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1. An Academic presentation by
Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical Operations, Pubrica
Group: www.pubrica.com
Email: sales@pubrica.com

2. TODAY'S DISCUSSION
In Brief
Introduction
Need of systemic review and meta-
analysis
Phases to planning a systematic review
and meta-analysis
Future scope
Conclusion
Outline

3. According to the, a systematic review is "a scholarly method in which all
empirical evidence that meets pre-specified eligibility requirements is
gathered to address a particular research question."
It entails systematically identifying, selecting, synthesising, and evaluating
primary research studies to produce a high-quality summary of a subject
while addressing a pre-specified research question.
A meta-analysis is a step forward from a systematic review in that it employs
mathematical and statistical methods to summarise the results of studies
included in the systematic review
IN BRIEF

4. In some aspects, s ystematic reviews vary from
conventional narrative reviews.
Narrative reviews are mostly descriptive, do not
require a systematic search of the literature, and
concentrate on a subset of studies in a field
selected based on availability or author preference.
As a result, although narrative
informative, they often include an
reviews are
element of
selection bias.
INTRODUCTION
Contd...

5. As the name implies, systematic reviews usually include a thorough and comprehensive
plan and search strategy derived a priori to minimise bias by finding, evaluating, and
synthesising all related studies on a given subject.
A meta-analysis aspect is often used in systematic reviews, which entails using
statistical techniques to synthesise data from several studies into a single quantitative
estimation or summary effect size.
It is a well-known and well-respected multinational non-profit organisation that
promotes, funds, and disseminates systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the
effectiveness of healthcare interventions

6. NEED OF SYSTEMIC
REVIEW AND
META- ANALYSIS
There are several reasons for performing a
systematic review and meta-analysis:
It may assist in resolving discrepancies in
results published by individual studies that
may include bias or errors.
Contd...

7. It may help identify areas in a field where there is a lack of evidence and areas where further
research should be conducted.
It allows the combination of findings from different studies, highlighting new findings
relevant to practice or policy.
It may be able to reduce the need for additional trials.
Writing a systematic review and meta-analysis will help identify a researcher's field of interest
since they are published in high-impact journals and receive many citations
Contd...

8. PHASES TO PLANNING A SYSTEMATIC
REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
The succeeding components to a successful systematic review and meta-analysis writing are
FORMULATE THE REVIEW QUESTION
The first stage involves describing the review topic, formulating hypotheses, and developing
a title for the review.
It's usually best to keep titles as short and descriptive as possible by following this formula:
Intervention for those with a disease (e.g., Dialectical behaviour therapy for adolescent
females with a borderline personality disorder).
Contd...

9. Since reviews published in other outlets do not need to be listed as such, they should state
in the title that they are a systematic review and meta-analysis.
DEFINE INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA
The PICO (or PICOC) acronym stands for population, intervention, comparison, outcomes
(and context).
It can help ensure that all main components are decided upon before beginning the study.
Authors must, for example, choose their population age range, circumstances, results, and
type(s) of interventions and control groups a priori.
Contd...

11. It's also crucial to determine what types of experiments to include and exclude (e.g., RCTs
only, RCTs and quasi-experimental designs, qualitative research), the minimum number of
participants in each group, published and unpublished studies, and language restrictions.
DEVELOP A SEARCH STRATEGY AND LOCATE STUDIES
This is where a reference librarian can be particularly beneficial in assisting with the creation
and execution of electronic searches.
To recognise all applicable trials in a given region, it is essential to create a detailed list of
key terms (i.e., "MeSH" terms) related to each component of PICOC.
The secret to creating an effective search strategy is to strike a balance between sensitivity
and precision.
Contd...

12. SELECTION OF STUDIES
After retrieving and reviewing a detailed list of
abstracts, any studies that tend to satisfy inclusion
requirements will be collected and thoroughly
reviewed.
To ensure inter-rater reliability, this procedure is
usually carried out by at least two reviewers.
Contd...

13. It is suggested that authors maintain a list of all checked
research, including reasons for inclusion or exclusion.
It might be possible to hire study authors to collect
missing data for data pooling (e.g., means, standard
deviations).
It's also possible that translations will be needed.
Contd...

14. EXTRACT DATA
To organise the information extracted from each
reviewed study (e.g., authors, publication year,
number of participants, age range, study design,
results, included/excluded), building and using a
basic data extraction type or chart can be beneficial.
Data extraction by at least two reviewers is
necessary to ensure inter-rater reliability and
prevent data entry errors.
Contd...

15. Table: 1 outline for systemic review and meta-analysis

16. ASSESS STUDY QUALITY
In recent years, there has been a push to improve the consistency of each RCT
included in systematic reviews.
Double-blinding, which is acceptable for clinical trials but not for psychological or
non-pharmacological treatments, significantly impacts this metric.
Other more detailed guidelines and criteria, such as the Consolidated Standards
of Reporting Trials (CONSORT), as well as articles with recommendations for
improving quality in RCTs and meta-analyses for psychological intervention, are
available
Contd...

17. ANALYSE AND INTERPRET RESULTS
The Review Manager (RevMan) software, endorsed by the Cochrane
Collaboration, is one example of a statistical programme that can measure
effect sizes for meta-analyses
The effect sizes are given, along with a 95 per cent confidence interval (CI)
range, and are presented in both quantitative and graphical form (e.g., forest
plots).
Each trial is visually represented as a horizontal diamond shape in forest plots.
The middle represents the effect size (e.g., SMD) and the endpoints
representing both ends of the CI.
Contd...

18. Since the Cochrane Collaboration's reviews in the online
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,
are published
they are often lengthy and
comprehensive.
As a result, it is possible and encouraged to publish abbreviated versions of the
review in other applicable scholarly journals; indeed, engaging in a review
update or joining a well-established review team may be a beneficial way to get
involved in the systematic review process.
DISSEMINATE FINDINGS

19. FUTURE SCOPE
The systematic review's findings
should be discussed in terms of the
strength
shortcomings
of evidence
of the initial
and
research
used for the review.
It's also necessary to discuss the
review's weaknesses, the results'
applicability (generalizability), and the
findings' implications for patient care,
public health, and future clinical
research.

20. CONCLUSION
The steps of a systematic review/meta-
analysis include developing a research
question and validating it, forming criteria,
searching databases, importing all results
to a library and exporting to an excel
sheet, protocol writing and registration, title
and abstract screening, full-text screening,
manual searching, extracting data and
assessing its quality, data checking, and
conducting statistics.
Contd...

21. The PRISMA or Meta-analysis must be
used to write up the systematic study and
meta-analysis.
This is a reporting checklist for systematic
literature reviews and meta-analyses that
specifies what information should be
included in each portion of a high-quality
systematic review

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