This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze different catalytic converter designs with the goal of reducing particulate matter emissions and back pressure. Three catalytic converter models with different wire mesh sizes in each compartment were simulated. The model with a wire mesh size of 1.96mm in the first compartment and 1.61mm in the second (MC-1) had the lowest pressure drop, which would result in lower fuel consumption and higher engine efficiency. In conclusion, optimizing the wire mesh size can both maximize particulate filtration and limit back pressure increase inside the catalytic converter.
1) The document analyzes stress on buried pipelines using CAESAR II software. A pipeline system is modeled and different load cases are applied including operating, sustained, and expansion loads.
2) Stress results like axial stress, bending stress, torsion stress and hoop stress are obtained from the software. The maximum stress is below the allowable stress specified in the ASME B31.1 code.
3) Finite element analysis is also carried out using ABAQUS to model the soil-pipeline interaction. The maximum stress is found at the top and bottom of the pipeline due to vertical static loads.
STUDY ON EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF COPPER PARTICLE FILLED POLYMER COM...Study Hub
This document provides a literature review on particulate reinforced polymer composites and their thermal conductivity. It discusses how adding ceramic or metal particles can improve mechanical properties like wear resistance of polymers. It also reviews studies on how particle size, shape, volume fraction and surface area affect composite properties. Additionally, it summarizes previous work on measuring and modeling the thermal conductivity of polymer composites filled with particles like copper, carbon fibers and graphite. The review establishes the relevance of further studying the thermal conductivity of particulate filled polymer composites.
Membrane Distillation Review and Flux prediction in Direct Contact Membrane D...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of membrane distillation (MD) including its history, configurations, transport mechanisms, commercially used membrane materials, and flux prediction modeling. MD uses a hydrophobic membrane to separate water vapor from an aqueous solution based on vapor pressure differences induced by a temperature gradient across the membrane. The document discusses four basic diffusion models in MD and develops a theoretical mathematical model to predict permeate flux in direct contact MD using MATLAB code. It also reviews MD membrane properties, applications, and challenges like flux decline over time due to fouling.
Use of Quarry Dust as Fine Aggregates by Partial Replacement of Sand in Conc...IRJET Journal
This paper reviews the use of quarry dust as a partial replacement for sand in concrete mixes. River sand is commonly used as a fine aggregate in concrete but its availability is decreasing due to overuse. Quarry dust is a byproduct of the quarrying process and has been proposed as an alternative to river sand in concrete. The paper evaluates past research on replacing sand with quarry dust up to percentages of 50-75% by weight. Studies have shown that replacement of up to 50% sand with quarry dust can increase the compressive strength of concrete. Using quarry dust could help address shortages in river sand while reducing pollution and construction costs. The paper concludes that partial replacement of sand with quarry dust in concrete
Heat transfer enhancement by nanofluid Suhail Patel
The purpose of this paper is to look into the present aspects of “Nanotechnology”. This gives a brief description of how heat transfer enhances using Nanofluid And its application in various fields viz. heat transportation, military applications, medical, etc. This paper focuses one explaining the basic mechanisms of improvement in heat transfer by addition nanoparticles.
Energy level tuning of cd se colloidal quantum dots in ternary 0d 2d-2d cdse ...Journal Papers
This document summarizes the energy level tuning of CdSe colloidal quantum dots (QDs) in a ternary 0D-2D-2D CdSe QD/B-rGO/O-gC3N4 photocatalyst system for enhanced hydrogen generation. Specifically, it discusses how the use of different thiol capping ligands on CdSe QDs results in shifts in the QD energy levels and band gaps. These ligand-specific CdSe QDs then exhibit trends in photocatalytic performance consistent with their respective measured energy and gap levels. Furthermore, it describes how an optimized CdSe QD is incorporated into a ternary composite with B-rGO and O-g
Effect of different types of steel fibers with metakaolin & flyIAEME Publication
The document discusses an experimental study on the effect of different types of steel fibers with metakaolin and fly ash on the mechanical properties of high strength concrete. Three types of steel fibers were used at volumes ranging from 0.5% to 4% by weight of cementitious material. The addition of metakaolin and fly ash at 5% and 10% by weight improved the concrete properties. The results showed that compressive strength increased with steel fiber content up to 3.5%, with round crimped steel fibers performing best. Similarly, split tensile strength also increased up to 3.5% fiber content, with flat crimped fibers giving the highest strength. The study concluded that steel fibers improve the ductility of high
1) The document analyzes stress on buried pipelines using CAESAR II software. A pipeline system is modeled and different load cases are applied including operating, sustained, and expansion loads.
2) Stress results like axial stress, bending stress, torsion stress and hoop stress are obtained from the software. The maximum stress is below the allowable stress specified in the ASME B31.1 code.
3) Finite element analysis is also carried out using ABAQUS to model the soil-pipeline interaction. The maximum stress is found at the top and bottom of the pipeline due to vertical static loads.
STUDY ON EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF COPPER PARTICLE FILLED POLYMER COM...Study Hub
This document provides a literature review on particulate reinforced polymer composites and their thermal conductivity. It discusses how adding ceramic or metal particles can improve mechanical properties like wear resistance of polymers. It also reviews studies on how particle size, shape, volume fraction and surface area affect composite properties. Additionally, it summarizes previous work on measuring and modeling the thermal conductivity of polymer composites filled with particles like copper, carbon fibers and graphite. The review establishes the relevance of further studying the thermal conductivity of particulate filled polymer composites.
Membrane Distillation Review and Flux prediction in Direct Contact Membrane D...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of membrane distillation (MD) including its history, configurations, transport mechanisms, commercially used membrane materials, and flux prediction modeling. MD uses a hydrophobic membrane to separate water vapor from an aqueous solution based on vapor pressure differences induced by a temperature gradient across the membrane. The document discusses four basic diffusion models in MD and develops a theoretical mathematical model to predict permeate flux in direct contact MD using MATLAB code. It also reviews MD membrane properties, applications, and challenges like flux decline over time due to fouling.
Use of Quarry Dust as Fine Aggregates by Partial Replacement of Sand in Conc...IRJET Journal
This paper reviews the use of quarry dust as a partial replacement for sand in concrete mixes. River sand is commonly used as a fine aggregate in concrete but its availability is decreasing due to overuse. Quarry dust is a byproduct of the quarrying process and has been proposed as an alternative to river sand in concrete. The paper evaluates past research on replacing sand with quarry dust up to percentages of 50-75% by weight. Studies have shown that replacement of up to 50% sand with quarry dust can increase the compressive strength of concrete. Using quarry dust could help address shortages in river sand while reducing pollution and construction costs. The paper concludes that partial replacement of sand with quarry dust in concrete
Heat transfer enhancement by nanofluid Suhail Patel
The purpose of this paper is to look into the present aspects of “Nanotechnology”. This gives a brief description of how heat transfer enhances using Nanofluid And its application in various fields viz. heat transportation, military applications, medical, etc. This paper focuses one explaining the basic mechanisms of improvement in heat transfer by addition nanoparticles.
Energy level tuning of cd se colloidal quantum dots in ternary 0d 2d-2d cdse ...Journal Papers
This document summarizes the energy level tuning of CdSe colloidal quantum dots (QDs) in a ternary 0D-2D-2D CdSe QD/B-rGO/O-gC3N4 photocatalyst system for enhanced hydrogen generation. Specifically, it discusses how the use of different thiol capping ligands on CdSe QDs results in shifts in the QD energy levels and band gaps. These ligand-specific CdSe QDs then exhibit trends in photocatalytic performance consistent with their respective measured energy and gap levels. Furthermore, it describes how an optimized CdSe QD is incorporated into a ternary composite with B-rGO and O-g
Effect of different types of steel fibers with metakaolin & flyIAEME Publication
The document discusses an experimental study on the effect of different types of steel fibers with metakaolin and fly ash on the mechanical properties of high strength concrete. Three types of steel fibers were used at volumes ranging from 0.5% to 4% by weight of cementitious material. The addition of metakaolin and fly ash at 5% and 10% by weight improved the concrete properties. The results showed that compressive strength increased with steel fiber content up to 3.5%, with round crimped steel fibers performing best. Similarly, split tensile strength also increased up to 3.5% fiber content, with flat crimped fibers giving the highest strength. The study concluded that steel fibers improve the ductility of high
This document provides an overview of membrane distillation, including:
- A brief history noting its first proposal in 1967 in Greece and early research in India in the 1970s.
- An explanation of the basic principle of using a hydrophobic membrane to allow vapor transport but prevent liquid transport for distillation.
- A description of the main types of membrane modules and common membrane materials used.
- Details on the heat and mass transfer processes during membrane distillation and equations governing vapor flux.
- Advantages of membrane distillation like high rejection rates and low energy costs compared to disadvantages like low permeate flux.
- Potential applications in water purification and food industries.
- A conclusion that membrane
The document describes the development of a hybrid electrode combining an ultrathin Nanostructured Thin Film (NSTF) catalyst layer with a dispersed platinum catalyst interlayer. Initial testing showed the NSTF electrode performed poorly at low temperatures due to water management issues. Adding a carbon or platinum interlayer between the NSTF layer and gas diffusion medium significantly improved low temperature performance by reducing water accumulation. Further work focused on developing coating methods for applying the interlayer that could be translated to roll-to-roll manufacturing. The performance was highly sensitive to the coating technique used. Coating the interlayer directly on the gas diffusion layer rather than on the membrane electrode assembly eliminated high current density voltage losses.
Nanoparticles in heat transfer applicationsSatya Sahoo
This document summarizes research on nano-particles in heat transfer. It discusses how nanofluids are engineered by dispersing nanoparticles smaller than 100nm in conventional heat transfer fluids to enhance thermal performance. It outlines different types of nanoparticles and base fluids that can be used. The key mechanisms for how nanofluids improve heat transfer are liquid layering around nanoparticles, Brownian motion, and microconvection induced by nanoparticle movement. Experimental results show increases in thermal conductivity compared to base fluids alone. Parameters like particle size and material affect conductivity. Nanofluids have applications in solar energy collection and storage. Synthesis methods include two-step mixing of nanoparticles and base fluids or single-step production.
This document reviews advances in membrane distillation technology for water desalination and purification. It discusses the fundamental heat and mass transfer processes in membrane distillation, recent developments in membrane materials and module designs, as well as applications and economics. Key configurations of membrane distillation include direct contact, air gap, vacuum, and sweep gas membrane distillation. While membrane distillation was introduced in the 1960s, limitations in membrane technology and economics previously hindered widespread adoption; however, new membrane materials and improved understanding of mass and heat transfer principles have renewed interest in membrane distillation in recent decades.
In the recent research activities, the nanofluids have involved a great deal
attention since their superior report in thermal performance and many other
applications. Now a days cooling process is a great challenge in most of the chemical
process, Nuclear reactor, automobile radiator, micro electronics systems. To meet out
this, a novel coolant (Nano fluids) was developed by choi.S.U.S 1995 at Argonne
National lab. USA. In continuation to his work, water based alumina Nano fluids was
prepared and applied in shell and tube heat exchanger to analyze the heat transfer
rate. The same analysis is discussed with conventional base fluid of water and
alumina nanofluid also this presents the characterization of Alumina Nano particle by
means of XRD and SEM.
Experimental Investigation of Erosive Wear on the High Chrome Cast Iron Impel...Sunil Kumar
Erosive wear occurs on the impeller and volute casing of the slurry disposal pump due to the impact of the ash particles on the impeller with a high velocity. Due to erosive wear, pump life become very short. The service life of centrifugal pump, handling slurry can be increased by reducing the erosive wear.
In the present work, the experimental investigation of erosive wear has been carried out on the high speed slurry erosion tester to understand the effects of the ash concentration in slurry, rotational speed of the pump impeller and ash particle size on erosive wear. The erosive wear behavior of high chrome cast iron was investigated by Response surface methodology (RSM). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis and the modeled values for the response were obtained with the help of modeled equation. The result shows that the ash concentration in slurry and kinetic energy of the moving particles highly contributes to erosive wear of pump impeller as compared to the ash particle size.
1. The document discusses the behavior of low rank high moisture coal stored in small stockpiles under controlled ambient conditions. Laboratory tests were conducted on coal samples from Indonesia to analyze properties like moisture content, calorific value, and reactivity.
2. Small-scale stockpile tests showed that natural drying can significantly reduce coal moisture content over time. However, rainfall negatively impacts the drying process. Staging the coal by size and sheltering stockpiles enhances moisture loss.
3. Analysis methods like XRD, FTIR, and TGA provided insights into the coal's amorphous structure and functional groups, which influence its moisture holding capacity. Understanding these relationships can help optimize stockpile management and drying.
Strength properties of steel fibre and glass fibre compositesIAEME Publication
The document summarizes research that studied the strength properties of steel fibre and glass fibre composites in concrete. Specifically, it investigated the effect of adding different volumes of steel fibre (0.5-1%) and weights of glass fibre (0.15-0.25% of cement weight) on the split tensile and flexural strengths of M25 grade concrete. Cylindrical and beam specimens were cast and tested according to appropriate standards. The results showed that adding 0.75% steel fibre and 0.2% glass fibre by weight of cement (S6 mix) increased the split tensile strength of the concrete by 48.61% compared to the plain concrete mix without fibres.
Flux optimization in air gap membrane distillation system for water desalina...Dahiru Lawal
The document summarizes research on optimizing an air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) system for desalination. The researcher conducted experiments to investigate how operating parameters like feed temperature, coolant temperature, feed flow rate, coolant flow rate, and air gap width affect permeate flux. Using Taguchi experimental design, the maximum flux of 76 kg/m2h was achieved at 80°C feed temperature, 20°C coolant temperature, 5 L/min feed flow rate, 2 L/min coolant flow rate, and 3mm air gap width. Regression analysis showed the model could predict experimental flux values within 10%. The researcher concluded temperature differences between feed and coolant most affected flux, while coolant flow
This document discusses applications of nanofluids in solar thermal systems. It begins by defining nanofluids as fluids containing nanometer-sized particles suspended in a base fluid such as water or ethylene glycol. Some examples of nanofluids are then provided. The document then discusses how nanofluids can improve the efficiency of solar collectors and concentrated solar power systems by enhancing heat transfer compared to conventional working fluids like water or oil. Several studies are summarized that examine the effects of varying nanoparticle properties and concentrations on collector efficiency. The document also considers the economic and environmental impacts of using nanofluids in solar thermal applications.
Enhancement of rate of heat transfer using nano fluidsSharathKumar528
Nano fluids as coolants and lubricants is still very primitive in technology. This presentation explores the future of nano fluids for enhanced heat transfer.
NATURAL CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER BY Al2O3 &PbO NANOFLUIDSAlagappapandian M
In this presentation related about natural convective heat transfer incresed by using different nano particles. in this fluid is called nanofluids. Nanofluids improve the heat transfer rate of base fluid.
This document provides an introduction to membrane distillation, including:
1. It describes four main membrane distillation configurations: direct contact, air gap, sweeping gas, and vacuum membrane distillation.
2. It discusses common membrane module designs including tubular and plate and frame modules.
3. It outlines common membrane materials for membrane distillation including polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polytetrafluoroethylene in both hollow fiber and flat sheet configurations.
Investigation on the behaviour of alfa composite in pre and post heat treated...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Of the many types of particulate reinforcements fly ash is one type that is being used from the recent past to develop the composites. In the current research fly ash is reinforced in the aluminium alloy AA2024 to develop ALFA (ALuminium Fly Ash) composites. The stir casting technique is employed in the development of the said composite as this technique is economical and would produce a composite with fairly uniform distribution of the fly ash reinforcement in the alloy matrix. The fly ash was added in 2.5 and 5% by weight to the molten metal. Increase in the percentage weight of fly ash reinforcement resulted improvement in the mechanical properties. The composite is tested for hardness, tensile strength and wear performance under pre-heat treatment, as quenched and in peak hardened conditions. The peak hardened composite showed a superior hardness, tensile strength and wear resistance than the others.
Keywords: stir casting, fly ash composites, heat treatment, and characterization
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document summarizes the results of experimental studies on single phase convective heat transfer with nanofluids. It discusses several papers that investigated the thermophysical and transport properties of three different nanofluids, including thermal conductivity, viscosity, and particle characterization. It also examines the cooling performance of nanofluids in small diameter tubes and closed loop systems under both laminar and turbulent flow. Overall, the document analyzes the thermal properties and heat transfer capabilities of various nanofluids through experimental and theoretical approaches.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document analyzes the performance of two routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) - the Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP) and the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. It describes the simulation setup used to evaluate the protocols under different scenarios varying offered load, pause time, and node speed. The results show that AODV outperformed WRP in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, and average end-to-end delay in most scenarios, demonstrating that AODV is generally better suited for MANETs compared to WRP. The same simulation framework could be used to evaluate other routing protocols.
Visitaron la ciudad de Sevilla y tomaron fotos con un filtro para darle más luminosidad a la ya colorida ciudad. Tomaron fotos de Sevilla con un filtro para resaltar los colores de esta ciudad.
This document provides an overview of membrane distillation, including:
- A brief history noting its first proposal in 1967 in Greece and early research in India in the 1970s.
- An explanation of the basic principle of using a hydrophobic membrane to allow vapor transport but prevent liquid transport for distillation.
- A description of the main types of membrane modules and common membrane materials used.
- Details on the heat and mass transfer processes during membrane distillation and equations governing vapor flux.
- Advantages of membrane distillation like high rejection rates and low energy costs compared to disadvantages like low permeate flux.
- Potential applications in water purification and food industries.
- A conclusion that membrane
The document describes the development of a hybrid electrode combining an ultrathin Nanostructured Thin Film (NSTF) catalyst layer with a dispersed platinum catalyst interlayer. Initial testing showed the NSTF electrode performed poorly at low temperatures due to water management issues. Adding a carbon or platinum interlayer between the NSTF layer and gas diffusion medium significantly improved low temperature performance by reducing water accumulation. Further work focused on developing coating methods for applying the interlayer that could be translated to roll-to-roll manufacturing. The performance was highly sensitive to the coating technique used. Coating the interlayer directly on the gas diffusion layer rather than on the membrane electrode assembly eliminated high current density voltage losses.
Nanoparticles in heat transfer applicationsSatya Sahoo
This document summarizes research on nano-particles in heat transfer. It discusses how nanofluids are engineered by dispersing nanoparticles smaller than 100nm in conventional heat transfer fluids to enhance thermal performance. It outlines different types of nanoparticles and base fluids that can be used. The key mechanisms for how nanofluids improve heat transfer are liquid layering around nanoparticles, Brownian motion, and microconvection induced by nanoparticle movement. Experimental results show increases in thermal conductivity compared to base fluids alone. Parameters like particle size and material affect conductivity. Nanofluids have applications in solar energy collection and storage. Synthesis methods include two-step mixing of nanoparticles and base fluids or single-step production.
This document reviews advances in membrane distillation technology for water desalination and purification. It discusses the fundamental heat and mass transfer processes in membrane distillation, recent developments in membrane materials and module designs, as well as applications and economics. Key configurations of membrane distillation include direct contact, air gap, vacuum, and sweep gas membrane distillation. While membrane distillation was introduced in the 1960s, limitations in membrane technology and economics previously hindered widespread adoption; however, new membrane materials and improved understanding of mass and heat transfer principles have renewed interest in membrane distillation in recent decades.
In the recent research activities, the nanofluids have involved a great deal
attention since their superior report in thermal performance and many other
applications. Now a days cooling process is a great challenge in most of the chemical
process, Nuclear reactor, automobile radiator, micro electronics systems. To meet out
this, a novel coolant (Nano fluids) was developed by choi.S.U.S 1995 at Argonne
National lab. USA. In continuation to his work, water based alumina Nano fluids was
prepared and applied in shell and tube heat exchanger to analyze the heat transfer
rate. The same analysis is discussed with conventional base fluid of water and
alumina nanofluid also this presents the characterization of Alumina Nano particle by
means of XRD and SEM.
Experimental Investigation of Erosive Wear on the High Chrome Cast Iron Impel...Sunil Kumar
Erosive wear occurs on the impeller and volute casing of the slurry disposal pump due to the impact of the ash particles on the impeller with a high velocity. Due to erosive wear, pump life become very short. The service life of centrifugal pump, handling slurry can be increased by reducing the erosive wear.
In the present work, the experimental investigation of erosive wear has been carried out on the high speed slurry erosion tester to understand the effects of the ash concentration in slurry, rotational speed of the pump impeller and ash particle size on erosive wear. The erosive wear behavior of high chrome cast iron was investigated by Response surface methodology (RSM). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis and the modeled values for the response were obtained with the help of modeled equation. The result shows that the ash concentration in slurry and kinetic energy of the moving particles highly contributes to erosive wear of pump impeller as compared to the ash particle size.
1. The document discusses the behavior of low rank high moisture coal stored in small stockpiles under controlled ambient conditions. Laboratory tests were conducted on coal samples from Indonesia to analyze properties like moisture content, calorific value, and reactivity.
2. Small-scale stockpile tests showed that natural drying can significantly reduce coal moisture content over time. However, rainfall negatively impacts the drying process. Staging the coal by size and sheltering stockpiles enhances moisture loss.
3. Analysis methods like XRD, FTIR, and TGA provided insights into the coal's amorphous structure and functional groups, which influence its moisture holding capacity. Understanding these relationships can help optimize stockpile management and drying.
Strength properties of steel fibre and glass fibre compositesIAEME Publication
The document summarizes research that studied the strength properties of steel fibre and glass fibre composites in concrete. Specifically, it investigated the effect of adding different volumes of steel fibre (0.5-1%) and weights of glass fibre (0.15-0.25% of cement weight) on the split tensile and flexural strengths of M25 grade concrete. Cylindrical and beam specimens were cast and tested according to appropriate standards. The results showed that adding 0.75% steel fibre and 0.2% glass fibre by weight of cement (S6 mix) increased the split tensile strength of the concrete by 48.61% compared to the plain concrete mix without fibres.
Flux optimization in air gap membrane distillation system for water desalina...Dahiru Lawal
The document summarizes research on optimizing an air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) system for desalination. The researcher conducted experiments to investigate how operating parameters like feed temperature, coolant temperature, feed flow rate, coolant flow rate, and air gap width affect permeate flux. Using Taguchi experimental design, the maximum flux of 76 kg/m2h was achieved at 80°C feed temperature, 20°C coolant temperature, 5 L/min feed flow rate, 2 L/min coolant flow rate, and 3mm air gap width. Regression analysis showed the model could predict experimental flux values within 10%. The researcher concluded temperature differences between feed and coolant most affected flux, while coolant flow
This document discusses applications of nanofluids in solar thermal systems. It begins by defining nanofluids as fluids containing nanometer-sized particles suspended in a base fluid such as water or ethylene glycol. Some examples of nanofluids are then provided. The document then discusses how nanofluids can improve the efficiency of solar collectors and concentrated solar power systems by enhancing heat transfer compared to conventional working fluids like water or oil. Several studies are summarized that examine the effects of varying nanoparticle properties and concentrations on collector efficiency. The document also considers the economic and environmental impacts of using nanofluids in solar thermal applications.
Enhancement of rate of heat transfer using nano fluidsSharathKumar528
Nano fluids as coolants and lubricants is still very primitive in technology. This presentation explores the future of nano fluids for enhanced heat transfer.
NATURAL CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER BY Al2O3 &PbO NANOFLUIDSAlagappapandian M
In this presentation related about natural convective heat transfer incresed by using different nano particles. in this fluid is called nanofluids. Nanofluids improve the heat transfer rate of base fluid.
This document provides an introduction to membrane distillation, including:
1. It describes four main membrane distillation configurations: direct contact, air gap, sweeping gas, and vacuum membrane distillation.
2. It discusses common membrane module designs including tubular and plate and frame modules.
3. It outlines common membrane materials for membrane distillation including polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polytetrafluoroethylene in both hollow fiber and flat sheet configurations.
Investigation on the behaviour of alfa composite in pre and post heat treated...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Of the many types of particulate reinforcements fly ash is one type that is being used from the recent past to develop the composites. In the current research fly ash is reinforced in the aluminium alloy AA2024 to develop ALFA (ALuminium Fly Ash) composites. The stir casting technique is employed in the development of the said composite as this technique is economical and would produce a composite with fairly uniform distribution of the fly ash reinforcement in the alloy matrix. The fly ash was added in 2.5 and 5% by weight to the molten metal. Increase in the percentage weight of fly ash reinforcement resulted improvement in the mechanical properties. The composite is tested for hardness, tensile strength and wear performance under pre-heat treatment, as quenched and in peak hardened conditions. The peak hardened composite showed a superior hardness, tensile strength and wear resistance than the others.
Keywords: stir casting, fly ash composites, heat treatment, and characterization
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document summarizes the results of experimental studies on single phase convective heat transfer with nanofluids. It discusses several papers that investigated the thermophysical and transport properties of three different nanofluids, including thermal conductivity, viscosity, and particle characterization. It also examines the cooling performance of nanofluids in small diameter tubes and closed loop systems under both laminar and turbulent flow. Overall, the document analyzes the thermal properties and heat transfer capabilities of various nanofluids through experimental and theoretical approaches.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document analyzes the performance of two routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) - the Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP) and the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. It describes the simulation setup used to evaluate the protocols under different scenarios varying offered load, pause time, and node speed. The results show that AODV outperformed WRP in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, and average end-to-end delay in most scenarios, demonstrating that AODV is generally better suited for MANETs compared to WRP. The same simulation framework could be used to evaluate other routing protocols.
Visitaron la ciudad de Sevilla y tomaron fotos con un filtro para darle más luminosidad a la ya colorida ciudad. Tomaron fotos de Sevilla con un filtro para resaltar los colores de esta ciudad.
El documento describe la organización política y militar de la antigua Roma. La organización política buscaba equilibrar los poderes monárquico, aristocrático y democrático a través de magistraturas, el Senado y asambleas del pueblo. El ejército romano estaba compuesto principalmente por legiones de infantería apoyadas por caballería e infantería ligera. Los soldados recibían entrenamiento, armamento y paga standardizada, y se les sometía a un estricto código de conducta.
O documento descreve o protocolo SWORD (Simple Web-service Offering Repository Deposit), que permite o depósito remoto de conteúdo em repositórios abertos através de uma interface web service. O SWORD é usado por universidades e instituições de pesquisa para compartilhar saídas de pesquisa como vídeos, dados de experimentos, livros e artigos.
El documento describe un decreto que aprueba el cambio de nombre del municipio de San Jorge en la Comunidad Valenciana a la forma bilingüe de Sant Jordi/San Jorge. Se explica que el ayuntamiento solicitó este cambio y que cumple con la legislación vigente. El decreto establece el nuevo nombre bilingüe de forma oficial y los procedimientos para apelar esta decisión. También regula los centros de estimulación temprana para niños con problemas en el desarrollo.
Os horários típicos das refeições em Portugal são pequeno-almoço das 7h às 8h30, almoço das 12h às 14h e jantar das 19h30 às 21h. O documento também menciona alguns bairros e regiões de Lisboa e detalha pratos e bebidas típicos da culinária portuguesa.
Novedades de la versión 2011 de TopSolid'Woodtecnocim
El documento describe las nuevas características y mejoras de TopSolid'Wood 2011, incluyendo mejoras en la definición de piezas, entidades de panel, librería de herrajes, ensamblajes, parámetros, gestión de archivos, ergonomía del nesting, vistas de draft, y las aplicaciones TopSolid'Image y TopSolid'Quote.
O documento descreve as funcionalidades do Microsoft Access, incluindo:
1) Como abrir e navegar por um banco de dados existente, como Northwind.mdb;
2) Como criar um novo banco de dados usando o Assistente de Banco de Dados, selecionando um modelo como "Despesas";
3) As principais janelas e objetos do Access como tabelas, formulários, consultas e relatórios.
Oliver enumera sus 10 aplicaciones favoritas, que incluyen programas para descargar archivos como ARES y eMule, navegadores como Mozilla y Safari, antivirus como Panda, software de edición de audio y música como Cubase, Logic Pro y Xilisoft Ultimate, el editor de fotos Photoshop y el reproductor Adobe Flash Player.
Este documento es una guía para familias que han recibido un diagnóstico de autismo para su hijo o hija. La guía explica qué son los trastornos del espectro autista, cómo se manifiestan, y que no tienen cura pero sí tratamiento. También responde preguntas comunes de los padres sobre las causas, si es una enfermedad, y las posibilidades de desarrollo intelectual del niño. El objetivo es ayudar a los padres a comprender la condición de su hijo y enfrentarla de la mejor manera
O projeto Escola da Vida visa promover a formação profissional, social e cívica de estudantes universitários por meio de ações socioambientais em seis áreas: educação, urbanismo/paisagem, economia, direito, saúde e produção artística/cultural. O projeto já conta com 20 voluntários e tem o potencial de ser replicado em outras universidades.
Novedades de la versión 2011 de los módulos TopSolid de Moldes, Progress y El...tecnocim
El documento presenta las mejoras introducidas en varias herramientas de TopSolid para el diseño, análisis y fabricación de piezas inyectadas. Destaca mejoras en la reparación y ajuste de superficies, gestión de filtros y listas de materiales, diseño de moldes e improntas, análisis de grosor, construcción de bandas plegadas y gestión de punzones y matrices.
O documento descreve uma proposta da empresa BUSTV para veicular publicidade no Dia das Mães utilizando sua rede de telas em ônibus. A proposta inclui oferecimentos, veiculação convencional de anúncios e produção de conteúdo personalizado, com foco em público feminino.
Novedades de la versión 2011 de TopSolid'Camtecnocim
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A Review on Investigation of Tribological Behavior of Nanocoating for Piston ...IJLT EMAS
Nanocoating can help to improve performance and life
of automotive engine by reducing the wear between the engine
components. In this research have selected the proper material
for top piston ring and same material are to be selected for
preparation of pin for tribometer testing and material of cylinder
liner tested and fabricated the same material of tribometer disc.
Nanocoating by electroplated Chromium coating and Chromium
nitride using DLC method by PVD coating was done on
specimen pin and piston ring and this material which was used
tribometer testing.
Depleting fossil fuel resources, economic
competitiveness and environmental concerns has compelled to
explore newer avenues to improve efficiency of automotive
engines. Various techniques have been adapted to achieve this
goal.
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IRJET-Enhancing the Performance of Hybrid Microgrid using non Isolated Single...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes heat transfer in a light passenger car radiator with various geometrical configurations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It studies a staggered fin-and-tube radiator with circular and oval tubes. The radiator is modeled and analyzed in FLUENT to obtain velocity, temperature, and pressure contours. Oval tubes are found to improve heat transfer compared to circular tubes. Specifically, oval tube configurations reduce temperature differences between the tubes and air, indicating more efficient heat absorption. While circular tubes show higher temperatures, oval tube designs enhance convection and lower outlet temperatures. In conclusion, varying the tube shape geometrically through oval designs improves the radiator's thermal performance.
Performance and emission charecterisatics of magnesia stabilized zirconia (mg...eSAT Journals
Abstract Demand for Fossil fuels has been increasing tremendously which cause environmental threat. For this reason a numerous studies are ongoing for renewable sources of energy worldwide. This paper investigates the effect of using TBC to diminish emissions from engine exhaust specifically nitrogen oxide and to augment the performance of the engine. Engine Components were coated with Mg-PSZ of which 150μm thinness of Zro2-24Mgo over a 50μm thickness of NiCrAlY bond. The input parameters considered for this study includes engine speed, compression ratio, stroke length and Neli oil. The output parameters such as thermal efficiency, Brake power, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, Volumetric Efficiency and Emissions of NOx, CO, HC were studied in a thermal barrier coated engine running with Neli oil and diesel fuel blend. From this experiment it is observed that there is a significant improvement in the results of engine performance and emission characteristics. Key Words: Mg-PSZ, Plasma Spray Coating, Nelli Seed Oil, Diesel Engine, Emissions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis Of Various Forms Of Carbon Nanotubes by ARC Discharge Methods – Com...IRJET Journal
This document reviews various methods for synthesizing carbon nanotubes, specifically arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. It discusses the structure of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes and how they are formed. It also reviews research on reinforcing aluminum matrix composites with carbon nanotubes to improve mechanical properties like strength and stiffness. Strengthening mechanisms for aluminum-carbon nanotube composites include thermal mismatching, Orowan looping, and shear lag effects between the matrix and reinforcement.
Rapid control of exhaust emissions and enhancement of retention time in the c...prjpublications
This document discusses using copper nanoparticles coated on a copper sieve catalytic converter to control exhaust emissions from a two-stroke, single cylinder spark ignition petrol engine. It aims to reduce harmful emissions like carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons by increasing the retention time of exhaust gases in the catalytic converter. The document describes the design of the catalytic converter system used in the experiments and calculations done to determine design parameters. It also provides details of the preparation method used to synthesize copper nanoparticles via a microwave-assisted reduction of copper ions in ethylene glycol solution.
Catalytic Converter Made of Non-noble Material for an Automobileijsrd.com
This paper is reports on the review of catalytic converter made of non - noble material for an automobile. The converter made of the noble material is highly efficient but there is some major problem associated with these converters. First problem is the cost of the catalytic converter increased due to high cost of the noble material. Second problem is that they are operated at the higher temperature. Third problem is that the noble material is rarely available in earth crust and hence they are exhausted one day. Due to above problem associated with the noble material there is some option required for the noble material which is easily available at the lower cost. The non - noble material (Copper, Nickel, Zinc etc.) is perfect for the use into the catalytic converter instead of the noble material as they are easily available at low cost and operated at lower temperature than the noble material.
Remaining Life Analysis of Boiler Tubes on Behalf of Hoop Stresses Produced D...IJERA Editor
Boiler tube material plays an important role in efficient power generation from a fossil fuel power plant. In order to meet out the gap between fluids to increase heat available per unit mass flow of steam. Waste heat utilization phenomenon is a big challenge on fossil fuel power plants as after use of high grade coal in thermal power plants the efficiency of power plants is not at the level of required value. Clean and efficient power generation with economical aspects is the basic need of growing power generation plants to justify the quality of power and clean power generation. Life analysis technique to calculate remaining life of boiler tubes at critical zones of high temperature requires much attention and is an important hypothesis in research field. Generation of repetitive and fluctuating stress during flow of high temperature and pressure fluid require proper attention on the methodology to be used to calculate the efficiency of system and absorption efficiency of tube material. In this paper complete mathematical analysis of boiler tubes is conducted for calculation of remaining life of boiler tubes, Hoop stress values are calculated and used with mathematical tool to calculate the efficiency. Hoop stress based calculation of efficiency is more reliable and may give more accurate and practical aspects based results.
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IRJET - Design and Analysis of Connecting Rod using Different MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a connecting rod using different materials through finite element analysis. The connecting rod was modeled in NX 10 software and analyzed in ANSYS Workbench. Materials analyzed included titanium alloy, beryllium alloy, magnesium alloy, and aluminum 360. ANSYS was used to analyze von mises stress, strain, deformation, factor of safety, and weight reduction for each material. Aluminum alloy was found to have a higher factor of safety, lower weight, lower stress, and was stiffer than forged steel. Fatigue analysis can also determine the lifetime of the connecting rod. The connecting rod was designed, modeled, and analyzed to compare the performance of different materials.
EXPERIMENT INVESTIGATION OF EDM PARAMETER MRR AND TWR WITH MULTI WALL CARBON ...IAEME Publication
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IRJET- Design and Analysis of Absorber Tube of Solar Parabolic trough CollectorIRJET Journal
This document discusses a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the fluid flow and heat transfer in the absorber tube of a parabolic trough solar collector with and without internal inserts. The CFD analysis is conducted to study the effect of different insert profiles on heat transfer and compare results to an absorber tube without inserts. The goal is to improve the efficiency of heat transfer from the absorber tube wall to the working fluid by increasing contact area between the fluid and tube, increasing residual time of the fluid, and decreasing fluid velocity using inserts or internal fins.
This document discusses the design and optimization of an exhaust muffler for automobiles. It begins with an introduction to the main components of an engine exhaust system, including the exhaust manifold, catalytic converter, muffler, and pipes. It then describes the process of designing an exhaust muffler for a Tata Indica turbo diesel engine in CATIA V5 software. This CAD model is analyzed using finite element analysis in NASTRAN to optimize the muffler design. The results show that increasing the thickness of the muffler baffles from 2mm to 3mm increased the muffler's maximum frequency from 359Hz to 381Hz. In conclusion, finite element analysis can be used to modify muffler designs and improve acoustic performance.
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See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
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Presented at the CAiSE 2024 Forum, Intelligent Information Systems, June 6th, Limassol, Cyprus.
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For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
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My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
Ex319981004
1. H.Maheshappa,V.K.Pravin, K.S.Umesh, P.H.Veena / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.998-1004
Design Analysis of Catalytic Converter to reduce Particulate
Matter and Achieve Limited Back Pressure in Diesel Engine By
CFD
H.Maheshappa,V.K.Pravin, K.S.Umesh, P.H.Veena
ABSTRACT
Now a days the global warming and air might happen. The filtration efficiency and back
pollution are big issue in the world. The 70% of pressure are interrelated. If maximum filtration
air pollution is due to emissions from an internal efficiency using very fine grid size wire meshes, is
combustion engine. The harmful gases like , NO X achieved, the back pressure will also be increased,
CO, unburned HC and particulate matter which causes more fuel consumption. On the other
increases the global warming, so catalytic hand, if larger grid size wire meshes are used, back
converter plays an vital role in reducing harmful pressure will be less, but the filtration efficiency will
gases, but the presence of catalytic converter also be reduced, which does not help in meeting the
increases the exhaust back pressure due to this present emission norms. With the help of CFD
the volumetric efficiency will decrease and fuel analysis, it is attempted to find out the optimum
consumption is higher. So analysis of catalytic solution to get maximum filtration efficiency with
converter is very important. limited back pressure developed inside the catalytic
The rare earth metals now used as converter.
catalyst to reduce NOX are costly and rarely Andreassi et al. [1] investigated the role of channel
available. The scarcity and high demand of cross-section shape on mass and heat transfer
present catalyst materials necessitate the need for processes. The development of catalytic converter
finding out the alternatives. Among all other systems for automotive applications is, to a great
particulate filter materials, knitted steel wire extent, related to monolith catalyst support materials
mesh material is selected as filter materials in and design. In this paper improvements of converter
this paper. Through CFD analysis, various channels fluid-dynamics aiming to enhance
models with different wire mesh grid size pollutant conversion in all the engine operating
combinations were simulated using the conditions are studied. Rajadurai et al. [2]
appropriate boundary conditions. The investigated the effect of Knitted wire mesh
comparison of back pressure of different substrates with different geometry and channels on
catalytic converter models is made in this paper. the back pressure of catalytic converter. The
primary requirements of exhaust after treatment
1. INTRODUCTION systems are low back pressure, low system weight,
Internal Combustion engines generate better emission performance and lower cost.
undesirable emissions during the combustion Combinations of these properties provide better
process, which include, NOX CO, unburned HC, engine performance and higher system value.
smoke etc. Apart from these unwanted gases, it Combinations of these properties provide better
produces Particulate Matter (PM) such as lead, soot. engine performance and higher system value
All these pollutants are harmful to environment Ekstrom and Andersson [3] Investigated the
and human health. They are the main causes for pressure drop behavior of catalytic converter for a
greenhouse effect, acid rain, global warming number of different substrates, suitable for high
etc. The simplest and the most effective way performance IC-engines, regarding cell density, wall
to reduce NOX and PM, is to go for the after thickness and coating. The measurements have been
treatment of exhaust. Devices developed for after performed on an experimental rig with room-air
treatment of exhaust emissions includes thermal flow and hot-air flow. The data has been used to
converters or reactors, traps or filters for particulate develop an empirical model for pressure drop in
matters and catalytic converters. The most effective catalytic converters.Narasimha Kumar et al. [4]
after treatment for reducing engine emission is the Investigations have been carried out for reducing
catalytic converter found on most automobiles and pollutants from a variable compression ratio,
other modern engines of medium or large size. copper-coated spark ignition engine fitted with
The catalyst and filter materials placed catalytic converter containing sponge iron catalyst
inside the catalytic converter increase back pressure. run with gasohol (blend of 20% ethanol and 80%
This increase in back pressure causes more fuel gasoline by volume).The major pollutants emitted
consumption, and in most cases, engine stalling from spark ignition engine are carbon monoxide
998 | P a g e
2. H.Maheshappa,V.K.Pravin, K.S.Umesh, P.H.Veena / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.998-1004
(CO) and unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC). Mohiuddin SELECTION OF FILTER MATERIAL
and Nurhafez [5] conducted an experiment to study There are many types of filter materials are
the performance and conversion efficiencies of used in internal combustion engine. They are
ceramic monolith three-way catalytic converters Ceramic monolith, ceramic foam, steel wire meshes,
(TWCC) employed in automotive exhaust lines for ceramic silicon fiber, porous ceramic honey comb
the reduction of gasoline emissions. Two ceramic are the few types of filter materials. Out of these
converters of different cell density, substrate length, filter materials, steel wire mesh is selected as filter
and hydraulic channel diameter and wall thickness material because knitted steel wire mesh material is
were studied to investigate the effect of varying key ranked first for its collection efficiency of
parameters on conversion efficiencies and pressure particulate matter. The other reasons for its selection
drop. are,
Muthaiah et al. [6] conducted an experimental test
on a 10 hp, twin-cylinder, and four-stroke, direct- Thermal stability during regeneration.
injection, vertical diesel engine. At present, the wall Good mechanical properties.
flow ceramic substrate is used as filters which are Long durability.
expensive and also offer more back pressure Easy availability and less cost
resulting in more fuel consumption. In the present 2. CONSTRUCTION
study, catalytic-coated steel wire mesh materials The catalytic converter consist of
with coarse, fine, and very fine grid sizes are used Inlet duct
for PM filtration. The soluble organic fractions of Inlet conical potion
diesel PM is oxidized by DOC system. So this
First compartment
provides strong motivation for development of
Second compartment
improved catalytic converter.
Outlet conical portion
Outlet duct
Fig-1: catalytic converter Showing Two Compartments
Single bead two beads Array of beads
Fig-2: Bead description
Fig-3: catalytic converter showing 1st and 2nd compartment.
999 | P a g e
3. H.Maheshappa,V.K.Pravin, K.S.Umesh, P.H.Veena / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.998-1004
Fig-4: catalyst beads showing in 1st and 2nd compartment.
3. WIREMESH SPECIFICATIONS
Open Viscous resistance
Wire Wire Weight Mesh Cells per [ x 10^7](1/m2)
S. area/
mesh/gap diameter per square
No.
size (mm) (mm)
porosity (kg/m3) inch inch
(%) Normal Transverse
1 1.96 0.58 59.3 1.71 10 100 3.846 3846
2 1.61 0.51 57.7 1.56 12 144 4.286 4286
Table: 1
Table: 2
Model name Wire mesh grid size in Wire mesh grid size in
compartment 1 (mm) compartment 2 (mm)
MC - 1 1.96 1.61
MC - 2 1.61 1.01
MC - 3 1.01 0.65
4. WORKING PRINCIPLE flows out to the neighboring bead placed in the same
In the first compartment the exhaust gas line – similar to a flow-through substrate. The soot
passes through catalytic beads and steel wire mesh trapped in the wire mesh material is combusted by
material which are coated with metal catalyst. As the NO2 that is generated by the upstream catalyst
the hot gases contact the catalyst and the coated wire and thus the filter is regenerated continuously. If a
mesh, most of the exhaust pollutants such as CO, situation occurs where filter regeneration is stopped
gaseous hydrocarbons, and unburned fuel and lube and a saturation point occurred with the collected
oil, toxic aldehydes etc. are oxidized to CO2 and soot, the wire meshes placed over the catalytic beads
water, thus reducing harmful emissions. In the will not plug as happened in wall flow filter. As the
second compartment ammonia plus exhaust gas is path of the gas is not totally blocked, the back
passed through catalytic beads and steel wire mesh pressure developed inside the catalytic converter is
material which are coated with metal catalyst. very much limited and no further increase in back
Ammonia derived from urea is used to reduce NOX pressure can happen beyond certain limit,
from diesel engines. Ammonia is produced on-board irrespective of the soot loading over a period of
by rapid hydrolysis of nonhazardous form of urea time. A compressed air cleaning process is
solution. In second compartment the NOX are suggested to clean the PM deposition on steel wire
converted into nitrogen and oxygen. meshes and catalytic beads. In this process, two
In both compartments a part of the exhaust numbers of compressed air inlet points are placed in
gas passes through the wire mesh layers which trap between two compartments at diametrically in
a portion of the soot. The remaining exhaust gas opposite position.
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4. H.Maheshappa,V.K.Pravin, K.S.Umesh, P.H.Veena / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.998-1004
Fig-5: The path of exhaust gas in catalytic converter
5. MODELING AND MESHING
The geometry of catalytic converter is modeled and meshed in ICEM CFD. And the flow equations
solved in ANSYS FLUENT.
Fig-6: The meshed catalytic converter model
5.1 DOMAIN CONDITIONS
The continuity and 3‐dimensional momentum equations will be solved for the isothermal flow
modeling. Turbulence will be modeled by k-ε RNG turbulence model appropriate to account for high velocities
and strong streamline curvature in the flow domain. The reference pressure will be set at 1.33 atm and all
pressure inputs and outputs will be obtained as gauge values with respect to this.
5.2 MATERIAL
Air will be the working fluid considered to be operating at 350 0C and 1.35 bar. The material
properties under these conditions are:
Property Air
Density (kg/m3) 0.7534
Viscosity (Pa.s) 3.0927 x 10‐5
Specific heat (J/kg-K)
1056.6434
(not used)
Thermal conductivity (W/m-K)
0.0242
(not used)
6. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
The engine selected for this study is a four stroke twin cylinder (80mm bore and 110mm stroke length)
water cooled diesel engine. The engine displacement is calculated as 603 cm3/s for the assumed vehicle speed
of 60 m/s. This gives the necessary inlet speed to the catalytic converter with inlet cross‐section of 58 mm x 36
mm as approximately 28.87 cm/s.
Therefore, inlet velocity will be maintained at a slightly higher value of 0.3 m/s and the
operating pressure will be maintained at 1.33 atm. The outlet will be considered as a pressure outlet at zero
gauge pressure. A high turbulence intensity of 10% will be fl ow will be assumed for the inlet while the
hydraulic diameter at the inlet will be considered to close the turbulence model equations.
6.1 METHODOLOGY
A single phase single‐species incompressible flow simulation with Air as the working fluid will be
carried out.
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5. H.Maheshappa,V.K.Pravin, K.S.Umesh, P.H.Veena / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.998-1004
The mesh configuration chosen as MC-1, MC‐2 and MC-3 for the catalytic converter model with inlet
and outlet conical portion length as:
90 mm
7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
We have consider the steel wire mesh configuration as MC-1 for all three models of catalytic converter
having conical portion length as 70 mm , 80 mm and 90 mm respectively.
CATALYTIC CONVERTER – 90mm – MC – 1
Fig-11: Pressure contour Fig-12: Velocity contour
CATALYTIC CONVERTER – 90mm – MC – 2
Fig-15: Pressure contour Fig-16: Velocity contour
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6. H.Maheshappa,V.K.Pravin, K.S.Umesh, P.H.Veena / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.998-1004
Catalytic convertor-90mm-MC-2
0.8
Pressure drop (Pa)
0.6
0.4
Catalytic
0.2 convertor-
90mm-MC-2
0
0 500 1000
Position in mm
CATALYTIC CONVERTER – 90mm – MC – 3
Fig-17: Pressure contour Fig-18: Velocity contour
Catalytic convertor-90mm-MC-3
0.8
0.7
0.6
Pressure drop (Pa)
0.5
0.4
0.3 Catalytic convertor-
90mm-MC-3
0.2
0.1
0
0 500 1000
Position in mm
8. CONCLUSION resulting in better engine performance and fuel
It is concluded that the catalytic converter saving. The catalytic beads are very hard, no wear
90mm-MC-1 has the lowest pressure drop among and tear of catalyst can take place, and hence long
the catalytic converter with different wire mesh grid life of catalyst is assured.
sizes, due to lower pressure drop the fuel
consumption become lower and volumetric ABBREVIATIONS
efficiency becomes higher. The special shaped CFD – Computerized Fluid Dynamics
catalytic beads allow the exhaust gas to flow freely NOX – Oxides of Nitrogen
without making any obstruction or blocking. It helps PM – Particulate Matter
to limit the back pressure to the minimum level DOC – Diesel Oxidation Catalyst
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7. H.Maheshappa,V.K.Pravin, K.S.Umesh, P.H.Veena / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.998-1004
MC – Mesh configuration
CPSI – Cells per Square Inch
REFERENCES
1. L.Andreassi, S.Cordiner and V.Mulone,;Cell
shape influence on mass transfer and
backpressure losses in an automotive catalytic
converter,SAE International, 2004-01-1837,
2004.
2. S.Rajadurai, S.Jacob, C.Serrell, R.Morin and
Z.Kircanski,;Wiremesh Substrates for
Oxidation.TWC and SCR Converters; GPC
2006 Advanced Propulsion and Emission.
3. F.Ekstrom and B.Andersson, “Pressure drop of
monolithic catalytic converters experiments
and modeling” SAE Internationals, 2002-01-
1010, 2002.
4. S. Narasimha Kumar, K. Kishor,M. V.
S.Murali Krishna and P.V. K. Murthy,
“Studies on Exhaust Emissions from Copper-
Coated Gasohol Run Spark Ignition Engine
with Catalytic Converter” International
Scholarly Research Network ISRN
Mechanical Engineering Volume 2011.
5. A.K.M. Mohiuddin and Muhammad Nurhafez
– “Experimental Analysis and Comparison of
Performance Characteristics of Catalytic
Converters Including Simulation”,
International Journal of Mechanical and
Materials Engineering (IJMME), Vol. 2
(2007), No. 1, 1-7.
6. PL.S. Muthaiah, Dr.M. Senthil Kumar, Dr. S.
Sendilvelan – “CFD Analysis of catalytic
converter to reduce particulate matter and
achieve limited back pressure in diesel
engine”, Global journal of researches in
engineering – A: Classification(FOR)
091304,091399, Vol.10 Issue 5 (Ver1.0)
October 2010.
Dept. Of Mech. Engg. ; Vice Chancellor VTU
Belgaum, Karnataka,India
Dept. Of Mech. Engg. ; P.D.A College of Engg,
Gulbarga, Karnataka,India
Dept. Of Mech. Engg. ; Thadamal Sahani College
of Engg. Bombay, Maharastra, India
Dept. Of Mathematics.; Smt.V G College for
Women, Gulbarga, Karnataka,India
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