This document provides an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. It defines systematic reviews as reviews of evidence on a clearly formulated question that use explicit and systematic methods. Key elements of systematic reviews include formulating a question, planning the review, conducting a comprehensive search, selecting and critically appraising studies, synthesizing data which may include meta-analysis, interpreting results, and reporting the review. Systematic reviews aim to reduce bias and allow results to be replicated.
A document that provides an unbiased and comprehensive synthesis
of relevant studies and research.
Characteristics of a Systematic Review
Purposes of a systematic review
A systematic review (SR) is a rigorous and organized method to synthesize
the evidence from multiple studies on a particular research question or topic.
The purpose of a systematic review is to identify, appraise, and summarize all
available evidence relevant to a specific research question in a transparent
and replicable manner.
It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of academic literature
concerning a particular research question of topic.
This presentation explores the steps nee
• A systematic review is a secondary research as it requires a careful analysis of the quality, quantity, and consistency of research findings.
• Systematic reviews formulate research questions that are specifically targeted and designed to provide a complete summary of the issue based on evidence.
• The methodology used in systematic reviews is specific and precise, which intends to minimize bias by increasing the reliability of the drawn conclusion.
Full information: https://bit.ly/2ZNTlPU
Reference: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why pubrica?
When you order our services, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us :
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
This workshop is meant to be an introduction to the systematic review process. Further information about systematic reviews was available through a research guide. http://libguides.ucalgary.ca/content.php?pid=593664
A practical guide to do primary research on meta analysis methodology - PubricaPubrica
• Conventional meta-analysis research techniques are extended to accommodate methods and practices found in basic research.
• Apart from clinical research, where consolidation efforts are facilitated by systematic review and meta-analysis research, basic science occasionally use such rigorous quantitative methods.
Reference: http://bit.ly/2N2iVg8
Continue Reading: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/meta-analysis/
Why Pubrica?
When you order our services, Plagiarism free|onTime|outstanding customer support|Unlimited Revisions support|High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us :
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44- 74248 10299
A document that provides an unbiased and comprehensive synthesis
of relevant studies and research.
Characteristics of a Systematic Review
Purposes of a systematic review
A systematic review (SR) is a rigorous and organized method to synthesize
the evidence from multiple studies on a particular research question or topic.
The purpose of a systematic review is to identify, appraise, and summarize all
available evidence relevant to a specific research question in a transparent
and replicable manner.
It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of academic literature
concerning a particular research question of topic.
This presentation explores the steps nee
• A systematic review is a secondary research as it requires a careful analysis of the quality, quantity, and consistency of research findings.
• Systematic reviews formulate research questions that are specifically targeted and designed to provide a complete summary of the issue based on evidence.
• The methodology used in systematic reviews is specific and precise, which intends to minimize bias by increasing the reliability of the drawn conclusion.
Full information: https://bit.ly/2ZNTlPU
Reference: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why pubrica?
When you order our services, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us :
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
This workshop is meant to be an introduction to the systematic review process. Further information about systematic reviews was available through a research guide. http://libguides.ucalgary.ca/content.php?pid=593664
A practical guide to do primary research on meta analysis methodology - PubricaPubrica
• Conventional meta-analysis research techniques are extended to accommodate methods and practices found in basic research.
• Apart from clinical research, where consolidation efforts are facilitated by systematic review and meta-analysis research, basic science occasionally use such rigorous quantitative methods.
Reference: http://bit.ly/2N2iVg8
Continue Reading: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/meta-analysis/
Why Pubrica?
When you order our services, Plagiarism free|onTime|outstanding customer support|Unlimited Revisions support|High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us :
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44- 74248 10299
A basic introduction to rapid reviews, created for a graduate student workshop, March 2018, presented by PF Anderson from the University of Michigan. Includes links to more resources, standards and guidelines, tools, software, and more.
• A systematic review is a secondary research as it requires a careful analysis of the quality, quantity, and consistency of research findings.
• Systematic reviews formulate research questions that are specifically targeted and designed to provide a complete summary of the issue based on evidence.
• The methodology used in systematic reviews is specific and precise, which intends to minimize bias by increasing the reliability of the drawn conclusion.
Full information: https://bit.ly/2ZNTlPU
Reference: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why pubrica?
When you order our services, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us :
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
eahil cpd pilot program. Webinar 50 shades of reviewmaria gp
Dr. Andrew Booth share his expertise in this webinar to help medical librarians better support their users when facing the task of literature review.
This webinar is part of a CPD pilot program for the EAHIL.
How to structure your table for systematic review and meta analysis – PubricaPubrica
According to the, a systematic review is "a scholarly method in which all empirical evidence that meets pre-specified eligibility requirements is gathered to address a particular research question."
Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/3AeFIYY
For our services: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
A practical guide to do primary research on meta analysis methodology - PubricaPubrica
• Conventional meta-analysis research techniques are extended to accommodate methods and practices found in basic research.
• Apart from clinical research, where consolidation efforts are facilitated by systematic review and meta-analysis research, basic science occasionally use such rigorous quantitative methods.
Reference: http://bit.ly/2N2iVg8
Continue Reading: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/meta-analysis/
Why Pubrica?
When you order our services, Plagiarism free|onTime|outstanding customer support|Unlimited Revisions support|High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us :
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44- 74248 10299
Systematic review article and Meta-analysis: Main steps for Successful writin...Pubrica
A review article is a piece of writing that gives a complete and systematic summary of results available in a certain field while also allowing the reader to perceive the subject from a different viewpoint.
Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/3m7OTqC
For our services: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
HCM 440 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric Overview .docxshericehewat
HCM 440 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
Healthcare administrators, managers, and executives are responsible for planning, directing, and coordinating health services at various levels for the
populations they serve. Interpreting research is integral to the role of a healthcare professional, especially when conducting a needs assessment for program
planning.
In this course, you will choose a clinical area of interest related to healthcare administration and create an annotated bibliography. For your final assessment,
you will compose an integrated review. In this review, you will discuss the criteria necessary for inclusion or exclusion in the research study, critique the quality
of each study, and present a synthesis of the results.
This integrated review will address the following course outcomes:
1. Critique ethical issues in healthcare research for their influence on compliance with rules and regulations
2. Evaluate basic research strategies applicable to healthcare settings for informing research proposals
3. Assess the appropriateness of utilizing secondary databases in healthcare research as an alternative to conducting original research
4. Justify the selection of specific data analysis methodology in published healthcare research for informing healthcare research methodology
5. Select healthcare administration issues to research in validating the need for program evaluation
Prompt
Using the six peer-reviewed literature articles from your annotated bibliography, compose an integrated review that focuses on a clinical issue of interest.
Ensure that the topic of this integrated review is viewed from the perspective of a healthcare professional who is looking to validate the need for program
evaluation at your hospital, even if your annotated bibliography was not this focused.
Specifically, your integrated review should focus on the following critical elements:
I. Abstract
Craft a well-drafted abstract. Be sure to adhere to the guidelines from the latest edition of the American Psychological Association’s style guide. Consider
the appropriate length for your audience.
II. Introduction
a) State the purpose, aims, or objectives of the integrated review. What do you wish to achieve through the drafting of this review? Be explicit in
your answer.
b) Introduce the topic of interest. Why is this topic the focus of the review?
c) What is the research question you are going to focus on? If you were to prepare a research proposal, what would your hypothesis be? Why?
d) What variables are of interest to you? How will these variables help you throughout this integrated review? Be sure to label the types of
variables each of these are.
e) Discuss the background and significance of the problem to healthcare administration.
III. Literature Search
a) What keywords and combinations were used in the initial search? Which were the most effective? Explain why these keywords and
c ...
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A basic introduction to rapid reviews, created for a graduate student workshop, March 2018, presented by PF Anderson from the University of Michigan. Includes links to more resources, standards and guidelines, tools, software, and more.
• A systematic review is a secondary research as it requires a careful analysis of the quality, quantity, and consistency of research findings.
• Systematic reviews formulate research questions that are specifically targeted and designed to provide a complete summary of the issue based on evidence.
• The methodology used in systematic reviews is specific and precise, which intends to minimize bias by increasing the reliability of the drawn conclusion.
Full information: https://bit.ly/2ZNTlPU
Reference: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why pubrica?
When you order our services, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us :
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
eahil cpd pilot program. Webinar 50 shades of reviewmaria gp
Dr. Andrew Booth share his expertise in this webinar to help medical librarians better support their users when facing the task of literature review.
This webinar is part of a CPD pilot program for the EAHIL.
How to structure your table for systematic review and meta analysis – PubricaPubrica
According to the, a systematic review is "a scholarly method in which all empirical evidence that meets pre-specified eligibility requirements is gathered to address a particular research question."
Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/3AeFIYY
For our services: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
A practical guide to do primary research on meta analysis methodology - PubricaPubrica
• Conventional meta-analysis research techniques are extended to accommodate methods and practices found in basic research.
• Apart from clinical research, where consolidation efforts are facilitated by systematic review and meta-analysis research, basic science occasionally use such rigorous quantitative methods.
Reference: http://bit.ly/2N2iVg8
Continue Reading: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/meta-analysis/
Why Pubrica?
When you order our services, Plagiarism free|onTime|outstanding customer support|Unlimited Revisions support|High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us :
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44- 74248 10299
Systematic review article and Meta-analysis: Main steps for Successful writin...Pubrica
A review article is a piece of writing that gives a complete and systematic summary of results available in a certain field while also allowing the reader to perceive the subject from a different viewpoint.
Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/3m7OTqC
For our services: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
HCM 440 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric Overview .docxshericehewat
HCM 440 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
Healthcare administrators, managers, and executives are responsible for planning, directing, and coordinating health services at various levels for the
populations they serve. Interpreting research is integral to the role of a healthcare professional, especially when conducting a needs assessment for program
planning.
In this course, you will choose a clinical area of interest related to healthcare administration and create an annotated bibliography. For your final assessment,
you will compose an integrated review. In this review, you will discuss the criteria necessary for inclusion or exclusion in the research study, critique the quality
of each study, and present a synthesis of the results.
This integrated review will address the following course outcomes:
1. Critique ethical issues in healthcare research for their influence on compliance with rules and regulations
2. Evaluate basic research strategies applicable to healthcare settings for informing research proposals
3. Assess the appropriateness of utilizing secondary databases in healthcare research as an alternative to conducting original research
4. Justify the selection of specific data analysis methodology in published healthcare research for informing healthcare research methodology
5. Select healthcare administration issues to research in validating the need for program evaluation
Prompt
Using the six peer-reviewed literature articles from your annotated bibliography, compose an integrated review that focuses on a clinical issue of interest.
Ensure that the topic of this integrated review is viewed from the perspective of a healthcare professional who is looking to validate the need for program
evaluation at your hospital, even if your annotated bibliography was not this focused.
Specifically, your integrated review should focus on the following critical elements:
I. Abstract
Craft a well-drafted abstract. Be sure to adhere to the guidelines from the latest edition of the American Psychological Association’s style guide. Consider
the appropriate length for your audience.
II. Introduction
a) State the purpose, aims, or objectives of the integrated review. What do you wish to achieve through the drafting of this review? Be explicit in
your answer.
b) Introduce the topic of interest. Why is this topic the focus of the review?
c) What is the research question you are going to focus on? If you were to prepare a research proposal, what would your hypothesis be? Why?
d) What variables are of interest to you? How will these variables help you throughout this integrated review? Be sure to label the types of
variables each of these are.
e) Discuss the background and significance of the problem to healthcare administration.
III. Literature Search
a) What keywords and combinations were used in the initial search? Which were the most effective? Explain why these keywords and
c ...
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
3. Overview-
https://training.cochrane.org/intera
ctivelearning
• Introduction to conducting systematic reviews
• Writing the review protocol
• Searching for studies
• Selecting studies and collecting data
• Introduction to study quality and risk of bias
• Analysing the data
• Interpreting the findings
• Reporting the review
5. Narrative reviews
Usually written by experts in the field
Use informal and subjective methods to
collect and interpret information
Usually narrative summaries of the
evidence
Read: Klassen et al. Guides for Reading and Interpreting Systematic
Reviews. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998;152:700-704.
6. What is a systematic review?
A review of the evidence on a clearly
formulated question that uses systematic
and explicit methods to identify, select
and critically appraise relevant primary
research, and to extract and analyse data
from the studies that are included in the
review*
*Undertaking Systematic Reviews of Research on Effectiveness. CRD’s Guidance for those Carrying Out or
Commissioning Reviews. CRD Report Number 4 (2nd Edition). NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination,
University of York. March 2001.
7. Key elements of a systematic review
Structured, systematic process involving
several steps :
1. Formulate the question
2. Plan the review
3. Comprehensive search
4. Unbiased selection and abstraction process
5. Critical appraisal of data
6. Synthesis of data (may include meta-analysis)
7. Interpretation of results
8. Reporting the review
All steps described explicitly in the review
8. Systematic vs. Narrative reviews
Scientific approach to a
review article
Criteria determined at
outset
Comprehensive search
for relevant articles
Explicit methods of
appraisal and synthesis
Meta-analysis may be
used to combine data
Depend on authors’
inclination (bias)
Author gets to pick any
criteria
Search any databases
Methods not usually
specified
Vote count or narrative
summary
Can’t replicate review
9. Advantages of systematic reviews
Reduce bias
Replicability
Resolve controversy between conflicting
studies
Identify gaps in current research
Provide reliable basis for decision making
10. Limitations of systematic reviews
Results may still be inconclusive
There may be no trials/evidence
The trials may be of poor quality
The intervention may be too complex to be
tested by a trial
Practice does not change just because
you have the evidence of
effect/effectiveness
12. Types of review questions
Intervention review
Diagnostic test accuracy review
Prognostic review
Methodological review
Qualitative review
13. Questions of interest
Effectiveness:
Does the intervention work/not work?
Who does it work/not work for?
Other important questions:
How does the intervention work?
Is the intervention appropriate?
Is the intervention feasible?
Is the intervention and comparison relevant?
16. An answerable question
Q. Are mass media (or school-based or
community-based) interventions effective in
preventing smoking in young people?
17. Problem,
population
Intervention Comparison Outcome Types of
studies
Young people
under 25 years
of age
a) Television
b) Radio
c) Newspapers
d) Bill boards
e) Posters
f) Leaflets
g) Booklets
a) School-based
interventions
b) No
intervention
a) objective
measures of
smoking (saliva
thiocyanate
levels, alveolar
CO)
b) self-reported
smoking
behaviour
c) Intermediate
measures
(intentions,
attitude,
knowledge,
skills)
d) Media reach
a) RCT
b) Controlled
before and after
studies
c) Time series
designs
The PICO(T) chart
22. Writing the Background section of
the protocol
The Background section of the protocol
should put your review in the context of
what you already know, and the questions
you want to answer.
23. The Objectives section
Single sentence
Derived from the research question
Should relate to the PICO elements
In particular the population, intervention
and comparison
Stay focused on the question
24. Planning the review methods
Describe planned methods in details but
keep it short
Use the Cochrane Handbook, and it’s
guidance based on the latest
methodological research
Anticipate finding sufficient studies
Keep broad inclusion criteria, and be
cognizant of rationale for exclusion
25. Considerations for your protocol
Study selection
whether two authors will
independently assess
studies;
process of assessment (e.g.
screening abstracts, then
full text);
how disagreements will be
managed;
any other methods used to
select the studies (including
the use of software).
Data collection
data categories to be
collected;
whether two authors will
independently collect data;
piloting and use of
instructions for data
collection form;
how disagreements will be
managed;
what attempts will be made
to obtain or clarify data from
study authors;
processes for managing
missing data.
26. Systematic review process
1. Well formulated question
2. Comprehensive data search
3. Unbiased selection and abstraction process
4. Critical appraisal of data
5. Synthesis of data
6. Interpretation of results
27. A good search
Clear research question
Comprehensive search
All domains, no language restriction,
unpublished and published literature, up-to-date
Document the search (replicability)
28. Components of electronic
searching
1. Describe each PICO component
2. Start with primary concept
3. Find synonyms
a) Identify MeSH / descriptors / subject headings
b) Add textwords
4. Add other components of PICO question to
narrow citations (may use study filter)
5. Examine abstracts
6. Use search strategy in other databases
(may need adapting)
29. So you want to do a ‘quick & dirty’?
DARE
CENTRAL
PubMed (clinical queries, related records)
CDC
NICE
Organisations who do work in your area
References
GOOGLE!!!!
30. Different bibliographic databases
Databases use different types of
controlled vocabulary
Same citations indexed differently on
different databases
Medline and EMBASE use a different
indexing system for study type
PsycINFO and ERIC do not have specific
terms to identify study types
Need to develop search strategy for each
database
31. Study design filters
RCTs
See Cochrane Reviewer’s Handbook
Non-RCTs
Not yet developed, research in progress
Qualitative research
Specific subject headings used in CINAHL, ‘qualitative research’
used in Medline
CINAHL Filter: Edward Miner Library
http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/hslt/miner/digital_library/tip_sheets/
Cinahl_eb_filters.pdf
Systematic reviews/meta-analyses
CINAHL: as above
Medline
http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/hslt/miner/digital_library/tip_sheets/
OVID_eb_filters.pdf
Medline and Embase
http://www.sign.ac.uk/methodology/filters.html
PubMed
32. 1. Unpublished literature
Not all known published trials are identifiable
in Medline (depending on topic)
Only 25% of all medical journals in Medline
Non-English language articles are under-
represented in Medline (and developing
countries)
Publication bias – tendency for investigators
to submit manuscripts and of editors to
accept them, based on strength and direction
of results (Olsen 2001)
33. 2. Unpublished literature
Hand searching of key journals and
conference proceedings
Scanning bibliographies/reference lists
of primary studies and reviews
Contacting individuals/agencies/
academic institutions
Neglecting certain sources may result in
reviews being biased
35. Managing the references
Endnote
Zotero, etc
Organize your search results, and to
identify and remove any duplicate
Reasons for exclusion
Importing references to analytic software
37. Searching for relevant studies
Enlist help of librarian/information
specialist
Broadly inclusive strategy
Cochrane resources-
https://training.cochrane.org/interactivelear
ning/modules/672/course/en/assets/531c8
17131d01f30b8c9be2e27411d417937dd2
6.pdf
38. Selecting studies
Keep accurate records and track
give a summary of the total number of
records identified in your search
identify the number excluded at each
stage of the screening process
provide reasons for any articles excluded
when assessed in full text
present a PRISMA flow diagram.
Keeping records complete
40. Minimizing bias in selection
Pre-specified inclusion criteria
Considering study design as inclusion
criterion
Independent study selection
At least two people
Kappa statistic
43. Assessing risk of bias in included
studies
Type of bias Description Relevant domains in the Collaboration’s ‘Risk of bias’ tool
Selection bias. Systematic differences between baseline characteristics of
the groups that are compared.
•Sequence generation.
•Allocation concealment.
Performance bias. Systematic differences between groups in the care that is
provided, or in exposure to factors other than the
interventions of interest.
•Blinding of participants and personnel.
•Other potential threats to validity.
Detection bias. Systematic differences between groups in how outcomes
are determined.
•Blinding of outcome assessment.
•Other potential threats to validity.
Attrition bias. Systematic differences between groups in withdrawals from
a study.
•Incomplete outcome data
Reporting bias. Systematic differences between reported and unreported
findings.
•Selective outcome reporting
44. Bias due to missing data
Type of missing data
Reason for missing data
Intention to treat analysis
Address with-
Sensitivity analysis
Leave-one-out analysis
Imputed data
45. Analyzing the data
‘Doing a meta-analysis is easy, doing one
well is hard.’
Three of the most common effect
measures for a dichotomous outcome are:
risk ratios (also known as relative risk);
odds ratios;
risk difference (also known as absolute
risk reduction).
46. Risk ratio
To calculate the risk ratio (RR), take the
risk in the intervention group, and divide it
by the risk in the control group.
Risk is calculated by dividing the number
of events by the total number of people in
a group.
47. Odds ratio
The odds ratio (OR) takes the odds of an
event in the intervention group, and
divides them by the odds in the control
group.
Odds are calculated by dividing the
number of events by the number of non-
events.
48. Risk difference
RD is an absolute measure, giving you the
absolute difference between the risks in
each group.
Assess risk (events/total no. of population)
in the intervention group, and subtract the
risk in the control group.
49. Combining the data
Step 1: Identify comparisons
Pairwise comparisons
Step 2: Identify outcomes and effect
measures
Step 3: Collect data from each relevant
study
Step 4: Combine the results to obtain the
summary of effect
Step 5: Choosing a statistical method
50. Heterogeneity
Heterogeneity means variation or differences
across studies.
clinical;
methodological;
statistical.
There are three tools you can use to identify
heterogeneity:
a visual inspection of the forest plot;
the Chi-squared (χ2, or Chi2) test, otherwise known
as the Q test;
the I2 statistic.
52. Subgroup analysis
Sensitivity analysis vs Subgroup analysis
First, while some sensitivity analyses might
analyse a subgroup of studies, they do not attempt
to estimate the effect of the intervention in the
excluded studies. In subgroup analyses, estimates
are produced for each subgroup.
Second, in sensitivity analyses, informal
comparisons are made between different ways of
estimating the same thing, whereas in subgroup
analyses, formal statistical comparisons are made
between the subgroups.
53. Studies with more than two groups
Focus on relevant interventions
Shared control group
Combined intervention arms
Three separate analyses
Network meta-analysis
OBTAIN STATISTICAL HELP
54. Interpreting confidence intervals
Results of meta-analyses (and individual
studies) are reported with a point estimate
and a confidence interval (CI), which is a
measure of the uncertainty inherent in any
estimate.
57. GRADE levels of certainty
Risk of bias: the overall risk of
bias across studies that contribute
data to an outcome.
Inconsistency: widely differing
estimates of the treatment effect
(i.e. heterogeneity or variability in
results) across studies.
Indirectness: studies that do not
directly answer or apply to the
review question.
Imprecision: few people or
events in total across the studies,
or wide confidence intervals
allowing different conclusions
about the direction of effect.
Publication bias: strongly
suspected selective publication of
studies or outcomes
Raising the certainty
Three domains that can raise the
certainty of the evidence (usually
used only for a body of evidence
from non-randomized studies):
Large or very large effects;
Presence of a dose-response
gradient;
A result that opposes any
plausible residual confounding.