How was life?
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People’s well-being has generally progressed since the early 20th century across a large part of the world, according to How Was Life? Global Well-Being since 1820. The study presents for the first time systematic evidence of trends in areas such as health, education, inequality, the environment and personal security over the past 200 years.
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How was life?
- 1. How Was Life? Global Well-Being since 1820 Introduction by Jan Luiten van Zanden (Utrecht University) 2 October 2014
- 2. Cooperation of two projects • OECD: Better Life Initiative: multi-dimensional approach to well-being, resulting a.o. in the How’s Life? report • Clio Infra project, global network of economic historians to measure various dimensions of long-term evolution of world economy 1500- 2010.
- 3. CLIO INFRA • Large ‘research infrastructural’ project funded by NWO • Universities of Utrecht, Groningen, Tuebingen, International Institute for Social History • Standardization historical statistics related to Global Inequality 1500-2010 • Linked to International Economic History Associaiton (IEHA)
- 4. CLIO INFRA • Maddison project: historical national accounts; international team of experts • Similar collabs for human capital, demography, institutions, biological standard of living, sustainability, institutions, wages and prices, gender inequality, income inequality • Authors of the How Was Life? chapters • Open access: www.clio-infra.eu
- 5. Aim of cooperation • Present state-of-the-art estimates on various dimensions of development of well-being in world economy from 1820 to present (“GDP and beyond”) • Contribute to the discussion about the broadening of the welfare concept used to characterize socio-economic development • Indicate relevance of going “beyond GDP”, also in historical analysis
- 6. The importance of historical statistics
- 7. Dimensions covered in “How Was Life?” book Dimension Indicator(s) Economic standard of living GDP per capita Inequality Income inequality; Real unskilled wages Health Status Life Expectancy; Height Education and Skills Educational attainment Personal security Homicide Civic Engagement and Governance Political institutions Environmental Quality SO2; CO2; Species abundance Gender Inequality Various indicators + composite ind. Overall indicator of Well-Being Composite indicator (experimental)
- 8. Statistical Quality • Data for 25 major countries and another 100+ since 1820…. • Important issue of quality of underlying sources • Four levels of statistical quality indicated for each data point: based on credibility of source, accuracy of method and comparability across countries and over time
- 9. Some preliminary results • In general very strong correlation of each indicator with GDP per capita, • though less unequally distributed, in particular when composite indices are used (chapter 13) • Exceptions: low/negative correlations in Inequality, Security, and Environmental quality domains • For some indicators clear global trends (“technology”) as they improve over time even without GDP per capita growth
- 10. Correlation with GDP/c over time
- 11. World averages (compared with GDP/c)
- 12. W. European averages (compared with GDP/c)
- 13. East Asian averages (compared with GDP/c)
- 14. E. Europe + form. SU (compared with GDP/c)
- 17. Gender equality: parliamentary seats
- 19. GDP/c & life expectancy 1930 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 pcGDP Life exp. (years) 18201870 1910 1970 2000
- 20. GDP/c & SO2 emissions 1870 1930 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 pcGDP ton SO2/cap 1820 1910 1970 2000
- 21. GDP/c & CO2 emissions 1870 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 pcGDP kton C/cap 1820 1910 1930 1970 2000
- 22. GDP/c & democracy <1920 18168070 1850 1840 1830 1910 1900 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 0 5 10 15 20 pcGDP Polity2 1820 18188090
- 23. GDP/c & democracy >1910 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 0 5 10 15 20 pcGDP Polity2 1920 1930 19149050 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
- 24. Composite variable/region 1850 1900 1950 2000 −1 0 1 2 3 East Asia 1850 1900 1950 2000 −1 0 1 2 3 East. Europe and form. SU 1850 1900 1950 2000 −1 0 1 2 3 Latin America and Carib. 1850 1900 1950 2000 −1 0 1 2 3 MENA CompI 1850 1900 1950 2000 −1 0 1 2 3 South and South−East Asia 1850 1900 1950 2000 −1 0 1 2 3 Sub−Saharan Africa 1850 1900 1950 2000 −1 0 1 2 3 W. Europe 1850 1900 1950 2000 −1 0 1 2 3 W. Offshoots year
- 25. Two composite indicators 1850 1900 1950 2000 −3 −1 0 1 2 3 4 decade q50 UNITED KINGDOM 1850 1900 1950 2000 −3 −1 0 1 2 3 4 decade q50 ITALY 1850 1900 1950 2000 −3 −1 0 1 2 3 4 decade q50 POLAND 1850 1900 1950 2000 −3 −1 0 1 2 3 4 decade q50 UNITED STATES 1850 1900 1950 2000 −3 −1 0 1 2 3 4 decade q50 BRAZIL 1850 1900 1950 2000 −3 −1 0 1 2 3 4 decade q50 KENYA 1850 1900 1950 2000 −3 −1 0 1 2 3 4 decade q50 CHINA 1850 1900 1950 2000 −3 −1 0 1 2 3 4 decade q50 INDIA Latent vm Unweighted Great Britain Italy Poland USA
- 26. Segmented relation per capita GDP & combined wellbeing indicators
- 28. Conclusions • Rich harvest of new data • Available October 3rd on OECD website. • Wealth of data available (StatLink & www.clio-infra. eu) • Future: move to microdata with Clariah project.