This document discusses inequality in education and ways to promote equality of opportunity. It first defines types of inequality like natural, social, and those that exist in egalitarian, rank-based, and class-based societies. Causes of inequality in education are listed as issues with management, regional imbalances, economic conditions, quality differences, home conditions, gender, and social class. Ways to promote equality include uniform education, common schools, addressing regional and urban-rural differences, prioritizing girls' education, schools for disabled, and compulsory education. The document also discusses discrimination, marginalization, types of social inequality like gender, caste, and race, and education's role in eliminating inequality.

1. Unit 5
Implications of Equality of Educational
Opportunities
Prepared by
Mrs. B.DHANALAKSHMI
Assistant Professor in Commerce
Lisieux College of Edcation,
Coimbatore.

2. Introduction: Social inequality is due to unequal
distribution of resources in a given society.
Rousseau(1712-17780)- mentioned 2 types of
inequalities.
Natural-due to unequal distribution of physical and
mental abilities.
Social-unequal distribution of wealth, economic
resources, political powers and status.
There are 3 types of societies:
Egalitarian-fair amount of equality
Rank society-enjoys greater honour and status
Class society-unequal distribution of resources.

12. Causes for Inequality in Education
• 1. Inequality in management of educational
institutions
• 2. Regional imbalances
• 3. Inequality in Economic conditions in the
population
• 4. Inequality in the quality of education
available

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• 5. Gross Inequalities in home conditions of
pupils
• 6. Gender based disparity
• 7. Disparity among the social classes

14. Ways and Means of Educational
Opportunities
• Uniform pattern of education
• Common school system for public education
• Removal of regional imbalances
• Removal of the urban-rural differences in
education
• Importance for girls education
• Schools for the Handicapped
• Education of the weaker sections in society

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• Giving free education
• Liberals scheme of scholarship
• Compulsory education up to the
secondary stage

16. Discrimination:
Differences in wealth, power, and status.
Some groups have higher status and greater privilege
than others.
This inequality in the system is what we call social
stratification.
In unequal social system, there is often unfair
treatment directed against certain individuals or
social groups.
This is referred to as discrimination.
Discrimination can be based on many different
characteristics—age, gender, weight, ethnicity,
religion, or even politics.

17. Marginalization:
Marginalization has been defined as a complex
process of referring specific groups of people to the lower
or outer edge of society.
Marginalization means when a certain person or a
section of people are made to feel of lesser importance,
by those in power.
It effectively pushes these groups of people to the
margin of society economically, politically, culturally and
socially following the policy of exclusion.
The process whereby something or
someone is pushed to the edge of a group and accorded
lesser importance.
This is a social phenomenon by which a minority or
sub-group is excluded, and their needs or desires ignored.

18.  Marginalized persons are forced to the periphery or
the edge of society.
 A person is marginalized from the rest of society, in
the case of a health and social care sector or other
services.
 A person is made to stand out and made to be
different from everyone else and they can therefore
feel like they are all alone.
 A person is pushed to the edge of society is a
potential effect of discrimination.
 This, in turn, robs them of the facilities and
opportunities enjoyed by the non-marginalized
sections of society.
 This pushes the community to poverty, misery, low
wage and discrimination and livelihood insecurity.
Their upward social mobility is being limited.

19. Types of Social Inequality:
Gender Inequality
Gender’ is a socio-cultural term referring
socially defined roles and behaviors assigned to
‘males’ and ‘females’ in a given society.
Gender Inequality, in simple words, may be
defined as discrimination against women based on
their sex.
Women are traditionally considered by the
society as weaker sex.
This peculiar type of discrimination against
women is prevalent everywhere in the world and
more so in Indian society.

20. Caste Inequality is at the core of the caste system.
Caste systems are a form of social and economic
governance that is based on principles and
customary rules.
Caste systems involve the division of people into
social groups, assignments of rights are determined
by birth and fixed by heredity.
Racial or ethnic inequality is due to the physical
characteristics of people in a society.
Minority members are subjected to assimilation,
exclusion, oppression, expulsion and extermination.

21. Other inequalities are –based on religion, rural
urban, rich and poor, people's view, political,
differing life outcomes, inequality in
opportunity, treatment and responsibility.
Education to eliminate social inequality
Education helps for economic productivity,
social equality and social quality.
Learned people can bring innovative
developments and broader societal access.
It provide a high level international network and
partnerships.

22. Other steps are: RTE is universal no exclusion or
discrimination.
1.Vocational training for trade and profession.
2. Development of knowledge and skilled workers.
3. Advanced education to compete in national and global
level.
4. Creation of strategic partnerships-business, healthcare
in government and non-profit organizations.
5.Community colleges, regional universities and research
intensive universities.
6.Stake holders can be local, national and international.
7.Recognize the need and allocation of fund for higher
education institutions.

23. Marginalization & Discrimination
Marginalization is excluding a particular group from
successfully participating in society because society
can't fully accommodate them.
This happens to poverty stricken people.
Marginalization leads to discrimination.
That is where certain minorities get the "lazy" and
"uneducated" stereotypes from.
It's not that they don't want to work, but society is
working against them.

24. The term discrimination refers to the unjust or prejudicial
treatment of other individuals (or groups) on the grounds of
specific features.
People can discriminate on the basis of a number of aspects:
Gender, Race,Age,Skin color, Physical
features,Language,Disability,Health problems, and Sexual
orientation.
Exclusion and rejection are key ingredient in discrimination.
According to UNICEF and Human Rights ,caste discrimination
affects an estimated 250 million people worldwide.
Discrimination based on caste, as perceived by UNICEF, is
mainly prevalent in parts of Asia-(India, SriLanka,
Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Japan), Africa and others
As of 2011, there were 200 million "untouchables" in India.

25. Reasons for Marginalization & Discrimination
1. Exclusion-denies opportunities those living
on the margin.
2. Globalization-Increased openness for
promoted development at the cost of equity.
3. Displacement-Due to the developmental
programmes by the government.
4. Disasters (natural and man made)-These are
global phenomena and serious challenges to
development which is linked to
poverty,conflict,education,health,gender
issues.

26. Definition:
Peter Leonard defines -“Marginality as being outside the
mainstream of productive activity.”
The encyclopedia of public health defines - “Marginalization
as to be marginalized is to be placed in the margins as thus
excluded from the privilege and power found at the center.”
Merriam Webster’s online dictionary defines the term
marginalization as “To relegate to a un important or
powerless position within a society or group”.
Ghana S Gurung and Michael Kallmair mentions,” The
concept of marginality is generally, used to analysis socio-
economic, political and cultural spheres, where
disadvantaged people struggle to gain access to resources and
full participation in social life.

27. Education for Marginalized groups
Education for Dalit
More than 20.14 crores in India. Free and
compulsory primary education in all the states,
free higher education to Dalit, provide funds to
Dalit families, provide free technical education
and technical training, compulsory life skill
education.
Education for Tribal
8% of tribal people, education to be given in
state language by the residential teachers.

28. The following are the steps taken by Govt.
1.Transport facilities& new residential schools.
2.Hostel facilities
3.Higher education institution with more funds and
concession.
4.Technical education provision and intensified SSA
schemes for primary education.
5. Creating awareness through educated tribal
people.
6. Improve living standard by afforestation,
horticulture, animal husbandry and agricultural
farming activities.

29. Education for women
Free hostel and transport facilities
Giving security to girls to face any threat to their
modesty
Technical education even in the rural areas
More seats in distance education, open more
schools for girls.
Government enhances scholarships and provide
guidance to parents about education.
Health and hygiene education.

30. International thoughts
Caste disabilities Removal Act 1850 under East India
Company.
Night Schools for Dalit by British
International Assistance to increase enrollment in primary
schools(world bank).
DPEP(District Primary Education Program).
MHRD-Education Division of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs,
steps taken:
Educational development is a stepping stone for
economic and social development.
Schemes to enhance and access objectives of education.
Establishment of Ashram schools
Vocational training centers

31. Monetary Incentives-
scholarships as pre-matric, post- matric,
Scholarships for Top class Education, Rajiv
Gandhi Fellowship and National overseas
scholarship for ST students.
National Monitoring Committee for Minorities
Education(NMCME)—5 sub-committees
1.Implimentation of schemes
2.Educational requirements both district &regional
3.Vocational education & skill development
4.girl’s education
5.Promotion of Urdu language and knowledge of English.

32. Other Govt. schemes-(SPQEM) Central Sponsored
Scheme for Providing Quality Education in Madrasa.
IDMI-Infrastructure Development of private
Aided/Unaided Minority Institution such as
Elementary, Secondary and Senior Sec. Schools.
Conclusion: A large number of children are still excluded from
educational system.
Sustained political commitment to social justice, non-
discrimination, equal opportunity and basic rights leads to
progress.
Improving co-ordination within government through active
engagement of civil society, the private sector and marginalized
groups should be the top most priority of the society .

33. Thank You