaon
Accident study and analysis, objective, causes of accidents, and analysis of accident (collection of data and preparing reports and record) , types of accidents, and statistical analysis of accidents.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
1. 1
Traffic Safety and Environmental Impacts: - CENG 6306-
Lectured By:- Solomon N (PhD)
2. 2
Outlines
Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering
Basic Characteristics of Motor-Vehicle Traffic,
Highway Capacity,
Applications of Traffic Control Devices,
Traffic Design of Parking Facilities,
Traffic Engineering Studies;
Statistical Methods in Traffic Safety Analysis
Regression Methods,
Poisson distribution,
Chi- Squared Distribution,
Statistical Comparison
3. 3
Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering
The Road Traffic and Safety Engineering Unit is
responsible for traffic engineering activities within the
road traffic environment, ensuring efficient and effective
coordination among the three spheres of government in
order to reduce fragmentation on the roads.
Management traffic includes three categories:
management, monitoring, and data backups and
restores.
Traffic engineers work to ensure that our roads are
safe for everyone. They are constantly monitoring
traffic conditions and looking for ways to improve
safety. Some of the ways they promote safer traffic
conditions include adding traffic signals, changing the
timing of existing signals, and adding turning lanes.
4. 4
Traffic management (also known as road traffic control)
refers to the act of directing vehicles and pedestrians
around some form of disruption.
Traffic management is the application of specific traffic
control practices, within a defined policy framework,
over a length of road or an area, to achieve specified
objectives which may be set by national, state or local
governments.
Proper traffic management can ensure that: traffic
flows smoothly and efficiently. There is fair access for
different transport modes, and the more sustainable
modes are encouraged. Roads and streets are safe for
all users, including pedestrians and cyclists.
Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering
5. 5
Traffic management involves supporting workers on
the road by providing safety equipment such as cones
and barrier fences, as well as putting up traffic lights
and diverting traffic through a series of road closures
and diversions.
Implement traffic management techniques: Congestion
pricing, roundabouts, and traffic signals are some
examples of traffic management techniques that can
help manage traffic flow and ease congestion.
There are four basic elements in a computerized traffic
control system: computer(s), communications devices,
traffic signals and associated equipment, and detectors
for sensing vehicles.
Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering
6. 6
Road Traffic Control Systems collect and analyze
driving information of vehicles in the area, perform the
optimal traffic signal control in accordance with the
constantly changing road traffic situation, and provide
useful traffic information to drivers based on the data
collected.
Traffic is often classified by type: heavy motor vehicle
(e.g., car, truck), other vehicle (e.g., moped, bicycle),
and pedestrian.
Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering
7. 7
The key functions of RT & SE
The key functions of the unit are as follows:
To identify and implement traffic and road safety
engineering technological interventions.
To address the problem areas within road safety with
regard to freight transport, viz. overloading and
abnormal loads.
Eliminate high risk roads and hazardous locations.
Improve the standards of road design to ensure that
all road users are given adequate protection and
information with special focus on Vulnerable Road
Users (VRUs), especially pedestrians.
Ensure that road design is forgiving, thus allowing
motorists to recover from error, or to incur least harm
when a crash is inevitable.
8. 8
The key functions of RT & SE
The key functions of the unit are as follows:
Ensure the inherent safety (safety by design) in the
provision of new and upgraded road infrastructure.
Develop road safety auditor, road safety assessment
and road safety engineering capacity.
Develop a culture of road safety among those
responsible for the delivery and maintenance of road
infrastructure.
To intensify efforts to deal with inattentive, distracted
driving and fatigue as a factor for consideration in
road infrastructure design.
9. 9
The key functions of RT & SE
The key functions of the unit are as follows:
To intensify efforts to deal with speeding and
determine appropriate speed limits.
Utilize technology to improve incident detection
response and coordination.
To assess the distribution of emergency response for
road infrastructure to be geospatially adapted where
possible to ensure optimal access and response to
incidents.
11. 11
Traffic Characteristics
Basic Traffic Characteristics in transport engineering are
an important aspect that covers two major
characteristics in the study of transportation engineering.
Traffic characteristics are necessary for road design.
Traffic characteristics also help in the design of
vehicles.
In road design, traffic characteristics help in deciding
speed limit, stopping sight distance, overtaking sight
distance, design of traffic islands, speed of the
vehicle, design of parking, right of way, etc.
The weight of vehicles, the height of vehicles, and
other aspects of vehicle design too require an
understanding of traffic characteristics.
12. 12
Traffic Characteristics
Placing signs and symbols on the road also needs
knowledge of road user characteristics. The color of
these signs, symbols, and other elements of the
road are decided after considering traffic
characteristics.
Traffic characteristics also play an important role in
tunnel design
13. 13
Types of Traffic Characteristics
Types of Traffic Characteristics in Transport Engineering
There are two main types of basic traffic characteristics
as follows:
Road user characteristics: are the characteristics
related to the road users, i.e., the public making use of
the road. We all use roads whether to drive our
vehicles or by walking on foot. Thus, traffic
characteristics are essentially human characteristics
that can affect road design.
Vehicular (Motor-vehicles) characteristics:-
14. 14
Types of Road User Characteristics
Broadly, two types of road user characteristics are there
Internal road user characteristics
External road user characteristics
Internal road user characteristics are the internally related
characteristics of road users (human beings).
These are again of two types:
Temporary internal road user characteristics
Permanent road user characteristics
15. 15
Types of Road User Characteristics
Temporary internal road user characteristics
1. Fatigue
Fatigue causes:
Increased reaction time
Ineffective judgment
power
Drowsiness
All the above factors can
contribute to accidents.
2. Alcohol
Alcohol affects a person both
physically and mentally.
Alcohol causes:
Reduced attention span
Increased reaction time
Ineffective judgment power
Loss of control over one’s
own body
16. 16
Types of Road User Characteristics
Temporary internal road user characteristics
3. Illness/Disabilities
This does not affect directly, but a person with a disability
tends to have more emotional reactions.
4. Anger
Anger develops rigid attitudes which can affect the road user
negatively.
5. Climate, season, and time
The above factors affect the judgment of a road user.
17. 17
Types of Road User Characteristics
Permanent Road User Characteristics
18. 18
Types of Road User Characteristics
Permanent Road User Characteristics
1. Vision
Eye sight: The ability to perceive objects in average
illumination falls under eye sight. Cone of clear
vision is about 7-12º in the horizontal plane.
Peripheral vision:- Though not very clear, objects
are visible beyond the cone of clear vision. This is
peripheral vision and the cone of peripheral vision in
horizontal degree is up to 160º.
Eye movement: While traversing on road, the road
user has to shift his eyes for scanning. Different eye
movements are executed for this purpose.
19. 19
Types of Road User Characteristics
Permanent Road User Characteristics
1. Vision
Color vision: Color helps in the clear perception of objects.
Glare vision and recovery: Extremely bright light that
blinds the vision is glare.
Perception of time and space: This factor becomes
important in overtaking operations.
20. 20
Types of Road User Characteristics
Permanent Road User Characteristics
2. Hearing: Hearing is not a significant factor in road
design.
3. Strength: It is required in vehicle maneuvering
operations.
4. Reaction time: It is the time lapsed in understanding
and adapting to a traffic situation.
5. Judgement power:
It comes with experience and varies from person to
person.
Judgment power is how a person reacts in a specific
situation.
21. 21
Types of Road User Characteristics
External Road User Characteristics
Environmental factors are included in external road user
characteristics such as:
facilities provided for traffic
atmospheric conditions
Locality
land use
altitude
22. 22
Types of Traffic Characteristics
Vehicular (Motor-vehicles) Characteristics
Design of dimensions and weight of vehicles is governed by
vehicular characteristics. Broadly, two types of vehicular
characteristics are there: –
static vehicular characteristics
dynamic vehicular characteristics
23. 23
Types of Traffic Characteristics
Vehicular Characteristics
Static Vehicular Characteristics
Dimensions: Length, width, and height of a vehicle is
included in static characteristics.
Weight: Weight of the vehicle is also an important
static vehicle characteristic.
Maximum turning radius: It affects the design of the
mechanical widening of roads. When vehicles turn at
low speed the rear wheel presses the front wheel. This
difference between rear and front wheels is called off-
tracking. It is commonly known as mechanical
widening.
26. 26
Types of Traffic Characteristics
Vehicular Characteristics
Dynamic Vehicular Characteristics
Speed of vehicle: Sight distance, super elevation, length
and radius of transition curves, the width of shoulders
and pavement, and design gradient are all affected by
the speed of the vehicle.
Braking system of vehicle: Stopping distance and
distance between two consecutive vehicles is affected
by the braking system of the vehicle.
Acceleration of vehicle: Intersection elements’ design is
affected by the acceleration of the vehicle.
28. 28
HIGHWAY CAPACITY
Highway capacity is associated with traffic volume and
traffic density. Traffic volume is the number of vehicles
passing a given point on a roadway during a specified
time period. This is usually expressed as vehicles per
hour.
29. 29
HIGHWAY CAPACITY
Traffic capacity is the maximum traffic density a road can
accommodate at a given speed without delay. Before the
actual capacity of a roadway can be determined, it
necessary to find the theoretical capacity. The formula
N = 1760V divided by I is used for finding the theoretical
capacity for one lane of a roadway.
where,
N- Theoretical traffic capacity, expressed in vehicles per hour.
V- Constant vehicular speed, expressed in miles per hour.
I- Intrevehicular lead, expressed in yards. (Intrevehicular lead
is defined as the distance from the front of one vehicle to the
front of the next vehicle in the traffic column)
30. 30
HIGHWAY CAPACITY
Traffic density is the amount of traffic per unit of road length
(e.g., cars per day per kilometer) and can be useful for
comparing of the level of traffic between two or more areas.
Hence, Highway capacity is associated with traffic volume
and traffic density. It refers to the hourly rate at a maximum
where vehicles can cross a point on a highway at a given
period. The traffic volume is usually conveyed in the form of
cars per hour. Traffic density is expressed as vehicles per
kilometer.
The principle underlying the capacity analysis of road
segments is that speed decrease as flow increase. The
speed decrease with unit flow increase is small at low flows
but becomes greater as flows get higher. Near capacity, a
small increase in flows results in a large decrease in speed
31. 31
HIGHWAY CAPACITY
An ideal road is one which has an excellent surface,
zero grade, zero curves and no interference such as
intersections. There are, however, no ideal roads.
The theoretical capacity of a road is modified to
account for existing circumstances.
Three factors determine the actual capacity of a road
physical characteristics of the road, characteristics of
the traffic using the road and traffic controls used on
the road.
A good rule of thumb to use when estimating the
actual capacity of a road is to reduce the theoretical
capacity by 25 percent.
32. 32
HIGHWAY CAPACITY
The capacity of a roadway
can be improved in these
ways:
Eliminate curb parking
or convert angle
parking to parallel
parking, if on-street
parking is essential.
Eliminate left and right
turns.
Properly define lanes.
Relocate bus stops.
Relocate objects near
edges of the roadway.
33. 33
Applications of Traffic Control Devices
Traffic control devices direct, guide, and inform drivers
by offering visual or tactile indicators. Devices fall into
four main categories: signs; signals; road design and
marking; and barriers or channelizes.
Road traffic control devices are markers, signs and
signal devices used to inform, guide and control traffic,
including pedestrians, motor vehicle drivers and
bicyclists.
These devices are usually placed adjacent, over or
along the highways, roads, traffic facilities and other
public areas that require traffic control.
34. 34
Applications of Traffic Control Devices
Traffic control devices direct, guide, and inform drivers
by offering visual or tactile indicators. Devices fall into
four main categories: signs; signals; road design and
marking; and barriers or channelizes.
Road traffic control devices are markers, signs and
signal devices used to inform, guide and control traffic,
including pedestrians, motor vehicle drivers and
bicyclists.
These devices are usually placed adjacent, over or
along the highways, roads, traffic facilities and other
public areas that require traffic control
35. 35
What are the 4 types of traffic control devices?
Public roads use a wide selection of traffic control tools
which can be adapted to smaller facilities. However, on
public roads, driver focus tends to be on signs and
signals. In smaller facilities, pavement markings and
barriers may take a greater share of the load.
Types of Traffic Control Devices on public roads
Traffic Signs.
Traffic Signals.
Markings on Road Surfaces.
Creating Traffic Islands.
Applications of Traffic Control Devices
36. 36
Traffic Signs. Road signs provide local information to
drivers. Made from reflective material in high-contrast
colors, they are highly visible in headlights at night.
Signs may use words and symbols to communicate
meaning.
Applications of Traffic Control Devices
Regulatory signs are the most important signs on the
road. They declare the accepted legal use of the
immediate public roadway. Intersection control
specifies proper behavior when roads meet signs like
stop or yield are essential for preventing conflict and
crashes.
Warning signs allow drivers to be aware of driving
hazards like animal crossings or twisting paths. They’re
installed for maximal safety.
37. 37
Traffic Signs and signals .
Applications of Traffic Control Devices
Guiding or informational signs provide route and
amenity information to help drivers find their
destination. Route and exit information as well as those
marking rest stops, gas and food, and tourist
attractions all fit into this category.
Traffic signals in red, yellow, and green are universal
items in the traffic control landscape. To the standard
three lights may be added lane indicators and other
individual lane markings. Flashing lights, either in a
traditional signal or hanging alone, are common.
However, they can have variable meanings depending on
the region and the color. Steadily burning lights are often
used as warnings or mark hazards.
38. 38
Road markings and road construction. Road design
offers another vocabulary for communicating with
drivers.
Applications of Traffic Control Devices
Road markings, like lines and arrows, are used to mark
correct legal usage of road surfaces. They include stop
lines, lane markers, turn lane arrows, and more. Road
markings like “sharrows,” showing that bikes and
motorized vehicles share the road, notify drivers about
unexpected traffic patterns.
Road construction is also involved in traffic control. Rumble
strips can mark lanes. When a car drifts over them, they alert
through sound and texture that the vehicle is no longer in its
lane. Rumble strips are often used in places where drivers
might miss a sharp bend in the road, or on long stretches
where a driver might fall asleep. Other road construction and
environmental design makes certain driving behaviors easier
than others. Speed humps and bumps, chicanes, neck
downs, curb extensions, roundabouts and more can
encourage proper driver behavior.
39. 39
Barriers and channelizes. Barriers and channelizes also
control traffic, warn against hazards, and mitigate
accidents. There are many types.
Applications of Traffic Control Devices
Traffic delimiters and cones are often placed temporarily to
provide warning around hazards or work zones..
Highway barriers, like standard Jersey barriers, help
prevent head-on collisions and mark lanes. They can
sometimes mitigate or prevent shallow angle accidents by
returning a car to the roadway. Highway barriers may be gated
or non-gated, either by cushioning an impact of a car but
letting it through or by stopping it all together.
Channelizes and road barriers, whether barrels, curbs, or
bollards/posts, are more permanent than traffic delimiters or cones
though some may be removable for multi-access spaces. Flexible, crash-
rated, or security posts are all used to guide traffic away from certain
areas. The crash-rated and security types provide impact protection that
is very effective at stopping head on or deep angle crashes
40. 40
All the vehicles do not keep moving along the roadway
during the entire 24 hours of the day; they have to stop
or park at the desired locations for different duration’s.
In cities the problem of parking vehicles is becoming
more and more acute day by day.
When vehicles are parked on the road side even for a
short while. Therefore, there is restriction to other
vehicles passing by, resulting in congestion and
accidents.
In shopping centers, public places and localities with
offices there is a shortage of parking facilities.
Proper planning and design of parking facilities is
essential in cities and large towns.
Design of Parking Facility
41. 41
Parking facilities may be broadly divided into two types:
On-street or kerb parking: In this type of parking,
vehicles are park along the kerb which may be
designed for parking. Kerb parking is quite convenient
for those who find suitable space to park their vehicles
near the place they wish. But for others who do not find
a parking space it is a problem. Kerb parking facility
may be either unrestricted or restricted type. The
restricted kerb parking may either be controlled by
police or by parking meters. Therefore, a specified
parking fee is collected from those who park their
vehicles for a certain duration of parking time. Different
patterns of kerb parking are ‘parallel parking‘ and
‘angle parking‘
Design of Parking Facility
42. 42
Parking facilities may be broadly divided into two types:
Parallel parking: It needs less roadway width, but
number of vehicles that can be parked per unit length
of road is least. Parallel parking is generally prefer
when the width of kerb parking space and the width of
the street are limit.
Design of Parking Facility
43. 43
Parking facilities may be broadly divided into two types:
Angle parking: Angle parking may be at angles 30, 60
or 90 degrees. The width of the roadway required for
parking; also the width required for parking and
unparking manoeuvres increase with increase in
parking angle up to maximum 90° angle. Angle parking
accommodates more vehicles per unit length of kerb;
maximum number of vehicles that can be parked per
unit length of the kerb is with right angle parking. Angle
parking is more convenient to the drivers for the
parking and unparking manoeuvres than the parallel
parking; however these cause much more obstruction
to the through traffic resulting in more accidents than
the parallel parking.
Design of Parking Facility
44. 44
Parking facilities may be broadly divided into two types:
Angle parking:
Design of Parking Facility
45. 45
Parking facilities may be broadly divided into two types:
Angle parking:
Design of Parking Facility
46. 46
Parking facilities may be broadly divided into two types:
Off-street parking: At locations where the parking demand is
high and kerb parking cannot be permitting in view of traffic
congestion, off-street parking facilities are providing at the
nearest locations depending on the availability of space for
this purpose. When a parking facility is providing at a separate
place away from the roadside or kerb, it is termed as ‘off-
street parking’.
The main advantage of this method is that there is no
unnecessary increase in congestion, delay and hindrance to
moving traffic due to on street parking on the already
congested roads. T
The main drawback is, some of the vehicle users will have to
walk a greater distance after parking the vehicle at the off-
street parking facility. It is also not possible to provide the off-
street parking facility at very close intervals especially in
business centers of a city.
Design of Parking Facility
47. 47
Types of off-street parking: Two basic types of off-street parking
facilities are, ‘surface parking lots’ and ‘multi-floor parking
garages’. Both in the parking lots and the garages, the basic
traffic operations consist of five steps namely,
Entrance
Acceptance
Storage
Delivery
Exit.
Hence some definite space is requiring in front of the parking lot
or garage for vehicles during entrance acceptance and also for
exit operations. This space providing is termed as ‘reservoir
area’, the size of which depends on the average rate of arrival of
vehicles to be park during peak hour
Design of Parking Facility
48. 48
Surface parking lots: Surface parking
lots may be convenient where
sufficient space is available at
comparatively low cost. When the
parking of vehicles is doing by
owners or drivers of the cars, the
method is termed “self parking
system’. If the vehicle is left by the
driver at the entrance space and
again collecting from there, the
parking and delivering operations
being carried out by attendants, it is
termed ‘attendant parking system’.
Most important advantage of
attendant parking is less space
requiring to store and manoeuvres
the same number of cars.
Design of Parking Facility
49. 49
Multi-storey parking garages: are
restored to when the floor space
available for the parking garage is
less and is very costly. It is
possible to construct multi-storey
garages to park a large number of
cars at a time. The garages can be
above the ground or below the
ground or an integral of both. It is
necessary to provide the inter-floor
travel facility for the vehicles, which
may be either by ‘elevators’ or by
‘ramps’. In mechanized garages
the elevator may be designed to
move both in vertical and in
horizontal directions to carry and
place the vehicle in the appropriate
parking stall and to deliver it back
Design of Parking Facility
50. 50
Multi-storey parking garages: are
restored to when the floor space
available for the parking garage is
less and is very costly. It is
possible to construct multi-storey
garages to park a large number of
cars at a time. The garages can be
above the ground or below the
ground or an integral of both. It is
necessary to provide the inter-floor
travel facility for the vehicles, which
may be either by ‘elevators’ or by
‘ramps’. In mechanized garages
the elevator may be designed to
move both in vertical and in
horizontal directions to carry and
place the vehicle in the appropriate
parking stall and to deliver it back
Traffic Engineering Studies