IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Study of Attacks and Routing Protocol in Wireless Networkijsrd.com
Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are attractive as a new communication paradigm. Ad hoc routing protocols for WMNs are classified into: (1) proactive, (2) reactive, and (3) hybrid approaches. In general, proactive routing is more suitable for a stationary network, while reactive routing is better for a mobile network with a high mobility. In many applications, a node in WMN is mobile but it can fluctuate between being mobile. Wireless mesh networks is an emergent research area, which is becoming important due to the growing amount of nodes in a network.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Abstract— A MANETs is a self-configuring network is a collection of mobile hosts that are connected via a wireless link. Opportunistic data forwarding has drawn much attention in the research community of multihop wireless networks. Opportunistic data forwarding is the lack of an efficient, lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. In this project proposed to a lightweight proactive source routing (PSR) protocol. PSR can be maintained at different network topology information than distance vector (DV), link state (LS), optimized link State routing (OLSR), then reactive source routing [e.g., dynamic source routing (DSR)]. In this project concentrate on reducing the overhead at the base line protocols, then testing to the better data transportation. Network Simulator (NS-2) help in testing and implementing to this project for effectively reduced to the overhead in the data transportation.
Comparing: Routing Protocols on Basis of sleep modeIJMER
The architecture of ad hoc wireless network consists of mobile nodes for communication
without the use of fixed-position routers. The communication between them takes place without
centralized control. Routing is a very crucial issue, so to deal with this routing algorithms must deliver
the packet in significant delay. There are different protocols for handling the mobile environment like
AODV, DSR and OLSR. But this paper will focus on performance of AODV and OLSR routing protocols.
The performance of these protocols is analyzed on two metrics: time and throughput
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Study of Attacks and Routing Protocol in Wireless Networkijsrd.com
Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are attractive as a new communication paradigm. Ad hoc routing protocols for WMNs are classified into: (1) proactive, (2) reactive, and (3) hybrid approaches. In general, proactive routing is more suitable for a stationary network, while reactive routing is better for a mobile network with a high mobility. In many applications, a node in WMN is mobile but it can fluctuate between being mobile. Wireless mesh networks is an emergent research area, which is becoming important due to the growing amount of nodes in a network.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Abstract— A MANETs is a self-configuring network is a collection of mobile hosts that are connected via a wireless link. Opportunistic data forwarding has drawn much attention in the research community of multihop wireless networks. Opportunistic data forwarding is the lack of an efficient, lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. In this project proposed to a lightweight proactive source routing (PSR) protocol. PSR can be maintained at different network topology information than distance vector (DV), link state (LS), optimized link State routing (OLSR), then reactive source routing [e.g., dynamic source routing (DSR)]. In this project concentrate on reducing the overhead at the base line protocols, then testing to the better data transportation. Network Simulator (NS-2) help in testing and implementing to this project for effectively reduced to the overhead in the data transportation.
Comparing: Routing Protocols on Basis of sleep modeIJMER
The architecture of ad hoc wireless network consists of mobile nodes for communication
without the use of fixed-position routers. The communication between them takes place without
centralized control. Routing is a very crucial issue, so to deal with this routing algorithms must deliver
the packet in significant delay. There are different protocols for handling the mobile environment like
AODV, DSR and OLSR. But this paper will focus on performance of AODV and OLSR routing protocols.
The performance of these protocols is analyzed on two metrics: time and throughput
Performance Comparison of IAODV and OLSR Protocols under Black Hole Attackijsrd.com
A wireless ad-hoc network is a collection of mobile/semi-mobile nodes with no pre-established infrastructure, forming a temporary network.. MANET is a self organized and self configurable network where the mobile nodes move arbitrarily. The mobile nodes can receive and forward packets as a router. Each of the nodes has a wireless interface and communicates with each other over either radio or infrared. Laptop computers and personal digital assistants that communicate directly with each other are some examples of nodes in an ad-hoc network [4]. Nodes in the adhoc network are often mobile, but can also consist of stationary nodes, such as access points to the Internet. Semi mobile nodes can be used to deploy relay points in areas where relay points might be needed temporarily. Routing is a critical issue in MANET and hence the focus of this thesis along with the performance analysis of routing protocols. We compared two routing protocols i.e. IAODV and OLSR. Our simulation tool will be Network stimulator 2. The performance of these routing protocols is analyzed by three metrics: End to End delay, Packet delivery fraction and throughput.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
MANET Routing Protocols , a case studyRehan Hattab
L. Yi, Y. Zhai, Y. Wang, J. Yuan and I. You , Impacts of Internal Network Contexts on Performance of MANET Routing Protocols: a Case Study, Sixth International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing,2012.
Comparatively analysis of AODV and DSR in MAC layer for Ad Hoc Environmentijsrd.com
In Wireless Adhoc Network is a group of wireless mobile nodes is an autonomous system of mobile nodes connected by wireless links. Every node operates as an end system and as a router to forward packets. In this paper mainly focused on Mac layer because this layer is most important for the data communication using control the packet loss and we worked on the comparison based performance of wimax802.16 and wireless802.11 networks using Ad hoc on- demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol and Dynamic Source Routing Protocol. In this paper we used the different maximum speed for the network. And this comparison based on unicast On-demand routing procedure and our simulation for mobile ad hoc networks discover and maintain only needed the design and follows the idea that each node by sending routing packets whenever a communication is requested and compared various parameter packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load and e-e delay. These simulations are carried out using the Network simulator version-2. The results presented in this work illustrate the importance in carefully evaluating and implementing routing protocols in an ad hoc environment.
This ppt describes about the Different protocols of Ad-Hoc Network .It is a pure survey report which will make clarification about each protocols used in ad-hoc network and helps to future generation to make more publishing of recent trends of ad-hoc networks.
Tree Based Proactive Source Routing Protocol for MANETspaperpublications3
bstract: A mobile adhoc network (MANET) is a wireless communication network and the node that does not lie within the direct transmission range of each other depends on the intermediate nodes to forward data. Opportunistic data forwarding has not been widely utilized in mobile adhoc networks (MANETs) and the main reason is the lack of an efficient lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. PSR protocol facilitates opportunistic data forwarding in MANETs. In PSR, each node maintains a breadth-first search spanning tree of the network rooted at it-self. This information is periodically exchanged among neighboring nodes for updated network topology information. Here added a Mobile sink to reduce the overhead in case of number of child node increases and also to reduce the delay.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Performance Comparison of IAODV and OLSR Protocols under Black Hole Attackijsrd.com
A wireless ad-hoc network is a collection of mobile/semi-mobile nodes with no pre-established infrastructure, forming a temporary network.. MANET is a self organized and self configurable network where the mobile nodes move arbitrarily. The mobile nodes can receive and forward packets as a router. Each of the nodes has a wireless interface and communicates with each other over either radio or infrared. Laptop computers and personal digital assistants that communicate directly with each other are some examples of nodes in an ad-hoc network [4]. Nodes in the adhoc network are often mobile, but can also consist of stationary nodes, such as access points to the Internet. Semi mobile nodes can be used to deploy relay points in areas where relay points might be needed temporarily. Routing is a critical issue in MANET and hence the focus of this thesis along with the performance analysis of routing protocols. We compared two routing protocols i.e. IAODV and OLSR. Our simulation tool will be Network stimulator 2. The performance of these routing protocols is analyzed by three metrics: End to End delay, Packet delivery fraction and throughput.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
MANET Routing Protocols , a case studyRehan Hattab
L. Yi, Y. Zhai, Y. Wang, J. Yuan and I. You , Impacts of Internal Network Contexts on Performance of MANET Routing Protocols: a Case Study, Sixth International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing,2012.
Comparatively analysis of AODV and DSR in MAC layer for Ad Hoc Environmentijsrd.com
In Wireless Adhoc Network is a group of wireless mobile nodes is an autonomous system of mobile nodes connected by wireless links. Every node operates as an end system and as a router to forward packets. In this paper mainly focused on Mac layer because this layer is most important for the data communication using control the packet loss and we worked on the comparison based performance of wimax802.16 and wireless802.11 networks using Ad hoc on- demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol and Dynamic Source Routing Protocol. In this paper we used the different maximum speed for the network. And this comparison based on unicast On-demand routing procedure and our simulation for mobile ad hoc networks discover and maintain only needed the design and follows the idea that each node by sending routing packets whenever a communication is requested and compared various parameter packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load and e-e delay. These simulations are carried out using the Network simulator version-2. The results presented in this work illustrate the importance in carefully evaluating and implementing routing protocols in an ad hoc environment.
This ppt describes about the Different protocols of Ad-Hoc Network .It is a pure survey report which will make clarification about each protocols used in ad-hoc network and helps to future generation to make more publishing of recent trends of ad-hoc networks.
Tree Based Proactive Source Routing Protocol for MANETspaperpublications3
bstract: A mobile adhoc network (MANET) is a wireless communication network and the node that does not lie within the direct transmission range of each other depends on the intermediate nodes to forward data. Opportunistic data forwarding has not been widely utilized in mobile adhoc networks (MANETs) and the main reason is the lack of an efficient lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. PSR protocol facilitates opportunistic data forwarding in MANETs. In PSR, each node maintains a breadth-first search spanning tree of the network rooted at it-self. This information is periodically exchanged among neighboring nodes for updated network topology information. Here added a Mobile sink to reduce the overhead in case of number of child node increases and also to reduce the delay.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
Mobile ad hoc network is a reconfigurable network of mobile nodes connected by multi-hop wireless links and capable of operating without any fixed infrastructure support. In order to facilitate communication within such self-creating, self-organizing and self administrating network, a dynamic routing protocol is needed. The primary goal of such an ad hoc network routing protocol is to discover and establish a correct and efficient route between a pair of nodes so that messages may be delivered in a timely manner. Route construction should be done with a minimum of overhead and bandwidth consumption. This paper examines two routing protocols, both on-demand source routing, for mobile ad hoc networks– the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), an flat architecture based and the Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP), a cluster architecture based and evaluates both routing protocols in terms of packet delivery fraction, normalized routing load, average end to end delay, throughput by varying number of nodes per sq. km, traffic sources and mobility. Simulation results show that in high
mobility (pause time 0s) scenarios, CBRP outperforms DSR. CBRP scales well with increasing number of nodes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
A Survey of Enhanced Routing Protocols for Manetspijans
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) form a class of dynamic multi-hop networks consisting of a set of
mobile nodes that intercommunicate on shared wireless channels. MANETs are self-organizing and selfconfiguring multi-hop wireless networks, where the network structure changes dynamically due to the node
mobility. There exists no fixed topology due to the mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation
and path loss. Hence efficient dynamic routing protocols are required for these networks to function
properly. Many routing protocols have been developed to accomplish this task. In this paper we survey
various new routing protocols that have been developed as extensions or advanced versions of previously
existing routing protocols for MANETs such as DSR, AODV, OLSR etc.
Survey of Reactive Routing Protocols for MANETIOSR Journals
Abstract : A MANET is a collection of mobile nodes by wireless links forming a dynamic topology without any network infrastructure such as routers, servers, access points/cables or centralized administration. The nodes are free to move about and organize themselves into a network. These nodes change position frequently. The main classes of routing protocols are Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid. A Reactive (on-demand) routing strategy is a popular routing category for wireless ad hoc routing. It is a relatively new routing philosophy that provides a scalable solution to relatively large network topologies. The design follows the idea that each node tries to reduce routing overhead by sending routing packets whenever a communication is requested. DSR and AODV are reactive route discovery algorithms where a mobile device of MANET connects by gateway only when it is needed. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying performance metrics. These simulations are carried out using the ns-2 network simulator. Keywords – AODV, DSR, MANET, NS-2, Reactive routing protocols, Survey.
Survey of Reactive Routing Protocols for MANETIOSR Journals
A MANET is a collection of mobile nodes by wireless links forming a dynamic topology without any
network infrastructure such as routers, servers, access points/cables or centralized administration. The nodes
are free to move about and organize themselves into a network. These nodes change position frequently. The
main classes of routing protocols are Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid. A Reactive (on-demand) routing strategy
is a popular routing category for wireless ad hoc routing. It is a relatively new routing philosophy that provides
a scalable solution to relatively large network topologies. The design follows the idea that each node tries to
reduce routing overhead by sending routing packets whenever a communication is requested. DSR and AODV
are reactive route discovery algorithms where a mobile device of MANET connects by gateway only when it is
needed. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying performance metrics. These simulations are
carried out using the ns-2 network simulator
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Issues in designing a routing and Transport Layer protocol for Ad hoc networks- proactive
routing, reactive routing (on-demand), hybrid routing- Classification of Transport Layer
solutions-TCP over Ad hoc wireless Networks
ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN WIRELESS MESH NETWORKIJCSIT Journal
There are two methods to improve the performance of routing protocols in wireless mesh networks. One way is to improve the methods used for select the path. Second way is to improve the algorithms to add up the new characteristics of wireless mesh networks. We also propose a new protocol that is used for Multi Interfaces and Multiple Channels (MIMC) named as Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Progressive Routing Protocol using Hybrid Analysis for MANETsidescitation
In this paper, we proposed a replacement hybrid multipath routing protocol for
MANET known as Hybrid Multipath Progressive Routing Protocol for MANET (HMPRP),
during this work we improve the performance of accepted MANET routing protocols,
namely, the Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector routing protocol and use of their most
popular properties to formulate a replacement Hybrid routing protocol using the received
signal strength. The proposed routing protocol optimizes the information measure usage of
MANETs by reducing the routing overload and overhead. This proposed routing protocol
additionally extends the battery lifetime of the mobile devices by reducing the specified
variety of operations for (i) Route determination (ii) for packet forwarding. Simulation
results are used to draw conclusions regarding the proposed routing algorithm and
compared it with the AODV, OLSR, and ZRP protocol. Experiments carried out based on
this proposed algorithm, shows that better performance are achieved with regard to AODV,
OLSR, and ZRP routing algorithm in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, energy
consumed and end-to-end packet delay.
UNIT IV MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS
Ad-Hoc Basic Concepts – Characteristics – Applications – Design Issues – Routing – Essential of Traditional Routing Protocols –Popular Routing Protocols – Vehicular Ad Hoc networks ( VANET) – MANET Vs VANET – Security
Network Lifetime Analysis of Routing Protocols of Short Network in QualnetIOSR Journals
Abstract: A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that communicates with each other without using any existing infrastructure, access point or centralized administration. Mobile ad-hoc network have the attributes such as wireless connection, continuously changing topology, distributed operation and ease of deployment. In this paper we have compared the energy consumption of reactive, proactive & hybrid routing protocol AODV,DSR,RIP & ZRP by using different mobility model. We have analyzed the Network lifetime of protocols by varying pay load, mobility, pause time and type of traffic (CBR). A detailed simulation has been carried out in qualnet. The metrics used for performance analysis are energy consumed & battery consumption. It has been observed that RIP has better network lifetime than other.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
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End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
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Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
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• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
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1. Anjum Sharma, Rakesh Kumar, Manpreet Singh / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.1364-1369
Comparative analysis of OLSR and Tora under IPv6
environment
Anjum Sharma, Rakesh Kumar, Manpreet Singh
Abstract
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is as routers for delivering the message throughout the
an autonomous network that can be formed network. The mobile host must use broadcast for
without any established infrastructure. It consists sending messages and should be in promiscuous
of mobile nodes equipped with a wireless mode for accepting any messages that it receives. In
interface that are free to move and establish the ad hoc network there can be unidirectional hosts,
communication on the fly. The mobile nodes act that can transmit only to the one direction, so that
as hosts and routers, having routing capabilities the communication is not bi-directional as in the
for multi-hop paths connecting nodes which usual communication systems. [1,2,3].
cannot directly communicate. Wireless Routing protocols are divided into two categories
Communication technology is exploring at very based on how and when routes are discovered, but
fast rate which lead to the increase in demand of both find the shortest path to the destination.
infrastructure with such demand it is very Proactive routing protocols are table-driven
difficult to have that much of fixed protocols, they always maintain current up-to-date
infrastructure. Routing is the prime concerns in routing information by sending control messages
Manet network as there are many dependency periodically between the hosts which update their
while choosing appropriate protocol for routing. routing tables. When there are changes in the
OLSR and TORA are two most popular and structure then the updates are propagated throughout
hugely used protocols in Manet network. These the network. The proactive routing protocols use
two are different in their behavior as OLSR is a link-state routing algorithms which frequently flood
proactive protocol and TORA is a Reactive the link information about its neighbours. Other
protocol. These two widely used protocols are routing protocols are on-demand routing protocols,
compatable with new version of internet known in other words reactive, ones which create routes
as Ipv6. In our research we have done when they are needed by the source host and these
comparative analysis for these two protocols routes are maintained while they are needed. Such
under Interenet Protocol version 6 so that the protocols use distance-vector routing algorithms,
issues and analysis for both can be analyzed. they have vectors containing information about the
cost and the path to the destination. When nodes
Keywords: Adhoc network, optimized link sate exchange vectors of information, each host modify
routing protocol, Temporally Ordered Routing own routing information when needed. The ad hoc
Algorithm, Adhoc network routing protocols. routing rotocols are usually classified as a pure
Internet protocol version 6, interenet protocol proactive or a pure reactive protocol, but there are
version 4 also hybrid protocols. This only concern flat routing
protocols, but there are also hierarchical and graphic
1. INTRODUCTION position assisted routing protocols. [4]
Recent advances in wireless
communications and electronics have enabled the 2. Routing Protocols in MANETs
development of low-cost, low power, The function of ad hoc routing protocol is
multifunctional sensor nodes that are small in size to control the node decisions when routing packets
and communicate unmetered in short distances. between devices in MANET. When a node joins or
Wireless communication technology is increasing tries to join the network it does not know about the
daily, with such growth sooner or later it would not network topology. By announcing its presence or by
be practical or simply physically possible to have a listening from the neighbor nodes it discover the
fixed architecture for this kind of network. Ad hoc topology. In a network route discovery process
wireless network must be capable to self-organise depends on the routing protocol implementation.
and self-configure due to the fact that the mobile For wireless ad hoc networks, several routing
structure is changing all the time. Mobile hosts have protocols have been designed and all these protocols
a limited range and sending the message to another are classified under two major fields of protocols
host, which is not in the sender’s host transmission called reactive or proactive. An ad hoc routing
range, must be forwarded through the network using protocol with combination of these two is called a
other hosts which will be operated hybrid protocol [8].
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Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
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In OLSR, during the predetermined
interval Hello messages are periodically sent to the
neighbor nodes in order to determine the link status.
For instance, if node A and B are neighbors, Hello
message is sent to node B by node A and if the
Proactive Routing Protocols
message is successfully received by node B then the
maintain and build routing information for
link is called asymmetric. This is also true for node
all nodes and it works independently of the router
B if it sends a Hello message to node A. For two
[20]. This is achieved by periodically transmitting
way communication the link is called symmetric as
the control messages. These protocols continuously
shown in figure 3.2. The information of neighboring
broadcast control messages even if there is no data
nodes is contained by Hello messages. A node is
flow, due to this reason these protocols are not
built in network with a routing table, which contains
bandwidth efficient. The proactive routing protocols
the information of multiple hope neighbors. After
have its advantages and disadvantages. One of the
the symmetric connections are established, a
main advantages is that nodes can easily establish a
minimal number of MPR nodes are selected to
session and can get routing information. When there
broadcast TC messages at a predetermined interval
is link failure its restructure process is slow, the
[20]. The information of selected MPR nodes is
nodes handles too much data for the route
contained by TC message. Routing calculations are
maintenance, which is the drawback of proactive
also handled by TC messages.
routing protocols.
Reactive Routing Protocols
Optimized Link State Routing These protocols are bandwidth efficient.
OLSR is proactive routing protocol for
The routes are built on demand, which is
wireless ad-hoc networks that is used in mobile ad-
accomplished by sending requests for routes in the
hoc networks. WIMAX Mesh (Backhaul) also uses
network. The disadvantage of reactive routing
this protocol. OLSR has its name because of its
protocols is that it offers high latency while finding
proactive nature. In order to discover their
the routes [21]. In our thesis we have considered
neighbors, the nodes get information of topology
DSR, AODV, and TORA.
being used in the network by topology control (TC)
and hello packets. Packets are not broadcasted by all
Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm
nodes. Packets are only 19
(TORA)
routed by multipoint relay (MPR) nodes. Source to
Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm is
destination routes are established well before their
based on algorithm “link reversal” and is a
use.
distributed protocol. TORA guarantees the loop-free
There is a routing table kept by each node. These
routes, and provides the multiple routes for the
routing tables create higher routing overhead for
packets to alleviate the congestion. It is “source
OLSR compared to other reactive routing protocols.
initiated” protocol that creates different routes from
It decreases the delay for route discovery.
source to destination. Every node maintains the
information about his adjacent nodes. There are
three basic functions of TORA: route creation, route
maintenance and route erasure. Three control
packets are used to complete these functions: query
(QRY) for route creation, update (UPD) for creating
and maintaining of routes and clear (CLR) for route
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3. Anjum Sharma, Rakesh Kumar, Manpreet Singh / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.1364-1369
erasure [24]. The route creation algorithm in TORA had been significantly delayed by address changes
starts with “height” (propagation ordering parameter such as classful network design, Classless Inter-
in quintuple) that sets the height of all nodes to Domain Routing, and network address translation
NULL (undefined) and 0 for the destination. A node (NAT).
having high height is considered upstream and
downstream in case of lower height [38]. The Internet Protocol Version 6
“height” metric is used to establish the directed IPv6, like the most-commonly-used IPv4,
acyclic graph (DAG) at destination during the is an Internet-layer protocol for packet-switched
creation and maintenance of route. In TORA every internetworking and provides end-to-end datagram
node maintains a vector table stored in its memory transmission across multiple IP networks. It is
that save the impression of its height as well as the described in Internet standard document RFC 2460,
status of interrelated links to all connection backed published in December 1998. In addition to offering
up by the network. For bandwidth, the node has to more addresses, IPv6 also implements features not
broadcast its availability to other nodes in order to present in IPv4. It simplifies aspects of address
update and manage topology variations [9].This assignment (stateless address autoconfiguration),
routing algorithm is used to increase the scalability network renumbering and router announcements
in MANET. This algorithm does not use the shortest when changing network connectivity providers. The
path but it uses the optimized route [5]. IPv6 subnet size has been independent network.
The node that wants to communicate with the Exchanging traffic between the two networks
destination sends query message to the destination, requires special translator gateways, but this is not
which contains the node id of destination. When this generally required, since most computer operating
query message reaches the destination the update systems and software implement both protocols for
message is sent to the sender. This update message transparent access to both networks, either natively
contains the destination field [5]. The process is or using a tunneling protocol like 6to4, 6in4, or
shown below. Teredo.standardized by fixing the size of the host
identifier portion of an address to 64 bits to facilitate
an automatic mechanism for forming the host
identifier from link-layer media addressing
information (MAC address). Network security is
also integrated into the design of the IPv6
architecture, including the option of IPsec.
IPv6 does not implement interoperability features
with IPv4, but essentially creates a parallel,
independent network. Exchanging traffic between
the two networks requires special translator
gateways, but this is not generally required, since
most computer operating systems and software
the source node is represented by A and the implement both protocols for transparent access to
destination node is labeled by H. A query messages both networks, either natively or using a tunneling
is broadcasted across the network by the source protocol like 6to4, 6in4, or Teredo.
node A. This message is responded by only one-hop
neighbors. When query message is received, the
node updates the sender. In this figure the distance 4. Parameters and Simulation
of the node D and G from the destination is one hop. In the evaluation of routing protocols
The main disadvantage of this network is that it different performance metrics are used. They show
depends on the activated nodes which are selected different characteristics of the whole network
while initiating the setup at the beginning [10]. The performance. In this performance comparison we
other disadvantage is that the response to demand evaluate the Network Load, throughput and End-to-
for traffic is dependent on the number of nodes (or End delay of selected protocols in order to study the
rate of change of traffic) in the networks. In a effects on the whole network.
network where the traffic volume has steep positive
gradient, this protocol would not work efficiently. Network Load
“In networking load refers to the amount of
3. Internet Protocol data traffic being carried by the network”. Network
Internet Protocol Version 4 load is a framework used in high-latency tolerant
IPv4 uses 32-bit (four-byte) addresses, mobile networks. It utilizes most effective network
which limits the address space to 4294967296 (232) protocols to overcome congestion. A network faces
addresses. Addresses were assigned to users, and the acute congestion when all its resources are over-
number of unassigned addresses decreased. IPv4 utilized and over-burdened. So Load refers to a
address exhaustion occurred on February 3, 2011. It
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4. Anjum Sharma, Rakesh Kumar, Manpreet Singh / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.1364-1369
weight distribution system throughout network
infrastructure [6].
In [7] Sushant et al. calculates network load by
computing the ratio of volume of data received and
the maximum data fluctuates during net simulation
time.
Throughput
Throughput is the ratio of total amounts of
data that reaches the receiver from the source to the
time taken by the receiver to receive the last packet
[11]. It is represented in packets per second or bits
per second. In the MANET unreliable
communication, limited energy, limited bandwidth
and frequent topology change affect throughput Scenario of TORA in Ipv4
[12].
End-to End Delay
The average time taken by the packets to
pass through the network is called end-to-end delay.
This is the time when a sender generates the packet
and it is received by the application layer of
destination, it is represented in seconds. This is the
whole time that includes all delay of network such
as transmission time, buffer queues, MAC control
exchanges and delay produced by routing activities.
Different applications require different packet delay
levels. Low average delay is required in the network Scenario of OLSR in IPv4
of delay sensitive applications like voice. MANET
has the characteristics of packet transmissions due to
weak signal strengths of nodes, connection make
and break, and the node mobility. These are several
reasons that increase the delay in the network.
Therefore the end-to-end delay is the measure of
how a routing protocol accepts the various
constraints of network and shows reliability.
Simulator
We used Opnet Modeler 14.0 for simulating the
behavior of routing protocols.
5. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
For evaluation the performance and
analysis of our research protocosl, in this section,
we use a simulation tool OPNET to conduct several
experiments
A. Simulation environment and parameters Scenario of TORA in Ipv6
In our simulations, we consider campus area
network as a dense network: 4000 m * 4000m, with
70 randomly deployed manet nodes. Every node is
initially equipped with 10 m/s speed and 60 sec of
pause. We define the mobilty profile as default
Random waypoint algorithm for mobilty. We have
implemented heavy load FTP traffic with 50000
bystes of file size. We also define the simulation
time which is 10 minutes for each scernarios. For
each simulation scenario, the results are drawn by
the average value of 10 mins.
B. Simulation results
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5. Anjum Sharma, Rakesh Kumar, Manpreet Singh / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.1364-1369
Scenario of OLSR in Ipv6
Scenario of camparision for OLSR and TORA under
Comparison of both under Ipv6 Ipv6
7. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we discuss the routing
protocols for manet. Two protocols have been
judged under Ipv6 environmenet as it shows good
results in Ipv6 environment then Ipv4. Both
protocols show great compatability with Interenet
protocol version6 under different scenario. In
overall scenario OLSR outperform TORA in every
term under Ipv6 which shows great support for
OLSR under different Environmenets.
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