This document provides guidance on writing an effective problem statement for a research proposal. It defines a research problem as a situation that needs a solution where possible solutions exist. An effective problem statement clearly describes the issue to be addressed in one sentence, with additional paragraphs elaborating on the problem's importance and context. It should identify the variables of interest and relationship between variables to be studied. The problem statement establishes the foundation for the rest of the proposal by framing the scope and focus of the research. It is important to demonstrate that the problem is worth studying by considering factors like its current relevance, future implications, practical applications, and theoretical significance. The problem statement helps motivate the need for the study and generates the research questions to be answered.
Definition of terms is usually an annex to a work (book, research paper, pamphlet,etc.) either at the beginning or more likely near the end with a list of acronyms, jargon, credits, etc. This is an important part of Research paper or report is that in which the key or important terms in the study are clearly defined.
Types and Functions
CONCEPTUAL
-Is the universal meaning that is attributed to a word or group of words and which is understood by many people.
CONCEPTUAL
It is abstract and most general in nature. The usual source of conceptual definition is the DICTIONARY which is the reference book of everyday language.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
-Is the meaning of the concept or term as used in a particular study. Unlike the conceptual definition, it is stated in concrete term in that it allows measurement.
The usual practice when using both types of definition is to state first the conceptual followed by the operational.
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
It establishes the rules and procedures the investigators will use to measure variables
It provides unambiguous meaning to terms that otherwise can be interpreted in different ways.
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:
Reference:Basic Concepts and Methods in Research by Venancio B. ArdalesBest, John W. Research in Education Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:Prentice Hall, 1970.Chen, Paul C.Y. “Traditional and Modern Medicine in Malaysia” Social Sciencee and Medicine 15A(1981):127-136
Definition of terms is usually an annex to a work (book, research paper, pamphlet,etc.) either at the beginning or more likely near the end with a list of acronyms, jargon, credits, etc. This is an important part of Research paper or report is that in which the key or important terms in the study are clearly defined.
Types and Functions
CONCEPTUAL
-Is the universal meaning that is attributed to a word or group of words and which is understood by many people.
CONCEPTUAL
It is abstract and most general in nature. The usual source of conceptual definition is the DICTIONARY which is the reference book of everyday language.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
-Is the meaning of the concept or term as used in a particular study. Unlike the conceptual definition, it is stated in concrete term in that it allows measurement.
The usual practice when using both types of definition is to state first the conceptual followed by the operational.
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
It establishes the rules and procedures the investigators will use to measure variables
It provides unambiguous meaning to terms that otherwise can be interpreted in different ways.
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:
Reference:Basic Concepts and Methods in Research by Venancio B. ArdalesBest, John W. Research in Education Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:Prentice Hall, 1970.Chen, Paul C.Y. “Traditional and Modern Medicine in Malaysia” Social Sciencee and Medicine 15A(1981):127-136
akademikong pagsulat sa filipino ni christine may marasigan gutierrez
makakatulong ito sa inyo upang magkaroon ng dagdag nkaalaman at makakatulong din ito sa inyo kapag meron kayong gagawing presentasyon o isang pag aaral.
This is a presentation on how to build your problem statement given in the course AR3U012 Methods for Urbanism of the TU Delft (Delft University of Technology). This is prepared for students of urbanism, urban planning and urban design.
akademikong pagsulat sa filipino ni christine may marasigan gutierrez
makakatulong ito sa inyo upang magkaroon ng dagdag nkaalaman at makakatulong din ito sa inyo kapag meron kayong gagawing presentasyon o isang pag aaral.
This is a presentation on how to build your problem statement given in the course AR3U012 Methods for Urbanism of the TU Delft (Delft University of Technology). This is prepared for students of urbanism, urban planning and urban design.
http://www,saharconsulting.com
An Educational presentation about Problem solving and decision making using different tools and offering solutions to problem solving, creative thinking and Decision making
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Selection and formulation of a research problem.pptxGeorgeKabongah2
One of the greatest challenges faced by researchers is resource and time constraints. This makes it difficult to involve the entire population of interest and so researchers only use a subset of a population to represent the whole population. This is called a sample. The use of samples however involves other big class of problems: given that your measurements are credible, how much of the world do they represent? How far can you generalize the results of your research? The answer depends, first, on the kind of data in which you are interested. There are two kinds of data of interest to social scientists: individual attribute data and cultural data. These two kinds require different approaches to sampling and that is the focus of this week.
Writethe Introduction andBackground of the Problem Chaptejameywaughj
Write
the Introduction and
Background of the Problem:
Chapter One is an overview of your Project, giving the reader sufficient information about the work you are proposing, the societal problem you are investigating, and about the way you plan your research. Provides insights and perspectives for why the study should be conducted. Why is the problem of pressing societal concern?
The topic for the paper will be Social Networking Challenges for Therapists.
Should therapists use social media accounts? How active are therapists on social media? What is their primary purpose of logging in? How would a therapists client's react if they came across your posts, photos and comments? What professional boundaries, dual relationships does social media violate if therapists added clients? The study will eventually be a survey of how many therapists use social media why or why not and if the American Psychological Association should let mental health professionals use social media. This will be an ongoing project :) Please complete Introduction and Background.
Introduction
The introduction begins with a statement that will get the reader’s attention so that he or she wants to continue reading and the statement is directly related to the research study. The introduction provides an overview of the chapter. A primary purpose of this chapter is to set the study in perspective for the reader. The introduction also acquaints the reader with the topic and the methodology used to study the problem.
Background of the Problem
Provides insights and perspectives for why the study should be conducted. Why is the problem of pressing societal concern or theoretical interest? Information to be included is historical and statistical information which supports the study. Provide evidence from multiple peer-reviewed sources. Consider the logical flow of your discussion.
Submit paper which includes Introduction and Background of the Problem. Paper should be 2 to 3 pages in length.
...
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
How to write a statement problem
1. HOW TO WRITE A
STATEMENT PROBLEM
YOUR PROPOSAL WRITING
COMPANION
Compiled by
Henry M. Bwisa
Professor of Entrepreneurship
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
E-mail bwihem@yahoo.com
Website www.professorbwisa.com
November 2008
INTRODUCTION
It is a constant complaint among those who evaluate proposals that the
most frequent deficiency noted by them is the lack of a clear problem
1
2. statement to define and guide the inquiry. The issue of how to write a
problem statement becomes important.
WHAT IS A RESEARCH PROBLEM?
Generally speaking a research problem is a situation that needs a
solution and for which there are possible solutions. If a situation has no
possible solutions then it makes little or no sense expending resources
researching it. Take this statement, “everybody wants to go to heaven
but nobody wants to die”. Dying looks like a problem that needs a
solution yet there is no possible solution to it. People must die. A
research on how people can live forever makes little or no sense.
A research problem may be described as an incongruence; a discrepancy
between what is and what ought to be. It may be also described as the
gap in knowledge that needs to be filled.
WHAT IS A PROBLEM STATEMENT?
A problem statement is the description of an issue currently existing
which needs to be addressed. It provides the context for the research
study and generates the questions which the research aims to answer.
The statement of the problem is the focal point of any research. A good
problem statement is just one sentence (with several paragraphs of
elaboration). For example it could be:
"The frequency of job layoffs is creating fear, anxiety, and a loss of
productivity in middle management workers."
While this problem statement is just one sentence, it should be
accompanied by a few paragraphs that elaborate on the problem. The
paragraphs could cover present persuasive arguments that make the
problem important enough to study. They could include the opinions of
2
3. others (politicians, futurists, other professionals); explanations of how
the problem relates to business, social or political trends via presentation
of data that demonstrates the scope and depth of the problem.
A well articulated statement of the problem establishes the foundation
for everything to follow in the proposal and will render less problematic
most of the conceptual, theoretical and methodological obstacles
typically encountered during the process of proposal development. This
means that, in subsequent sections of the proposal, there should be no
surprises, such as categories, questions, variables or data sources that
come out of nowhere: if it can't be found in the problem section, at least
at the implicit level, then it either does not belong in the study or the
problem statement needs to be re-written.
WHAT ARE KEY COMPONENTS OF THE STATEMENT
PROBLEM?
Problem statements often have three elements:
1. The problem itself, stated clearly and with enough contextual detail
to establish why it is important
2. The method of solving the problem, often stated as a claim or a
working thesis
3. The purpose, statement of objective and scope of the project being
proposed.
These elements should be brief so that the reader does not get lost. One
page is enough for a statement problem.
Criteria for Research Problem Statements:
• The statement of the problem should clearly indicate what is to
be investigated.
3
4. • The actual statement may be in a declarative or in a question
form.
• The statement should indicate the variables of interest and the
specific relationship between the variables that are to be studied.
• Please note: In some qualitative methodologies, a statement of
variables will not be possible and should not be done. However,
an explanation of the qualitative methodology and the
parameters of the research methodology should be explained.
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF PROBLEM STATEMENT?
The problem provides the context for the research study and typically
generates questions which the research hopes to answer. In considering
whether or not to move forward with a research project, you will
generally spend some time considering the problem.
In your proposal the statement of the problem is oftentimes the first part
to be read with scrutiny. I am ignoring the title and the abstract because
ideally a title should be born out of a problem statement and an abstract
should be a summary after the problem has already been dealt with. The
problem statement should, therefore, "hook" the reader and establish a
persuasive context for what follows.
You need to be able to clearly answer the question: "what is the
problem"? And "why is this problem worth my attention"? At the same
time, the problem statement limits scope by focusing on some variables
and not others. It also provides an opportunity for you to demonstrate
why these variables are important.
WHERE DOES A PROBLEM STATEMENT ORIGINATE FROM?
4
5. A good problem originates from a research question formulated out of
observation of the reality. A literature review and a study of previous
experiments, and research, are good sources of research questions that
are converted to statements of problem. Many scientific researchers look
at an area where a previous researcher generated some interesting
results, but never followed up. It could be an interesting area of research,
which nobody else has fully explored.
The research question is formulated and then restated in the form of a
statement that notes the adverse consequences of the problem. The type
of study determines the kinds of question you should formulate: Is there
something wrong in society, theoretically unclear or in dispute, or
historically worth studying? Is there a program, drug, project, or product
that needs evaluation? What do you intend to create or produce and how
will it be of value to you and society?
Pose questions such as:
What "should" be occurring? (For example: Based on the national
average, small scale farmers in Bungoma district should be harvesting
(xy) tons of maize per acre)
What is occurring? (For example: A recent household survey reported
that 56% of these farmers harvest only ( xy-ab) tons per acre.)
What could happen if the problem is not addressed? (For example:
persistent low farm productivity in the district may lead to widespread
food insecurity and defeat the government policy on the same.)
Common sources of research problems are:
5
6. •
•
•
•
Personal experience and interests of researchers.
Various theories in the discipline of the researcher.
Related Literature- Literature from one’s own area of interest.
A reproduction of past research studies.
HOW TO WRITE THE STATEMENT PROBLEM
The problem statement implies some question that your research will be
answering. Sometimes it is necessary to draft or pre-write for a while to
discover what that point will be (and often writers are unsure of their
point until they have written the draft proposal and discover the point
near the end of the proposal).
When you set up to write a statement problem you should know that you
are looking for something wrong… or something that needs close
attention. Your problem statement is the statement that makes a point
about the issues and information you are discussing, and is what the rest
of the proposal hinges upon. It is not just your topic, but what you are
saying about your topic. In other words there must be very good
communication between your topic and the statement problem.
The importance of the problem should receive considerable and
persuasive attention [note that importance is inevitably subjective and
will vary from researcher to researcher]. Nevertheless objectivity can be
injected by answering questions such as these:
Is the problem of current interest? Is it topical?
Is the problem likely to continue into the future?
Will more information about the problem have practical application?
Will more information about the problem have theoretical importance?
How large is the population affected by the problem?
6
7. How important, influential, or popular is this population?
Would this study substantially revise or extend existing knowledge?
Would this study create or improve an instrument of some utility?
Would research findings lead to some useful change in best practice?
Is there evidence or authoritative opinion from others to support the need
for this research?
The problem statement should persuasively indicate that major variables
can be measured in some meaningful way. If you can identify likely
objections to the study, identify and respond to them here.
The problem statement could close with a question. Typically, the
question could contain two variables, a measurable relationship, and
some indication of population. The purpose of the literature review that
follows thereafter is to answer the research problem question. If the
literature cannot answer the question, the research is needed to do so. An
example question might be: this proposal poses the question, "What is
the relationship between farm productivity and farmer use of fertilizer"?
The information needed is (1) productivity levels and (2) some measure
of fertilizer use. A bad example might be: "What is the best way to train
for use of fertilizer"? This is insufficient because:
What are the variables?
What will be measured?
What relationships will be examined?
There should be a close relationship between the title of the proposal and
the problem statement question. For example, in the good example
above, the title of this research project would be something like this:
7
8. "Fertilizer use by small scale farmers in Bungoma district and their farm
productivity"
APPENDICES
8
9. Establishing a research problem can be a challenging yet rewarding
process. Careful selection of the research problem defines the work of
the project and provides a direction for the entire process. Establishing
your research problem usually consists of distinct phases:
Research topic>research problem>problem statement>research design>research proposal
STEPS
Select a broad area of
interest–a research topic
EXAMPLE
STRATEGIES/SOURCES
Costs of farming
To move from topic to a
manageable research
problem, ask questions
about the topic such as
"who / what / where /
when why / how?"
What are the issues in the costs of
farming? What is being done to
control costs of farming? What
factors are responsible for price
increases? How effective are
institutions in controlling farming
costs?
Are government agriculture inputs
price policies effective? Does the
level of training by farmers affect
cost of farming? What is the role
of agricultural institutions?
Personal interest
Readings
Conversations with farmers etc
Read abstracts of literature for
overview, make observations,
Select one narrowly
defined problem
Ask relevant questions
that will help answer the
problem
Write a problem
statement consisting of
several sentences that
briefly frame the issues
to be investigated,
indicate the significance
of the question, and
includes a declaration of
what you will do
Select possible research
design
Prepare a research
proposal
Farming costs are escalating.
Farmers are unable to buy inputs.
Many people have proposed profarmer policies. Among the
potential solutions are price
subsidies. Questions exist
regarding the impact of price
subsidies. "In this project I will..."
or "This study will..."
Research designs will depend
upon the discipline and actual
statement of problem. It should be
developed in consultation with
your supervisor.
After literature review,
methodology selection, etc. write
the complete research proposal.
Read several articles on the
narrower focus; note possible
methodologies that might be
used in your project
Incorporate readings-to-date to
determine this working
statement. Of course, as your
work progresses, you may need
to modify this problem
statement.
Read more focused and
specialized articles on content,
design and methodologies
SIMPLE STATEMENT PROBLEM TEMPLATE
9
10. This template should help you to draft your first problem statement
Stable Context
Describe unchanging facts about the topic/problem.
For many years, people have debated about ______________________.
Or
____________________ has been controversial because
__________________________________________________________.
Or
______________________ has dominated discussions of
_____________.
Status Quo
State common but incorrect or incomplete assumptions
Many people think
________________________________________________________.
Or
At first glance, it may seem like
______________________________________________.
Destabilizing Moment
10
11. Describe something that reveals the status quo assumptions to be
incomplete or inaccurate.
This initial perception fails to take into account
__________________________________________________________.
Or
This theory can't explain
__________________________________________________________.
Or
People have failed to notice, however,
__________________________________________________________.
Consequences
Show readers why they should care: what bad things will happen if
people continue to believe the status quo? What good things will happen
once they stop believing it?
If we continue to believe _______________, we'll never understand the
larger question of
__________________________________________________________.
Or
Unless we change _____________________, we will continue to have
trouble with
__________________________________________________________.
Or
11
12. Once we understand ___________________, we'll begin to see the
answer to the problem
__________________________________________________________.
Or
By rethinking our approach to ___________________, we can fix
________________.
Resolution
Provide a better theory/explanation to replace the status quo. State your
claim.
______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.
12
13. ONE MORE TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A STATEMENT
PROBLEM
PROBLEM STATEMENT 4 required parts
1. Start with a general problem identifying the need for the study. E.g. The
problem of this study is ______
2. State the specific problem proposed for research. (use citation & usually
a number to make it clear to the reader, e.g. 30% of the farms have been
affected by the Napier grass disease
3. Introductory words describing Methodological approach (i.e. Research
Design) are given and are appropriate to the specific proposal problem, e.g.
this qualitative study will explore... or this quantitative study will examine
...
4. General population group of proposed study is identified. Small scale
farmers in affected locations will be surveyed to determine ...
13
14. A qualitative problem statement
Brain drain in Kenya is increasing (GENERAL PROBLEM). Every
year about 50 professionals migrate abroad due to unsatisfactory
working conditions (SPECIFIC PROBLEM WITH NUMBERS and
supported with a citation). This brain drain is different from previous
shortages, because it involves not only fresh graduates but also seasoned
professionals (quote).
This crisis in the professionals’ industry requires innovative solutions.
One innovative solution may be a less structured leadership style, such
as steward leadership (quote). This qualitative case study
(DESCRIPTION OF STUDY TYPE) will explore perceptions of
professionals in Kenya (POPULATION BEING STUDIED) about
steward leadership as a strategy to alleviate or reduce factors
contributing to the brain drain among professionals in the lake basin
region (GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF STUDY) The data to be
gathered in this study may provide leaders with information relating to
how they may address or mitigate factors contributing to the current
brain drain.
A quantitative Statement of the Problem: an American example
Identity fraud is one of the fastest growing crimes in America (Adams,
2002). In 2003, at least 7 million Americans were victims of identity
fraud, an increase of 79% from 2002 (AFP, 2003). GENERAL
PROBLEM SUPPORTED BY LITERATURE The nation’s system of
14
15. personal identification and verification failed to stop the 9/11 terrorists,
and according to the 9/11 Investigations report (Strasser, 2004), some of
the 19 hijackers of the 9/11 attacks had fraudulent identification,
passports, and other travel documents (Wang, 2004). Seven of the 19
hijackers fraudulently obtained and used drivers’ licenses as
identification to board commercial aircraft (Driver’s License Fraud,
2003).
Drivers licenses can still be obtained or made fraudulently and are
still used as a de facto form of national identification (Etzioni, 2004).
Specific problem with citation The 9/11 Commission Report (9/11
Commission, 2004) recommended using an NBIC system as a more
reliable and secure means of fighting terrorism. One associated problem
of the 9/11 Commission’s recommendation is that various civil liberty
advocates oppose the use of a compulsory NBIC, arguing that
compulsory use of NBICs may have a potential to deprive citizens of
their civil rights and invade individual privacy (Eaton, 2003).
The purpose of this research study will be to examine the
motivational factors necessary for the public to use voluntary NBICs as
a more reliable and secure means of preventing identity fraud. To fulfill
this purpose, a quantitative TYPE OF STUDY research study will
survey students, faculty, administrative personnel, and employees of two
community colleges in Los Angeles County, California.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
15